chapter 4 the sea floor and its sediments. 4.1 measuring the depths methods for measuring depths:...
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Chapter 4 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments
CO 4
4.1 Measuring the Depths
Methods for measuring depths:Hand line and wire marked with fathoms, with a lead weight on the endEcho sounder, or depth recorderLaser airborne depth sounder (LADS)Satellites
Boxed Reading: Bathymetrics
Lead line vs. multibeam sound systemsSide-scan sonar systemSwath bathymetry
Fig. 4.3
Side – Scan Sonar Box Fig. 1, pg. 102 Box Fig. 2, pg. 103
4.2 Bathymetry of the Sea FloorContinental margin
Continental shelfContinental shelf breakContinental slopeContinental rise
Ocean basin floorAbyssal plainAbyssal hillsSeamountsGuyotsFringing reefsBarrier reefs
Ridges, rises, and trenchesPlate tectonics
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.12
Fig. 4.16
Fig. 4.7
World wide Continental ShelvesFig. 4.11
Fig. 4.6
Field Notes: Giant Hawaiian Landslides
Giant landslides Blocks or rock: 30 km x 5 km x 2 km
Frequency of occurrenceSeveral per million years
Posed important hazardScientific research
Identifying the causesPredicting the next giant landslide
Box Fig. 1, pg. 108
4.3 SedimentsParticle size
ClassificationHorizontal transport and sorting
LocationClassification: neritic or pelagic
Rates of depositProcesses and variability
Source and chemistryLithogenous sedimentsBiogenous sedimentsHydrogenous sedimentsCosmogenous sediments
Sediments: SourcesLithogenous sediments – Come from rocks,
erosion, examples: sand, boulders, gravel, siltBiogenous sediments- comes from organisms’
remains. Diatomaceous (diatoms) chalk.Hydrogenous sediments- precipitate out of water.
Manganese nodulesCosmogenous sediments – Comes from space
Meteorites, comet dust, etc.
4.3 Sediments, continuedPatterns of deposit on the sea floor
Processes and patternsClimatic variations are recorded in layered sediments
Formation of rockSedimentary rockMetamorphic rock
Sampling methodsDredges, grab samplers, a corer, and acoustic profiling
Sediments as historical recordsDistribution and isotopic composition of skeletal remains
4.4 Seabed ResourcesSand and gravel
Sand and gravel, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, tin, iron, platinum, gold, and diamonds (currently mined)
PhosphoritePhosphate fertilizer (not currently mined)
Sulfur (no longer mined)Coal (currently mined)Oil and gas (currently extracted)Gas hydrates (not mined)
Methane and water
4.4 Seabed Resources, continued
Manganese nodulesManganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt (not currently mined)
Sulfide mineral deposits (not currently mined)Relatively little is known about these deposits to determine their economic importance
Laws and treaties200-mile economic zonesInternational treaties
SummaryMethods for measuring ocean depthBathymetric features
Continental shelf, slope, and riseOcean basin floorSeamounts and barrier reef formation
Sediment classification Size, location, origin, and chemistry
Biogenous sedimentsSiliceous and calcareous sedimentsCarbonate compensation depth (CCD)
Sediment sampling methodsCalcareous biogenous sediment cores
Used to study climate change
GEN – to make or create, comes from, the beginning or source