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  • Chapter 4: Sensaon & Percep:on Sensaon vs. Percep:onPercep:on • Sensaon – the detec:on of physical energy by the sense organs • Percepon – the brain’s sor:ng out, interpretaon,
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1/6/17 www.caleblack.com 1 Chapter 4: Sensa:on & Percep:on • Sensa&on – the detec:on of physical energy by the sense organs • Percep&on – the brain’s sor:ng out, interpreta:on, and analysis of raw sensory inputs (s&mulus) • Psychophysics – study of rela:onship between the physical aspects of s:muli and our experience of them Sensa:on vs. Percep:on

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    Chapter4:Sensa:on&Percep:on

    •  Sensa&on–thedetec:onofphysicalenergybythesenseorgans

    •  Percep&on–thebrain’ssor:ngout,interpreta:on,andanalysisofrawsensoryinputs(s&mulus)

    •  Psychophysics–studyofrela:onshipbetweenthephysicalaspectsofs:muliandourexperienceofthem

    Sensa:onvs.Percep:on

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    Transduc:on

    •  Whattakesplacewhenmanysensorsinthebodyconvertphysicalsignalsfromtheenvironmentintoencodedneuralsignalssenttothecentralnervoussystem

    Detec:ngWhat’sOutThere

    •  Absolutethreshold-smallests:mulusenergyneededforthenervoussystemtodetect

    •  Humanerrorincreasesass:muligetweaker

    No:cingDis:nc:ons

    •  Justno&ceabledifference-smallestchangeinintensityofas:mulusthatwecandetect50%ofthe:me– Weber’slaw–statesthataJNDisinconstantpropor:ontotheintensityofas:mulus– E.g.,thestrongerthes:muli,thebiggerchangeneededtobedetectable

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    TurningDownourResponses

    •  Adapta&on– Anadjustmentinsensorycapacitya[erprolongedexposuretounchangings:muli

    •  Goingfromadarktheatertooutsideduringthedaylight

    •  Someoneletsareallysmellyfartinacar

    •  Ourreceptorscannotconstantlyfiremessagestothebrain

    Illumina:ngtheStructureoftheEye

    •  Cornea– Protectseyeandrefractslight

    •  Pupil– Openingdependsonamountoflightinenvironment

    •  Iris– Coloredpartofeye

    •  Lens– Accommoda:on

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    Illumina:ngtheStructureoftheEye

    •  ReachingtheRe:na– Lightisconvertedtoelectricalimpulsesfortransmissiontothebrain•  Rods

    –  Receptorcellssensi:vetolight•  Cones

    –  Cone-shaped,responsibleforsharpfocusandcolorpercep:on

    –  Concentratedinthefovea

    Illumina:ngtheStructureoftheEye

    •  SendingtheMessagefromtheEyetotheBrain– Op:cnerve– Ganglioncells– Blindspot•  Op:cchiasm

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    ProcessingtheVisualMessage

    •  Takesplaceinthevisualcortexofthebrain

    •  Featuredetec:on– NeuronsintheVCareextraordinarilyspecialized– Somerespondtocertainorienta:onsoflines,sometowidths,somebymovings:muli

    ExplainingColorVision

    •  Trichroma:ctheoryofcolorvision– Suggeststhattherearethreekindsofconesinthere:na•  Blue-violetcolors•  Greencolors•  Yellow-redcolors

    – Notsuccessfulatexplaininga[erimages

    ExplainingColorVision

    •  Opponent-processtheoryofcolorvision– Receptorcellsforcolorarelinkedinpairs,workinginopposi:ontoeachother

    – Explainsa[erimagesviafa:gueofcells

    •  Boththeoriesareatwork,butindifferentpartsofvisualsystem– Trichroma:cinre:na– OPinre:naandneuronalprocess

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    TheEar

    SensingSound

    •  Sound– Movementofairmoleculesbroughtaboutbyasourceofvibra:on

    •  Eardrum– Vibrateswhensoundwaveshitit– Middleear(hammer,anvil,s:rrup)actsasamplifier

    SensingSound

    •  InnerEar– Changessoundvibra:onsintoaforminwhichtheycanbetransmigedtothebrainvia…

    •  Cochlea– Filledwithfluidandvibratesinresponsetosound

    •  Basilarmembrane– Dividingcochleaintoanupperchamberandlowerchamber

    – Coveredwithhaircells

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    ThePhysicalAspectsofSound

    •  Frequency– Numberofwavecyclesthatoccurinasecond•  Pitch

    •  Amplitude– Spreadbetweentheup-and-downpeaksandvalleysofairpressureinasoundwaveasittravelsthroughtheair•  Decibels

    Sor:ngOutTheoriesofSound

    •  PlaceTheoryofHearing– Statesthatdifferentareasofthebasilarmembranerespondtodifferentfrequencies

    •  FrequencyTheoryofHearing– Suggeststhattheen:rebasilarmembraneactslikeamicrophone,vibra:ngasawholeinresponsetoasound

    Balance:TheUpsandDownsofLife

    •  Semicircularcanals– Threetubescontainingfluidthatsloshesthroughthemwhentheheadmoves,signalingrota:onalorangularmovementtothebrain

    •  Otoliths– Senseforward,backward,orup-and-downmo:on,aswellasthepullofgravity

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    TheGestaltLawsofOrganiza:on

    •  Seriesofprinciplesthatfocusonthewaysweorganizebitsandpiecesofinforma:onintomeaningfulwholes

    Top-DownandBogom-UpProcessing

    •  Top-DownProcessing– Percep:onisguidedbyhigher-levelknowledge,experience,expecta:ons,andmo:va:ons

    •  Bogom-UpProcessing– Consistsoftheprogressionofrecognizingandprocessinginforma:onfromindividualcomponentsofas:muliandmovingtothepercep:onofthewhole

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    TOP-DOWNPROCESSING

    BOTTOM-UPPROCESSING

    PerceptualConstancy

    •  Phenomenoninwhichphysicalobjectsareperceivedasunvaryingandconsistentdespitechangesintheirappearanceorinthephysicalenvironment

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    ShapeConstancy

    ColorConstancy

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    ColorPercep:onDerivesfromContext

    DepthPercep:on

    •  Abilitytoviewtheworldinthreedimensionsandtoperceivedistance– Largelyduetothefactthatwehavetwoeyes•  Binoculardisparity•  Monocularcues

    – Mo:onparallax–  Linearperspec:ve

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    Rela:veSize

    PerceptualIllusions

    •  VisualIllusions– Physicals:mulithatconsistentlyproduceerrorsinpercep:on•  Muller-Lyerillusion

    SubliminalPercep:on

    •  Percep:onofmessagesaboutwhichwehavenoawareness– Calledpriming• Wrigenword•  Sound•  Smell

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    ExtrasensoryPercep:on(ESP)

    •  Perceivingeventsoutsideoftypicalsensorychannelsofseeing,hearing,touch–  41%ofAmericansbelieveinit,66%saythey’vehadanESPexperience

    •  Threemajortypes:•  1.Precogni:on-predic:ngevents•  2.Telepathy-readingminds•  3.Clairvoyance-detec:nghiddenobjectsorpeople

    •  ZenerCardStudies-subjectsscoredbegerthanchanceperformanceonprecogni:on,telepathyandclairvoyance,but:–  Notreplicable– Methodologyflaws(see-throughcards)

    •  Ganzfieldtechnique-experimentalsetuptoreduce

    backgroundnoiseandincreasesensi:vitytoESP–  Notreplicable

    •  Parapsychologisttermsforexplainingawaynega:vescien:fic

    findings:experimentereffect,declineeffect,psimissing

    Scien:ficEvidenceforESP

    •  Fallacyofposi&veinstances-wefocusoneventsthatappeartobeamazingcoincidencesandforgetthosethatdon’t

    •  Underes:ma:onofcoincidences

    WhydoesanyonebelieveinESP?

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    Tricksofthe“Psychics”

    •  Failedpsychicpredic&ons-peopleforgetthese

    •  Mul&pleendpoints-open-endedpredic:ons

    •  Coldreading-asetofskillstopersuadestrangersthatweknowallaboutthem


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