chapter 4 section 4 sc b-6 students will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 4 SECTION 4SC B-6
STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS & THE BIOTIC &
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AQUATIC BIOMES
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Aquatic Biomes
charaterized primarily by their physical environment rather than be climate
often layered with regard to light penetration temperature community structure
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Zonation in Aquatic Biomes
light absorbed by water itself + photosynthetic organisms so…light intensity decreases rapidly with depth
Photic Zone: sufficient light for photosynthesis
Aphotic Zone: little light penetrates
Pelagic Zone = photic zone + aphotic zone
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Zonation in Aquatic Biomes
Abyssal Zone: 2,000 – 6,000 m deep
Benthic Zone: the bottom of all aquatic biomes, shallow or
deepBenthos:
communities of organisms that live in sand & sediments of the benthic zone
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More Definitions
Detritus: dead organic material that “rains” down
from photic zone; food source for benthosThermocline:
narrow layer of water where there is an abrupt temperature change
separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from the uniformly cold deeper water
many temperate lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their water
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Lakes
lake environment generally classified on basis of 3 physical criteria:
1. light penetration photic / aphotic
2. distance from shore / depth of water littoral / limnetic
3. open water / bottom pelagic / benthic
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Lakes
standing bodies of water range from ponds a few square meters in area to lakes covering thousands of square kilometers
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Lakes: Oligotrophic
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Lakes: Eutrophic
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Lakes: Photosynthetic Organisms
Littoral Zone: shallow, well-lit waters close to shore rooted & floating aquatic plants
Limnetic Zone: waters too deep to support rooted plants phytoplankton, including cyanobacteria
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Phytoplankton
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Lakes: Heterotrophs
Limnetic Zone: small, drifting heterotrophs or zooplankton
(graze on phytoplankton)Benthic Zone:
assorted invertebrates (species depends on O2 content)
Fishes live in all zones that have sufficient O2
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Zooplankton
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Wetlands
habitat that is inundated by water (at least part of the year) & supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
due to high organic production by plants & decomposition by microbes: water & soil of wetlands periodically low in dissolved O2
*high filter capacity: both nutrients & pollutants
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Wetlands: Autotrophs
among most productive biomes in worldwater-saturated soils great for plants
Lily pads Cattails Sedges Tamaracks Black spruce
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Wetlands: Heterotrophs
diverse community of invertebrates, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals
Herbivores: crustaceans aquatic insect larvae muskrats
Carnivores: dragonflies frogs alligators herons
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Streams: Physical Environment
most prominent characteristic: their currentstratified into vertical zones
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Streams: Physical Environment
Headwaters: generally cold, clear turbulent, & swift
Downstream: generally warmer more turbid
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Estuary
a transitional area between river & seawhen high tide: salt water flows up estuary
channelhigher density sea water stays below lesser
density freshwater
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Estuary: Chemical Environment
salinity varies from that of freshwater sea water & with rise & fall of tides
nutrients from rivers make estuaries some of most productive biomes
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Estuary: Photosynthetic Organisms
saltmarsh grasses & algae (including phytoplankton) are major producers
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Estuary: Heterotrophs
abundant #’s of worms, oysters, crabs, & many fish
many invertebrates & fishes use estuaries as breeding grounds
crucial feeding grounds for birds & some marine mammals
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Intertidal Zones
are periodically submerged & exposed by the tides, 2x daily on most marine shores
upper zones exposed to air for longer periods greater variation in temp & salinity
changes in physical conditions from upper to lower zones limits the distribution of many organisms to particular strata
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Intertidal Zones: Chemical Environment
O2 & nutrient levels generally high & renewed with each turn of the tides
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Intertidal Zone: Photosynthetic Organisms
high diversity & biomass of attached marine algae inhabit rocky intertidal zones
much lower diversity & biomass in sandy intertidal zones with vigorous wave action
sandy intertidal zones in protected bays or lagoons have rich beds of grass & algae
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Intertidal Zone: Heterotrophs
animals here have multiple structural adaptations
rocky areas: ways to attach to hard surfaces sandy areas: many bury themselves feed on what tides bring them
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Ocean Pelagic Zone
open blue watersmixed constantly by wind & ocean currentsphotic zone extends deeper here (water is
clearer)
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Oceanic Pelagic Zone: Chemical Environment
O2 levels generally highnutrient levels generally lower than in coastal
waterstropical oceans: thermally stratified all yeartemperate & hi-latitude oceans have spring &
fall turnover so generally nutrients renewed in photic zone
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Oceanic Pelagic Zone: Geologic Features
covers ~70% Earth’s surfaceaverage depth = 4,000 mdeepest point: 10,000 m
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Pelagic Zone: Photosynthetic Organisms
phytoplankton (including photosynthetic bacteria) dominate
due to vast area this zone covers: ~50% of all photosynthesis on Earth by them
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Pelagic Zone: Heterotrophs
zooplankton most abundant group in this zone
graze on phytoplanktonincludes:
protists worms copepods shrimp-like krill jellies small larvae of invertebrates
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Pelagic Zone: Heterotrophs
also include free-swimming animals: large squid fishes sea turtles marine mammals
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Coral Reefs
formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
in photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity
sensitive to temps < 18 – 20° & > 30°Cfound in deep seas 200 -1,500 m deep
as much diversity as shallow reef
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Deep Sea Coral Reef
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Shallow Coral Reef
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Coral Reef: Chemical Environment
require high O2 levels
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Coral Reefs: Photosynthetic Organisms
unicellular algae live w/in tissues of corals in mutualistic relationship: provides corals with organic molecules
diverse multicellular red & green algae growing on reef also photosynthesize
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Coral Reef: Heterotrophs
dominant heterotroph: corals are a diverse group of cnidarians
also high diversity of fishes & invertebrates
overall nearly as diverse as tropical rainforest
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