chapter 4 learning (iii) cognitive learning principle of contiguity: the association of events in...
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Chapter 4 Learning (III)
Cognitive Learning
Principle of Contiguity: the association of events in time and space
Contiguity has been used to explain the association of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, and the association of a behavior and its consequences in operant conditioning
Cognitive Factors in Associative Learning
In Classical Conditioning Robert Rescorla’s experiment(1968) CS is a index of prediction Overshadowing—competition
between two CS’s (forward) Blocking—
(Kamin,1968,69) Conditioned taste aversion
In Operant Conditioning1. Intrinsic motivation—the
desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake
2. Overjustification effect3. Learned helplessness
Latent Learning — learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior
E. Tolman and C. H. Honzik’ s studies (1930)
Cognitive map— a mental representation of
physical reality ( of the layout one’s environment )
The study of behavioral geography (Parfit,1984)
When we mark important places and landmarks in the city
Undesirable place—small and far
Desirable place—big and near Reflects our life experience
and depends on our SES
Three types of knowledge in our cognitive map (Thorndyke, etc.1981)
landmark knowledge—imaginal and propositional representation
route-road knowledge—procedural and declarative knowledge
survey knowledge—can be represented imaginally or propositionally
Insight—a sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem
Wolfgang Kohler
1887-1967
Mentality of Apes
Observational Learning— learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Albert Bandura (1925- )
Stanford University
Mirrors in the Brain
Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a behavior
Observational learning is seen in animals as well as humans
English titmouse has learned how to open cardboard caps on milk bottles to swipe milk and cream from its human neighbors
Four factors identified by Bandura (1986) that account for O.L.
1. You must pay attention to model’s actions;
2. You must remember the model’s actions;
3. You must have the ability to produce the actions;
4. You must be motivated to perform the actions.
Social Learning Theory
Social behavior is learned chiefly through observation and the mental processing of information
Prosocial behavior and aggression