chapter 4 e l e c t r i c i t y. chapter 4 tour: electricity principles of electricity pages 91-98...

Chapter 4

Electricity

Chapter 4 Tour: Electricity

Principles of ElectricityPages 91-98

Define 10 major terms used in electricity Describe the safety measures to be followed

when using electrical appliances

1

Electricity in Cosmetology Pages 99-108 Explain the 3 kinds of effects created by electric

current during cosmetology services List 3 kinds of effects created by electric current

during electrotherapy and light therapy treatments

2

Principles of Electricity

Principles of Electricity1

Vocabulary of Electricity


Electric CurrentElectric Current

Safety MeasuresSafety

Measures

Chapter 4.1Electricity


Where were you when the lights went out?



Material that allows

electricity to flow through

it easily


Electricity

Form of energy that produces light, heat,

magnetic and chemical changes

Movement of electricity

along a path called a

conductor

Electric Current

Technical name for any

electrically powered appliance

Load Conductor

Click on a card to view the definition of a key term. Click on a definition to reveal the key term.

Unit of electric

resistance

Insulator

Material that does not

allow flow of electric

current

Unit of electric strength

Amp

Unit of electric

pressure

VoltOhm

Vocabulary of ElectricityClick on a card to view the definition of a key term. Click on a definition to reveal the key term.

Watt

Measure of how much electrical energy is

being used

Application of electrical currents

during skin treatments

Electrotherapy

Vocabulary of ElectricityClick on a card to view the definition of a key term. Click on a definition to reveal the key term.




Material that does not allow a current to pass

through it

Material that best transports

electricity

InsulatorConductor

In a salon, most currents are carried by cords which are copper wire (conductors) insulated by varying amounts of rubber.




A break in any electrical cord can put you or your client in contact with an active current, causing

electrical shock.

Cords on appliances should be kept straight and free of knots, kinks and tangles to prevent breaks.




AMP VOLT OHM WATT HERTZStrength

•Power box to house supplies amps

•Conductors carry limited number of amps

•Amp rating is the number of electrons flowing on a line

Pressure

•Measures how hard electrons are pushed by the source

•110/220 volts

•220 volt has “V” prongs on plug

•Large motors need 220 volts

Resistance

• Impedance

•Measures how difficult it is to push electrons through a conductor

•OHM’s rating = resistance to the motion of electrons in a conductor

Amount Used

•1 watt = small amount of energy

•Blow dryer = 1000 watts per second

•1000 watts = one kilowatt

Frequency

•Hertz = Hz

•Number of cycles, per second, a generator alternates the current from the source

•1 hertz = one cycle/second

The flow of electricity in a human produces violent muscle contractions that prevent the person from “letting go”.

Beyond the Book


http://www.jlab.org

Receiving a shock may cause the heart to lose its coordination or rhythm.

http://www.jlab.org/

Electric Current



Two Forms:

• Direct Current (DC)– Electrons move at an even rate in

only one direction

• Alternating Current (AC)– Electrons flow first in one direction

and then the other

DC

AC

Electric Current



Special Instruments:

• Converter– Changes direct current to

alternating current

• Rectifier– Changes alternating current

to direct current

DC

AC

AC

DC

Electric Current



Generator Battery

• Produces alternating current

• Power source most often

used in salons

• Uses mechanical energy to

produce flow of electrons

• Has a positive (+) and

a negative (-) terminal

• Produces direct current only

• Electrons flow toward

positive terminal in a circuit

Sources of Electric Current

AC DC

Electric Current



Two conditions necessary for an electric current:

How Electric Current is Produced

• Source –Generator producing alternating current–Battery producing direct current

• Circuit–Closed path through which electrons travel

Electric Current

Closed

• Electrons leave the source and operate an appliance

• Switch is on

Open

• Broken path of electron flow

• Switch is off

How Electric Current is Produced – Electron Flow



Electric Current



• Parallel Wiring– Powers several loads at once or at

different times – Install only parallel wiring in a salon

• Series Wiring– Runs all loads at the same time– Circuit travels from one load to the next– Example would be Christmas lights

How Electric Current is Produced

Electric Current



• Overload

– Too many appliances on one circuit being operated at the same time

– More current flows than the line is designed to carry

– Takes 1 amp on the circuit to operate every 100 watts of an appliance

• 1,000 watt blow dryer needs a 10-amp circuit

– Risk of fire occurs when an extension cord with multiple plugs attaches 4 or 5 appliances to one wall socket

Overload and Short Circuit

Electric Current



• Short Circuit– A “foreign conductor” comes in contact with wire

carrying current to a load – Commonly occurs in thermal styling tools due to

twisting and bending of cords– Example: dropping a blow dryer in water

Overload and Short Circuit

Thomas Edison invented the first commercially practical incandescent electric lamp.

The lamp itself was perfected on October 21, 1879 which put into circuit the first bulb embodying the principles known as the "Edison modern incandescent lamp." This bulb maintained its incandescence for over 40 hours.

Beyond the Book

Electric Current

http://www.thomasedison.com/Inventions.htm

http://www.thomasedison.com/Inventions.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Light_bulb.png

Safety Measures



• Connected directly to the circuits in the power box

• Wire melts to break current if overload occurs

• CANNOT be reused

Device containing a fine metal wire that allows current to flow through it

Fuse

Safety Measures



• Connects directly to the circuits in the power box

• Contains two pieces of metal that make contact with each other

• Separates the pieces to break the circuit if the flow of current is too high

Reusable device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs

Circuit Breaker

Safety Measures



• 3-wire system

• Special wire prevents excess flow of current from going to user

• Any appliance requiring this protection has a three-prong plug

Designed to protect you when operating certain kinds of appliances

Grounding Wire

Safety Measures



Knock person out of circuit by using an insulator (broom, plastic brush or plastic garbage pail)

1

Unplug appliance using insulator to avoid circuit

2

Rush to power box and turn off all circuit breakers3

Shock

If a person comes in contact with electric current:

Local Shock



Safety Measures

Passes through asmall part of the body

Passes through asmall part of the body

1. Immerse burn in cold water immediately; wait until the burn is completely “cold” and swelling has stopped

2. Blot dry and apply an antiseptic cream

3. Take person to the hospital if burn is severe

Procedure



Safety Measures

General Shock

Passes through the entire bodyPasses through the entire body

Procedures

1. Break the circuit before touching person

2. Dial 911

3. Start CPR; continue until emergency team arrives

Safety Measures



Emergency Procedures for Electrical Fires

• Remember: DO NOT PUT WATER ON IT

• Turn off the circuit

• Smother the fire with rug, towel, powder, or a fire extinguisher

Some common electrical terms were named after people.

Beyond the Book

Safety Measures

On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions.

1.Materials that best transport electricity are called conductors.

2.Materials that DO NOT allow a current to pass through them are called prisms.

Principles of Electricity Self-Check






3. The unit of electric strength is called an amp.

4. The unit of electric pressure is called an ohm.




5. The two forms of electrical current are:

a. AC and DC

b. AD and BC

c. AB and CD

d. hot and cold

6. The name for the measure of how much electrical energy is being used is called ___________.




7. What type of shock passes through the nervous system?

a. local

b. direct

c. indirect

d. general

8. A shock that passes through a small part of the body is called a _________________.



Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.

KNOW CHART

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

I Know:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

I Need to Study:




Now check your work.

1. Materials that best transport electricity are called conductors.

Observe each of the False statements become True.

2. Materials that DO NOT allow a current to pass through are called prisms.




Insulators are materials that DO NOT allow currents to pass through them.




3. The unit of electric strength is called an amp.

4. The unit of electric pressure is called an ohm.




A volt is a unit of electric pressure. An ohm is a unit of electric resistance.





a. AC and DC

b. AD and BC

c. AB and CD

d. hot and cold

6. The name for the measure of how much electrical energy is being used is called ___________.watt




7. What type of shock passes through the nervous system?

a. local

b. direct

c. indirect

d. general

8. A shock that passes through a small part of the body is called a _________________.local shock

Lessons Learned




Electricity is a form of energy that produces light, heat, magnetic and chemical changes

Electric current is the movement of electricity along a path called a conductor

Load is the technical name of any electrically powered appliance

Conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow through it easily

FACE THE

FACTS

Lessons LearnedLessons Learned




Insulator is material that does not allow the flow of electric current

Amp is a unit of electric strength

Volt is a unit of electric pressure

Ohm is a unit of electric resistance

Watt is a measure of how much electrical energy is being used

FACE THE

FACTS

Lessons Learned



Safety Measures

Safety devices are installed in many appliances and buildings because of the possibility of overloads and short circuits

Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy is the application of electrical currents during treatments to skin

FACE THE

FACTS



Make a diagram showing the flow of electrons from a source to an electric appliance commonly used in the salon.

IT’S 2 U!



IT’S 2 U! Example

Electricity In CosmetologyElectricity In Cosmetology2

Effects of Electric Current


Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy

Light TherapyLight Therapy


Electricity In Cosmetology

Electricity




How is electricity used in the picture below?

Transfer of heat through a

vacuum

Galvanic Current

Direct current of low voltage

and high amperage

Alternating current,

stimulates nerve and

muscle tissue

Faradic Current

Alternating current; known as “violet-ray”

Tesla Radiation

Click on the card to view the definition of the key term. Click on the definition to reveal the key term.


Visible Light

Portion of electromagnetic spectrum that humans can

see

Heat-producing invisible light

beyond red on the spectrum

Infrared Light

Short- wavelength

rays that can be damaging to

the skin

Ultraviolet Rays

The process of forcing acid or alkali into the

skin by applying current

Phoresis



Sinusoidal Current

Alternating current;

produces muscle

contractions

Positively charged electrodeAnode

Application of special currents that have certain

effects on the skin

Electrotherapy Negatively charged electrode

Cathode



Anaphoresis

Forcing of alkaline

solution into skin with a negative electrode

Transfer of heat via direct

contactConduction

Forcing of acidic solution into skin with a

positive electrode

Cataphoresis Transfer of heat via liquid

or gasConvection



Visible, combination light that can

be broken into its wavelengths

by a prism

White light



Production of beneficial effects

on the body through the use of light rays or

waves

Light Therapy


HeatingHeatingMechanical or

MagneticMechanical or

Magnetic ElectrochemicalElectrochemical

• More resistance equals more heat

• Heating elements heat up with the flow of current

• Push-pull effect causes motor to turn

• Electric current travels through a water-based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects



If your hair stands up in a storm, positive charges are rising through you and reaching toward the negatively charged part of the storm.

That's not a good sign! Your best bet is to get yourself indoors immediately.

Beyond the Book

http://news.nationalgeographic.com


http://news.nationalgeographic.com/

Electrotherapy

• Application of special currents (modalities) that have certain effects on the skin

• Electrode – safe contact point through which current can pass to client



ALERT!A person with any

potentially restrictive medical condition

should always consult a physician before

receiving electrotherapy

treatment.

Electrotherapy

• Oldest form of electrotherapy

• Direct current of low voltage and high amperage

• A special appliance is necessary to convert AC to DC

• Chemical effects are caused by passing the current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids Chapter 4.2

ElectricityElectricity In Cosmetology

Galvanic Current

Electrotherapy

• Process of forcing an acid or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical

• Most typical application of Galvanic current

• Referred to as “bleaching the skin”



Phoresis

Electrotherapy

Uses a negative (-) pole to force alkaline solutions into the skin

• Produces alkaline reaction

• Increases blood flow

• Softens tissues

• Stimulates nerves



Anaphoresis

Electrotherapy

Uses a positive (+) pole to force acidic solutions into the skin

• Produces acidic reaction

• Slows blood flow

• Hardens tissues

• Soothes nerves



Cataphoresis

Electrotherapy

• Apply active electrode to the client

• Instruct client to hold the inactive electrode

• Wrap both electrodes in moist cotton

• Never use more than one milliampere of current

• Also used for iontophoresis and desincrustation



Galvanic Current

NEVER use the Galvanic current over an area having many broken capillaries.NEVER use the Galvanic current over an area having many broken capillaries.

Electrotherapy

• Stimulates nerve and muscle tissue

• Improves blood circulation

• Improves muscle tone

• Stimulates hair growth

• Increases glandular activity



Faradic Current

Alternating current, interrupted to produce a mechanical, non-chemical reaction

Electrotherapy

Indirect Method

• Most frequently used faradic current application

• Salon professional wears wrist band with moistened electrode

• Second electrode is held by client or attached to lower neck

• Salon professional places fingers on client’s face before turning on current to prevent shock

• Facial massage is performed when the current reaches desired level



Faradic Current

Electrotherapy

Direct Method

• Place both electrodes on client’s skin

• BE CERTAIN THAT THEY NEVER TOUCH

• Turn on current and slowly increase only after electrodes are in place

• Current travels through the motor nerves between the electrodes, causing muscle stimulation



Faradic Current

Electrotherapy

• Use the Indirect Method application only

• Penetrates more deeply

• Provides greater stimulation to treated area

• Should not be used on unhealthy and/or broken skin



Sinusoidal Current

Alternating current with a mechanical effect, much like the faradic current that produces muscle contraction

Electrotherapy

• Known as the “violet-ray”

• Results in relaxation or stimulation, depending on method of application

• Improves blood circulation

• Increases rate of metabolism

• Increases sebaceous glandular activity

• Does not produce muscle contractionsChapter 4.2


Tesla Current

Alternating current that can be adjusted to different voltages to produce heat

Electrotherapy

Direct Application

• Apply electrode directly to the client’s scalp or face

Indirect Application

• Active electrode is held by client while the cosmetologist manually stimulates the area being treated

• Turn off current before exchanging electrode with client

General Electrification

• Hand electrode to client before activating current

• Switch power on; tingling or vibrating effect is felt by client Chapter 4.2


Tesla Current

Electrotherapy

Cosmetology uses include:

• Dry skin facial treatment – Indirect Application

• Mild acne and/or blackhead facial treatment – Direct Application

• Dry scalp – Indirect Application

• Scalp treatment – Direct Application



Tesla Current

Electrotherapy

General• Always read manufacturer’s directions and

follow them carefully

• Electrodes should never touch each other

Galvanic, Faradic & Sinusoidal Current• Never take current over 1 milliampere

• Make sure current is off before beginning indirect application and before breaking contact with client

• Sinusoidal treatment should not exceed 30 minutes



Precautions

Electrotherapy

Tesla Current

• Begin with mild current, increase slowly

• Keep client out of contact with metal during treatment

• Limit treatment duration to approximately 5 minutes

• If you use cream – it should contain NO alcohol

• Turn current on AFTER client is holding electrode

• Turn off current before removing electrode



Precautions

Electrotherapy

• Conduction – direct contact

• Convection – liquid or gas

• Radiation – through a vacuum



Heat Energy

Heat always moves from a hotter body to a cooler body and can be transferred by:

Effects of heat:

• Mild – relaxes muscles, increases blood circulation

• Intense – destroys cells and tissues

• Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of the skin caused by intense heat

Beyond the Book

http://www.electrotherapymuseum.com

Take a look at some of the first technologies used by the father of

electrical energy, Nikola Tesla.

Electrotherapy

http://www.electrotherapymuseum.com/ForgottenTeslaTechnologies.htm

Light Therapy

Production of beneficial effects on the body through treatments using light rays or waves.



Light Therapy



• Wavelength – measurement of waves from crest to crest

– Shorter wavelength = more energy (x-ray)

– Longer wavelength = less energy (heat lamps)

• Electromagnetic spectrum – range of all the wavelengths produced by radiant energy

Electromagnetic radiation is the wave-like patterns caused by the transfer of heat energy by radiation.

Light Therapy



Visible Light

• Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see

• Waves are either absorbed or reflected– Reflected waves are interpreted as color

Light Therapy



Visible Light

• White light – combination light that is broken into individual wavelengths by a prism

• Visible spectrum

– Longest wavelengths produce red

– Shortest wavelengths produce violet

• Two kinds of salon lights produce “white light”:– Fluorescent – bluer tones or cooler casts

– Incandescent – redder tones or warmer casts

Light Therapy

• Eighty percent (80%) of sunlight is composed of invisible rays beyond red (infrared)

• Eight percent (8%) of natural sunlight is composed of invisible rays beyond violet (ultraviolet)



Invisible Light

Light Therapy

• Produces heat

• Exposure times during a facial range from 5 to 15 minutes

• Place light at least 30” from the client’s face

• MUST cover eyes with eye pads or protective eye forms



Infrared Light

• Increased circulation

• Increased skin gland secretions

• Relaxation of muscles

• Stimulation of cell and tissue activity

Benefits include:

Light Therapy

• Shorter wavelengths - more damaging than infrared rays

• Positive effects on the skin– Small doses tan the skin and aid in production of Vitamin D – Kills bacteria that causes skin infections (germicidal)– Promotes healing and is used in the treatment of acne

• Negative effects of overexposure– Sunburned skin, damaged eyes, photochemically damaged hair– Can result in skin cancer– Tanning in excess causes dry, leathery skin, peeling, itching,

wrinkling, sagging and permanent discoloration

• ALWAYS wear protective eyewear during UV therapy



Ultraviolet Light

Symptoms:• Low energy• Excessive sleep• Over-eating• Weight gain• Severe depression

Beyond the Book

www.eyesite.ca

“Winter Blues”

How it works?• Sends images to the brain• Eyes tell pineal gland (small

pea-sized gland located in the brain) when the day is over

• Gland induces drowsiness by secreting melatonin

• Influences moods, hunger and metabolism

What to do?• Doctors have learned to treat

this seasonal depression and jet lag by using a simple device called a light box

Light Therapy

http://www.eyesite.ca/

Electricity in Cosmetology Self-Check


Electricity in Cosmetology


1.Tesla is the direct current used in electrotherapy treatments.

2.Cataphoresis uses a positive electrode to force acidic solutions into the skin without breaking the skin.




3.Treatment with light rays is called light therapy.

4.The chemical breakdown of the skin caused by intense heat is called vaporizing.




5.Which type of light can create blue or cool tones?

a. invisible

b. sunlight

c. fluorescent

d. incandescent

6.The average distance you should place an infrared lamp during a facial is about ______ inches.

7. Which of the following types of light has the shortest wavelength?a. redb. violetc. infraredd. ultraviolet

8. Overexposure to what type of light can result in skin cancer?a. visible b. ultravioletc. fluorescentd. incandescent






Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.

KNOW CHART

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

I Know:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.8.

I Need to Study:




Now check your work.

1.Tesla is the direct current used in electrotherapy treatments.

Observe as each of the False statements become True.

The direct current used in electrotherapy treatments is galvanic current.




2.Cataphoresis uses a positive electrode to force acidic solutions into the skin without breaking the skin.




3.Treatment with light rays is called light therapy.




4.The chemical breakdown of the skin caused by intense heat is called vaporizing.

Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of the skin caused by intense heat.




5.Which type of light can create blue or cool tones?

a. invisible

b. sunlight

c. fluorescent

d. incandescent

6.The average distance you should place an infrared lamp during a facial is about ______ inches.30

7. Which of the following types of light has the shortest wavelength?a. redb. violetc. infraredd. ultraviolet

8. Overexposure to what type of light can result in skin cancer?a. visible b. ultravioletc. fluorescentd. incandescent





Effects of electric current are heating, mechanical or magnetic and electrochemical

Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy is the application of special currents (modalities) that have certain effects on the skin



Lessons Learned

FACE THE

FACTS



Lessons Learned

Electrotherapy: Galvanic Current

Direct current of low voltage and high amperage

Chemical effects are caused by passing the current though particular acid or alkaline solutions and/or passing current through body tissues and fluids

FACE THE

FACTS

Electrotherapy: Faradic Current

Alternating current, interrupted to produce a mechanical, non-chemical reaction

Stimulates nerve and muscle tissue

Electrotherapy: Sinusoidal Current

Alternating current with a mechanical effect

Produces muscle contractionsChapter 4.2


Lessons Learned

FACE THE

FACTS

Electrotherapy: Tesla Current

High frequency current known as violet ray

Relaxation or stimulation, depending on method of application

Does NOT produce muscle contractions



Lessons Learned

FACE THE

FACTS

Light Therapy

Production of beneficial effects on the body through treatments using light rays or waves

Visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans see

The wavelengths that produce red are the longest waves of the visible spectrum

Fluorescent and incandescent light are two kinds of light produced in the salon



Lessons Learned

FACE THE

FACTS



The following sound association activity can be used to help remember the differences between the types of electrotherapy used in the salon.

1. Galvanic current – Make a low, steady “hum” sound. This will symbolize a direct current flowing in one, constant direction represented by the monotony of the low, steady “hum”.

2. Faradic current – Make a high-pitched “zit, zit” sound similar to a high-speed drill used by a dentist. This is done to represent an alternating current which provides minimal penetration of the skin.

IT’S 2 U!



The following sound association activity can be used to help remember the differences between the types of electrotherapy used in the salon.

3. Sinusoidal current – Make a low, guttural “zoot, zoot” sound similar to many bull frogs in a swamp. This is done to represent an alternating current capable of producing deeper penetration of the skin.

4. Tesla current – Blow out through the lips making a “pluugh” sound similar to that of a child playing with a car mimicking the car engine. Tesla is an alternating current able to cause vibration. “Feel” the vibration of your lips as you make the “pluugh” sound.

IT’S 2 U!

Chapter 4Electricity

Electricity Self-Test


1. The movement of electricity along a conductor is called:

a. voltage

b. wattage

c. conductance

d. electric current



2. Materials such as glass and paper do not allow electricity to flow through them and are called:

a. loads

b. insulators

c. open circuits

d. closed circuits



3. An ampere is a unit of electric:

a. pressure

b. strength

c. resistance

d. frequency



4. A volt is a unit of electric:

a. pressure

b. strength

c. resistance

d. frequency



5. A unit of electrical resistance is called a(n):

a. ohm

b. volt

c. watt

d. insulator




a. AB & DC

b. AC & DC

c. AD & BC

d. hot & cold



7. Which of the following is NOT an effect of electric current?

a. heating effect

b. cooling effect

c. magnetic effect

d. electrochemical effect



8. The direct current used in electrotherapy treatments is:

a. Tesla

b. Faradic

c. Galvanic

d. Sinusoidal



9. High frequency and alternating current are characteristics of which type of electrotherapy?

a. Tesla

b. Galvanic

c. Sinusoidal

d. direct current



10. Which type of light can create blue or cool tones?

a. sunlight

b. invisible

c. fluorescent

d. incandescent



Time to check the self-test

1. d. electric current

2. b. insulators

3. b. strength

4. a. pressure

5. a. ohm



Time to check the self-test

6. b. AC & DC

7. b. cooling effect

8. c. Galvanic

9. a. Tesla

10. c. fluorescent

Chapter 4: Electricity

•Principles of Electricity•Electricity in CosmetologyIn conclusion...

chapter 4 e l e c t r i c i t y. chapter 4 tour: electricity principles of electricity pages 91-98...

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