chapter 3. structure of metals and...

36
Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics 1. Crystal Structure ? 2 Metallic Crystal Structures 2. Metallic Crystal Structures 3. Ceramic Crystal Structures 4 Crystallographic Points Directions and Planes 4. Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 5. Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

Upload: hoangngoc

Post on 11-Apr-2018

225 views

Category:

Documents


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics

1. Crystal Structure ?

2 Metallic Crystal Structures2. Metallic Crystal Structures

3. Ceramic Crystal Structures

4 Crystallographic Points Directions and Planes4. Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes

5. Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

Page 2: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

l

Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics

Crystal • Crystal Structure → The manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules y , ,

are spatially arranged→ repeating or periodic array over long range order

Metal → fcc bcc hcpMetal → fcc, bcc, hcpCompound, non-metal → complex X-tal structure

Quartz 원자의 주기적 배열을 보여주는 TEM 사진

Page 3: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Crystalline/Noncrystalline

Page 4: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Unit cell

Page 5: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Metallic Crystal Structure

• coordination number → system energy↓↓

⇒ Hard sphere model

R R

Page 6: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

FCC

Metallic Crystal StructureFCC

BCC HCP

Page 7: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

2D At i P ki2D Atomic Packing

C #= 4 C #= 6

Page 8: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

3D A i ki3D Atomic packing

A A A A A

A A A AB B

C

A A A A AB B

C C

C

A A A A

C CB

A A A A A

A A A ACC

A A A A A

Page 9: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

3D t ki3D stacking sequence

C #= 12

ABABAB… stacking sequence ABCABC… stacking sequence

Page 10: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

f d bi fface centered cubic, fcc

• 적층 → ABCABCABC…• 원자위치 (원자좌표) → (000), (0 1/2 1/2) (1/2 0 1/2) (1/2 1/2 0) • 최조밀면 → {111}, 최조밀방향 → <110>• 단위포당 원자수 → 4개• 단위포당 원자수 → 4개• 최인접원자 → 12개 ( ), 제2인접원자 → 6개 ( )

• a vs. R →

2/a aRa ⋅= 22

aa

a

a

Page 11: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

h l l k d hhexagonal close packed, hcp

• 적층 → ABABAB…적층 ABABAB…• 최조밀면 → {0001} • 최조밀방향 → <1120> = <110>

단위포당 원자수 2개• 단위포당 원자수 → 2개• 원자위치 (원자좌표) → (000), (2/3 1/3 1/2)• 최인접원자 → 12개 ( )a• a vs. R → Ra ⋅= 2

B

A

Page 12: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

At i ki f tiAtomic packing fraction

※ 원자충진율 (atomic packing fraction, APF): 전체 체적 중 구조단위 (구)가 차지하는 비율

예) hcp의 경우 (구의 반경 = r)

740342 3 ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛×

ππr

예) hcp의 경우 (구의 반경 r)

APF 74.023

324)3()2(

3 ==×⋅⋅

⎠⎝=rrr

APF

r2r rh

322=

r

r3

2r2r

Page 13: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

b d t d bi (b )body centered cubic (bcc)

• 비조밀 충진 구조 → 충진율 : 68%• 원자위치 (원자좌표) → (000), (1/2 1/2 1/2)• 단위포당 원자수 → 2개• 최조밀면 → {110} 최조밀방향 → <111>• 최조밀면 → {110}, 최조밀방향 → <111>• 최인접원자 → 8개

• a vs. R → Ra ⋅= 3/4

a

a

a

a

Page 14: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Densityn : 단위포 내의 원자 수

NVnA

=ρVAn : 단위포 내의 원자 수

: 원자량

: 단위포의 부피Ac NV

A

c

NV : 단위포의 부피

: 아보가드로 수 (6.023 x 1023 atom/mol)

예) FCC 구조의 Cu (원자반지름 R = 0.128 nm, 원자량 ACu = 63.5 g/mol)FCC 구조 → ∴ n = 4

216)22( 333 RRV 216)22( 333 RRaVc ===

CuCu

NRnA

NVnA

)216( 3==∴ρ

AAc NRNV )216(

2338 atoms/mol) 10.0236cell](unit /cm) 1028.1(216[(g/mol) 5.63)(cellatom/unit 4(

××=

3g/cm 89.8=

Page 15: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 16: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

C i C t l St tCeramic Crystal Structures• > 2 kinds

ionic + covalent bonding• ionic + covalent bonding

% ionic character = {1-exp[-(0.25)(XA – XB)2]} x 100XA , XB : 각 원소의 전기음성도

▶ 이온결합 세라믹

• 금속이온 (+, cation) + 비금속이온 (-, anion)

• 전기적 중성 (charge balance)

• 상대적 이온 크기

→ 배위수 (coordination number, CN)

• (+), (-) 이온 ⇒ 구면대칭의 전자배치

크기 : (+)이온 < ( ) 이온크기 : (+)이온 < (-) 이온

(+) ( )(+) (-)

Page 17: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

※ 원자반지름※ 원자반지름→ 정확한 측정 곤란 → 화합물에서 원자간 거리의 ½

• 같은 주기에서족 • 같은 주기에서원자번호 ↑→ 양성자수 ↑ → effective nuclear charge ↑

족小大

주기율표→ 가전자가 핵쪽으로 끌림→ 원자반경 ↓

• 같은 족에서

주기

• 같은 족에서

원자번호 ↑→ 전자각수 ↑ → 원자반경 ↑大

※ Goldschmidt 반지름 (V. M. Goldschmidt)→ 원자핵을 둘러싼 전자구름은 강구가 아니며, 원자핵을 둘러싼 전자구름은 강구가 아니며,

전자분포함수는 원자의 결합형식에 따라 변화∴ 배위수에 따라 변화

→ 원소의 최인접원자간 거리를 모두 배위수 12의 경우로 환산해→ 원소의 최인접원자간 거리를 모두 배위수 12의 경우로 환산해그 ½을 원자반지름으로 정의 : Goldschmidt 반지름

Page 18: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 19: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 20: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 21: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

배위수 ( di ti b )배위수 (coordination number)

상대적 크기 비에 따른 배위수(CN)

※ 임계반경비(critical radius ratio)

⇒ 안정성 : 음이온과 양 이온의 전하 중심이 일치

Unstable Stable

Critical Radius Ratio

Page 22: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

• 배위수 4인 경우 (CNA = 4)

2 2 arB =

3 22 arr BA

B

=+

123 +==

+∴ ABA rrr

22rA + 2rB 225013

2

=−=⇒ A

BB

r

rr

2rB225.01

2=−=⇒

Br(critical cation-anion radius ratio)

B

A

rr

∴ < 임계반경비 ⇒ 불안정Br

Page 23: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

/ 0 414

이온 반경비 변화에 따른 A와 B원자 배위의 기하학적 배열

rA/rB = 0.414 rA/rB > 0.414

B

A

rA/rB > 0.414rB/rA = 0.414

rA/rB > 0.414rB/rA < 0.414

Page 24: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 25: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

AX-Type • Rock Salt structure (NaCl 구조)• Rock Salt structure (NaCl 구조)

• Cesium Chloride Structure (CsCl 구조)

• Zinc Blende Structure (ZnS 구조)Zinc Blende Structure (ZnS 구조)

Page 26: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

for cubic-ZnS(황화아연)

Zn2+ : 0.074 nm

S2- : 0.184 nm

⇒ 가능한 배위수 비 → 4:4, 3:3, 2:2, 1:1402.0-2

2

S

Zn =+

rr

※ 배위수를 최대로 하려는 경향 있슴⇒ ∵ 이온주위에 반대 전하의 이온을 효율적으로 배치 가능

∴ 4:4 배위를 가짐⇒ Zn2+ 이온 주위에 4개의 S2- 이온 배치⇒ Zn2+ 이온 주위에 4개의 S2 이온 배치⇒ S2- 이온 주위에 4개의 Zn2+ 이온 배치⇒ sphalerite 구조 or zinc blende 구조

(다이아몬드 구조와 유사)

Page 27: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Zi Bl dZinc Blende

면심입방 + 4면체 공극에 다른 원자

ZnS, ZnTe, SiC, GaAs, InP InAs GaP ZnO 등

면심입방 4면체 공극에 다른 원자

InP, InAs, GaP, ZnO 등

Page 28: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

f N Clfor NaClNa+ : 0.102 nmCl- : 0.181 nm

⇒ 반경비 = 0.563}⇒ 가능한 배위수 비 → 6:6, 4:4, 3:3, 2:2, 1:1

∴ 6:6 배위를 가짐

for CsClCs+ : 0.169 nmCl- : 0 181 nm ⇒ 반경비 = 0.934}Cl : 0.181 nm

⇒ 가능한 배위수 비 → 8:8, 6:6, 4:4, 3:3, 2:2, 1:1∴ 8:8 배위를 가짐

}

Page 29: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

N Cl 구조 C Cl 구조NaCl 구조 CsCl 구조

NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF, FeO 등

Page 30: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

l iFluorite Structure

f C Ffor CaF2Ca2+ : 0.100 nmF- : 0.133 nm

⇒ 가능한 배위수 비 → 8:4, 4:2, 2:1752.02 Ca =+

rr

※ 배위수를 최대로 하려는 경향 있슴이온주위에 반대 전하의 이온을 효율적으 배치 가능

-Fr

⇒ ∵ 이온주위에 반대 전하의 이온을 효율적으로 배치 가능

∴ 가장 안정한 8:4 배위를 가짐가 배위 가⇒ Ca2+ 이온 주위에 8개의 F- 이온 배치⇒ F- 이온 주위에 4개의 Ca2+ 이온 배치⇒ Fluorite 구조⇒ Fluorite 구조

Page 31: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

• 면심입방구조의 사면체 공극 모두가 다른 원자로 채워지면

(UO2, PuO2, ThO2 등)Ca, Sr, Ba 의 불화물Zr, Th, Hf, U 의 산화물

• 역형석 구조(antifluorite)역형석 구조(antifluorite)→ Ca와 F, (양이온과 음이온) 자리바꿈→ Na2O, K2O

Page 32: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

ABX TABX3- Type예) Perovskite 구조 (BaTiO3)

• cubic 구조 (>120℃)

3333333 PbZrO ,SrZrO ,SrSnO ,PbTiO ,SrTiO ,CaTiO ,BaTiO→

Page 33: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

BaTiOBaTiO3

BBa

TiO

Page 34: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal
Page 35: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

D itDensity

AAn )( Σ+Σ′ cAnΣ

′ : 단위포 내 화학식 단위의 수

: 모든 양이온의 원자량 합

Ac

AC

NVAAn )( Σ+Σ

c

A

VAΣ : 모든 음이온의 원자량 합

: 단위포의 부피

AN : 아보가드로 수 (6.023 x 1023 atom/mol)

예) NaCl예) NaCl

NaCl 구조 → ∴ n´ = 4 (단위포내 NaCl 단위가 4개)

g/mol4535g/mol9922 ==Σ==Σ AAAA33 )22( −+ +== ClNac rraV

g/mol45.35 , g/mol99.22 ==Σ==Σ ClANaC AAAA

ClN AAn )( +′

AClNa

ClNa

NrrAAn

3)22()(

−+ ++

=∴ρ

)45.3599.22(4 +=

3

23377

g/cm 14.2)10.0236()]102(0.181)10102.0(2[

=

××+× −−

Page 36: Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramicshome.skku.edu/~femlab/lecture/introduction_mse/lecture… ·  · 2008-03-08l Chapter 3. Structure of Metals and Ceramics Crysta •Crystal

Homework (due date : 3/17)Homework (due date : 3/17)

Ch t 2 #2 3 #2 9 #2 13 #2 16 #2 21 #2 22Chapter 2. #2.3 #2.9 #2.13 #2.16 #2.21 #2.22

Chapter 3. #3.1 #3.13 #3.17 #3.27