chapter 3 psych 1 online stud
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4th Edition
Sensation and Perception
Chapter 3
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Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics
• Vision
• Hearing
• Taste
• Smell
• Body position
• Movement
We receive and process information about:
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Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics
What is sensation? Perception?
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Sensation, Perception and Psychophysics
• Receptors > respond to only one type of stimulus.
• Transduction
• Adaptation > presentation of same stimulus results in loss of sensitivity.
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Subliminal Perception
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Sensory SystemsVision
• Light waves differ in terms of wavelength (hue) or color, amplitude (intensity), and saturation (purity).
• The psychological counterpart of wavelength is color.
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Additive and Subtractive Processes of Color Mixing
• Radiant light is visible energy emitted by an object• Reflected light
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Sensory SystemsVision
• Sensory systems of eye: Rods and Cones. –Cones have greater acuity
• respond to color• higher threshold for activation• ~ 7 million per eye.
– Rods have lower acuity• respond to black and white [and shades of gray] • more sensitive• ~120 million per eye.
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Sensory Systems
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Sensory SystemsVision
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Two theories of color vision
• Trichromatic theory: three types of cones• Opponent-process theory: color-sensitive cells
arranged in pairs.– Pairs of Yellow-Blue and Red-Green Cones
• Both theories are supported by research findings.
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Color Blindness
• Dichromats lack the ability to see one of the three primary colors.
• Monochromats are unable to see color.
IshiharaPlates
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Ishihara Plates
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Sensory SystemsAudition
• Audition > movement of molecules in the air.
• Varies by wavelength (frequency), amplitude (intensity), and purity (timbre)
1) Vibration of the eardrum;
2) Movement of fluid in the inner ear;
3) Bending of specialized hair cells (receptors for hearing).
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Sensory Systems
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Organ of Corti
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Tectorial MembraneBasilar Membrane
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Sensory SystemsGustation
• Molecules in solution stimulate taste.
• Each receptor may respond to several tastes, but each one is maximally sensitive to one of four tastes salty, sweet, sour, or bitter
[metallic, alkaline savory, meaty?]
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Olfactionp.108
• Molecules in the air stimulate the sense of smell.
• Receptors attach to olfactory bulb.
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Smell and Emotions
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Sensory Systems Vestibular Sense
• Enables us to adjust to different bodily movements.
• Orientation, gravity
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Sensory Systems Kinesthetic Sense
• Location and position of body parts.
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Sensory SystemsCutaneous Senses
• Mechanoreceptors• Nocioreceptors• Thermoreceptors
Cutaneous receptors located in the skin:
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PerceptionSize Constancy
• We experience perceptual constancies when our perception of an object does not change, even though the retinal image does change.
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Shape Constancy
Perception of shape remains constant even though image on retina changes.
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Depth Perception and Binocular Disparity
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Depth Perception and Binocular Disparity
Close objects translate very fast (brush) and distant objects pass very slow (mountains).
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Binocular Disparity
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Monocular Cues
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Gestalt Principles of Perception
• We actively organize our perceptual world into meaningful groups or wholes.– Proximity– Similarity– Continuity – Closure
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Perception
• Perceptual hypotheses are inferences about the nature of the stimuli we sense.
• Perceptual illusions and ambiguous figures may cause us to develop incorrect perceptual hypotheses.
• Hermann grid
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Ames Room
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The size of a familiar object is perceived as largely distorted, because the misleading geometry generates an incorrect frame of reference
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Zener Cards
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Skeptics