chapter-3 functional structure 3.1 introduction:...

Chapter-3

Functional Structure

3.1 Introduction: Since independence, our country has made impressive

progress in different sectors of economy including agriculture, industry, medical,

education, science and technology. 132 India's developing economy, the nature and the

volw11e of her investments in the non-agricultural sector, the growing corpus of her

social legislation aimed at achieving greater mobility in all directions, the fast

developing economic and social situations favouring migration of population from

one area to another, the conscious aspirations of social change reflected in the series

of her Five Year Plans. the association in the common mind between industrialisation

and urbanisation, all demand that the function of towns should be investigated. For,

there are two opinions on the generally accepted idea that the town is the vortex of all

change and the pace and content of India's urban growth wi IIJo a great extent depend

on the pace and content of her economic development and social change 133

In Haryana, the reasons behind the rapid urban growth and change in the

functional characteristics of towns are that: First, after the partition of the country

rehabilitation of a large number134 of 'displaced landless persons' 135 in urban

settlements boosted the urban growth as 51 per cent of them settled in urban areas.

131 Report of the Task Force on Planning and Developing of Small and Medium Towns, Ministry of Work and Housing, Govt. of india, Delhi, 1977, Vol. I, p. I. 13

J Mitra, Asok, "A Functional Classification of India's Towns", An All India Seminar on Population, 12-14 March 1964, Institute of Economic Growth, At Registrar General of India's Office. p. I. 134 Number and percentages of Displaced Persons settled in the urban and Rural areas of each District ( 1951) Name of the Total number ol Number Senled Per cent to Number Sen led Per cent to District displaced persons in Rural Areas total number in Urban Areas total number

Hisar 127657 77720 62 47937 38

Rohtak 123646 53452 43 70194 57

Gurgaon 84587 27728 1 33 56859 67

Kamal 250471 132709 53 117762 47

Ambala 188892 86742 46 102150 54

Mohindergarh 4944 553 II 4391 89

Total 780197 378904 49 399293 51

Source: Census of lndta, 1951. 1J

5 The tcnn 'Displaced person' is meant those refugees, who have been displaced from their homes in Pakistan.

76

Government services as well as private enterprises also expanded in response to this.

With the passage of time. most of the displaced persons also left \·illages and settled

in urban areas. Secondly. in late 60s. increased agricultural production due to the use

of high yielding varieties seeds. improvement in irrigation facilities and scientific

methods of farming. led to the establishment of many mandi towns and a ready

market for agricultural and other household goods. Thirdly, mechanization of

agriculture forced a large number of surplus landholder and landless labourers to

urban areas to seek jobs either in private or public sector, which changed the

demographic structure of the urban as well as rural areas. Fourthly, Government's

policies to develop a particular area by establishing agricultural and allied industries,

educational institutions, gave philip to the existing industries and also led to the

creation of new districts. Finally. the role of big urban centres is no less, a'i areas

around National Capital Territory Delhi. Union Territory Chandigarh and other big

urban centres of Haryana served as the ready markets for different products and also

lead to the growth of certain small and big industrial enterprises.

In brief: the process of brisk urbanization in the last few decades has been

responsible for the continuous increase in total urban population as well as its share in

the total population in Haryana. It is generally agreed that the process of urban growth

is highly associated with the direct and indirect growth of non-primary activities in

the economy, whether expansion of manufacturing industries or the services sector.

Urbanization and industrial development, in the Western world, so stably married

were often divorced in India136. Urbanization moved at a faster pace than

industrialization resulting in a direct shift from agriculture to service. Tertiary sector

expanded faster than the secondary sector, a factor contributing to the prevailing

unemployment situation in India. This chapter is an attempt to identify the functional

structure of small and medium towns and see the changes that has taken place over

the period. The research proposition that has been tested in this chapter is-

As !he size of/he town increases, itsfunclions lend lo get divers(fied

3.2 Methodology: - Most of the urban centres generally have multiple

functions, but all of them may not he equally important. Some of them may be very

136 Raj Bala ( 1986 ), "Trends in Urbanization in l ndia 190 1-198!". Rawat Publications. Jaipur

77

significant. while others might be inconsequential. A statistical basis is therefore

necessary for identifying the groups of significant functions, which represent the

functional characteristics of an area.

The ternary diagram given by Asok Mitra is found to be a convenient device

for functional classification of towns. In this study, an attempt has been made to

present a classification based on the predominant function of a town for the periods

1961, 1971 and 1991. It is generally agreed that the process of urban growth is highly

associated with the direct and indirect impact of non-agricultural activities in the

economy. Following Asok Mitra, in this study also, the seven non-agricultural

industrial categories as given in the Census of India i.e .. from Ill to IX have been

included, as it is intended to study the relationships of only the non-agricultural

categories. For the present study, the data for the Census years of 1961, 1971 and

1991 have been considered. The 1981 Census data was not suitable for this technique,

as the data was not given for the nine industrial categories ( lll, IV, V (b), VI to IX

industrial category's data were clubbed togcther).m

Asok Mitra used the 'Ternary Diagram' to analyze the functional

classification of Indian towns based on 1961 Census data. Briefly speaking, the

method makes use of an equilateral triangle the sides of which graduate from 0 to 100

percent so that the percentage of three variables industry, trade and transport and

service can be represented on the diagram. The method of functional classification of

Indian towns was based on the concept of the predominance of a particular function

of a city. 138

For this classification Asok Mitra, has considered only non-agricultural

workers, therefore he has considered seven non-agricultural categories, III to IX,

while the agricultural categories I and II are excluded in this study. For each town

a percentage distribution was made of all workers into the seven non-agricultural

Census industrial categories. Besides, these 7 categories were grouped under three

rubrics A. B and C. to take the advantage of triangle coordinates. The sum of

workers in Census industrial categories III to IX was taken as I 00. These seven

non-agricultural categories are grouped under 3 broad functional types: -

137 Census of India, I98I, Series 6, 1-!aryana, Part X A, Town Directory. 198I 138 Asok Mitra Op. Cit., p. I.

7li

Table- 3.1 Functional Groups of Towns and their Categories

Functional Group of Towns Census Industrial Category

A. Industry Ill (Livestock. Forestry. Fishing. Hunting and ~~~tions. Orchards and allied activities). IV (Mining and Quarrying). V(a) (Manufacturing. Processing, Servicing and Repairs in Household Industry) V(b) (Manufacturing. Processing. Servicing and Repairs in other than Household lndustl)') and VI (Construction).

B. Trade and Transport VII (Trade and Commerce) and VIII (Transport, Storage and Communications).

C. Services IX only (Other Services)

Source: Asok Mitra, "A Functional Classification of India's Towns", An All India Seminar on Population, 12-14 March 1964. Institute of Economic Growth. At Registrar General of India's Office. p. 2.

These three broad functional classifications were next classified as follows.

I. Where the sum of percentages in ~!I,_}V, V andVI under group A was greater in

value by 20 percent or more than the sum of percentages of VII and YII} in B or

the percentage of IX in C. the town was called a Manufacturin?, Town.

2. Where the sum of percentages of VII and VIII in B was greater in value by 20

percent or more than the sum of values in A or C, the town was called a Trade

and Tramportlown.

3. Where the percentage of IX in C was greater in value by 20 percent or more than

the sum of percentages of A or in B, the town was called a Service Town.

Towns and Town Groups, which fall within the above three categories

invariably, satisfy what is later described as town with "predominant function

accentuated''. A further refinement stemmed from this broad three-fold

classification. 139

I. Where the percentage of Ill was observed to be greater than that of IV, V or VI by

10 percent or more. the town was called a Mining or Plantation Town.

Where the percentage of IV was observed to be greater than that of III. Vor VI by

I 0 percent or more, the town was called an Artisan Town.

1)" Asok Mitra, Op. Cit., p. 2.

71)

3. Where the percentage ofV \vas observed to be greater than that of IlL IV or VI by

I 0 percent or more, the tO\vn was called a Manufacturing Town.

4. Where the percentage of VII was observed to be greater than that of VIII by I 0

percent or more, the to\\TI was called a Trading Town.

5. Where the percentage of VIII was observed to be greater than that of VII by I 0

percent or more, the to\\TI was called a Tramport Town.

This fivefold classification satisfy those towns which have predominant

functions Moderately diversified, so there were numerous instances where the

percentage difference were by no means clear-cut, and their functions were Highly

diversified. Then only method was to label a to\\TI according to the highest percentage

value of any one category even if that value ·failed to qualify for the predominance

tests indicated above.

The need therefore arose of further stratification to distinguish the strong and

weak strains of functional classification of To\\Tis. This was accomplished with the

help of triangular coordinates. Asok Mitra divided the triangle into six sub-triangles

representing different combinations. These sub-triangles representing different

combinations were further divided· into four parts by three circles with centre at the

middle ofthe triangle and radius equal to 6-2/3, I 1-2/3 and 16-2/3. The inferences are

as follows 140: -

I. Any to\\TI having its position inside the first circle will have its functions Highly

diversified.

2. Any to\\TI having its position inside the second circle will have its functions

Moderately diversified.

3. Any to\\TI having its position inside the third circle will have its predominant

function accentuated.

4. Any to\\n having its position outside any of the three circles will have its

predominant function highly accentuated.

The value ranges of A, B and C in the three circles and outside them in the field will

therefore be as follows 141: _

140 Ibid. p. 2. 141 Ibid, p. 3.

xo

Ranges ojjJercentage \'(1/ues o/A. 13 and C ·in the degrees qjfimclions <ltowns

Sector Minimum Maximum

Functions Circles (Co-ordinate)

Percentage Percentage Value Value

A 26 40

I. Highly Diversified I B 26 40

c 26 40

A 21 45 2. Moderately Diversified II B 21 45

l' 21 45 A 16 50

3. One Sector Accentuated III B 16 50 l' 16 50

( )utstdc of 3 A Oto 16 50 to 100 4. One Sector llighly Accentuated circles hut B 0 to 16 50 to I()()

within the tick! c ()to 16 50 to I()()

The six suhtrianglcs themselves. f\.m11ed by the intersection of perpendiculars.

offered scope for further refinement as follows. A town according to its position

within any of the six subtrianglcs would tend to have the characteristics noted against

each. 142

Degree of Intensity ofFunclions according to Position <?[Town in any <?f the Six SubTriangles ofTriangular Coordinates

Predominant Function Subtriangle I Secondary Functions j Low Industry

I

1 Medium Trade and Transport

Service Towns High Service/

I Low Trade and Transport

II Medium Industry i ! High Servicev i i Low Trade and Transport

Ill Medium Service

Industrial Towns High Industry~_.-./ Low Service

/IV Medium Trade and Transport i High Industry · / I

Low Service v Medium Industry

High Trade and Transport •,

Trade and Transport Towns Low Industry

VI Medium Service Htgh Trade and Transport

142 Ibid, p. 3.

XI

3.3 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles (1961-1991)

Table 3.2 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six

Sub-Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns ofHaryana, 1961

•·unctions PrTdominant Predominant

Functional Type Degree of Functions Function Sub-

Functional Di,·ersification llighl}' !\lodtratrly Function Total trianl(les

or Accentuation Divenified Divrnifted Accentuated llighly

Accentuated

I Sen·icr Towns 8 J J 0 14

Low Industry 3 2 I

I Medium Trade and Tr<UlSJX'rt Namaul. 'lllalll"Sar. l'ataudi

0 6 llig.h Service Bawai.Nuh I\ an ina

5 Low Trade m1d Transport Shahbad.

I 2 II Mcdmrn lndustl)' Jhajjur. llodal.

Bcri. Nilokhcri () 8

lligh Service Fenm:pur (jharaunda

Ztrka. Sadaura

2 Industrial Towns 2 J I 0 6

Low Trade <Uld Transpon 3

Medium Scrv1cc I Kad;wr. 1\h.:rl I

() 5 Ill Ladwil San1pla. Buria

lligh Industry < 'hhachhrauh Low Service

I IV Mcdturn Trude and T1iU1spor1 () 0 0 I

I hg.h Industry Charkhi f)adn

J Trade and Transpor1 6 13 2 5 26

Towns 9

Rl-wari. l'dmwa. Low Service 4 Julana. Kaithal. 2

v Medium Industry llansi. l"dlwal, Narwana, () Haileymandi. 15 High Trade & Transport Sohna. Pundri Bahadwgarh. Kalanwali

Uchana. Jind. Gohana

Low Industry 2 4 2 3 Atdi, Maham. Mandi Uklanamandi. VI Medium Service Tohana, Fatehabad. Dabwali, Jakhalmandi,

II High Trade & Transport Saftdon

Mallen~ Loharu Kalka Total 16 19 6 5 46

Source: Calculated from Census of India data.

3.3.1 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles, 1961

Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.1 give the degree of intensity of functions according to

the position of towns in the six sub-triangular co-ordinates in 1961. It indicates that

the concentration of towns is more in Vth and Vlth sub-triangles represent trade and

transport. And these triangles have 26 tO\\'TJS. The sub-triangles I and II represent

service and has 14 to\\ns while sub-triangles III and IV represents industry and have

6 towns. Ternary diagram has three circles. Any town having its position inside the

first circle will have its functions highly diversified, inside the second circle will have

its functions moderately diversified, and inside the third circle will have its

predominant function accentuated. While any town located outside the three circles

Fl ;\CTIO!'iAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS H:\RYANA 1961

Method: Ternary Diagram

. ' ' ,, J

·"

,I

--- Sen ice

Fig . 3.1

\viii have its predominant fw1ction highly accentuated. This Table also shows that

there are 8 service. 2 industry and 6 trade & transport tmms which are located inside

the first circle having their functions highly diversified. while 3 service, 3 industry

and 13 trade & transport towns placed inside the second circle have their functions

moderately diversified. 3 service, I industry and 2 trade and transport towns are

located inside the third circle and have their predominant function accentuated. There

are 5 trade & transport towns located outside the three circles having their

predominant function highly accentuated.


Table 3.3 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub

Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns ofHaryana, 1971

Sub- Funclional Type l>f)!rrr or Funclions Funclions ll'rrdominanl Prrdominanl trian- Funclional l>i,·rrsificalion llit:hl)' :\lodrrarel~· Funclion Funclion llighly Toll! I .:In or Accrnlualion l>iHrsifird Uin-rsilird

1 Accrnrualrd Accrnlualrd

I ~nictTowns 3 3 2 I 9

Low lndu~try 2

J 2 I

Medium Trade and Transpon Bahadurgarh.

Bun a. Thancsar. 0 7

High Service Bawal

Chhachhrauli, Kanina

lkri Low Trade and Transpon

I I II Medium Industry {) 0 2

High Service lndri Nilokhcri

2 I nd uslrial Towns 0 0 0 I I Low Trade and Transpon

i Ill Medium Service 0 I {) 0 0 0 High Industry I

Low Service I IV Medium Trade and Transpon 0 0 0 I

Hi~ Industry Shah bad

3 Tradt and Tnuuport 6 I 16 I 12 II 39

Towns ! I

Low Service I 4 6 Medium Industry Charkhi

3 3 Rewari, Mandi

v High Trade & Transpon Dadri, Hodal, Ladwa.

Hansi, Dabwali, Tohana, 16

Gharaunda, F arrukhnagar

Narwana, Kalanwali. Ganaur, Sohna Uchana, Radaur Uldanamandi

Low Industry I ~alwal. 9 Medium Service Jind, Kailhal. 5 High Trade and T ranspon 2 I Namaul. Fatchabad.

Gohana Kalka. VI Ferozepur Jha]ar. Safidon,

llaile)'Tilandi, 23 Zhirka. Gharaunda, Mahendragarh,

Jakhalmandi, Sad aura I Pundri. Julana.

I I Arch ! Mal1am. Pataudi. I i N aram !!artl Loharu. Nuh I

Tolal ') 13 i 14 13 49


Table 3.3 and Fig. 3 .II show that in 1971, there were 39 trade and transport, 9

service and 1 industry towns. This Table also shows that 3 service and 6 trade and

X'l

JT.'\TTJO:\ .-\L CL.\SSIFIC..\ TIO\ OF TOWNS 11:\HY:\ .,:\ I<J7 1

·'lethod: Ternary Di:t)!ram

' ~~~--~~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~ 0 40 so 60 70 80 90 0

Srrvicr /------- -----------

Fig. 3.11

transport towns are inside the first circle and have their functions highly diversified. 3

service and I 0 trade and transport towns lie inside the second circle having their

functions moderately diversified. 2 sen· ice and 12 trade and transport towns are

inside the third circle having their predominant function accentuated and one service.

one industry and II trade and transport towns are outside the ~rec circles with their

predominant function highly accentuated. This analysis again shows that in 1971 also.

there is a predominance of trade and transport towns,



Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Haryana, 1991

Sub- Functional T)'J>< llrgf'ff of FunclioM t'unrtions Moderately

l)rrdomiiUint PRdominant trian 1-'unctional [)i,·tnific•tion ur lligbly Function Function lliKhly Total -glr Accn~tuation Un·rnir...t

Uinnif~t•tl Accmtuatrd Accrntuatrd

I St-n'icr Towns ) 4 4 6 17

l .ow I ndlL~ry ~ 4 4

J Bahadur~h.

I Mcdaurn l"r;u.ic: iUid l"rart~JXUl Sbahbad. Naraml!'u h. S..""laun1. Nilokhcri. Rad<tur,

Bcri. nmnesar 0 13 lltgh Scrvtcc Jll3J)af Bawal. Mll,tafal•"'

Chhachhrauli Bila.<;J>ur

Low T rddc and l ran.'qlurt J

I Panchkula Urban II Mcdunn Industry Farokllj•tr

0 0 !:.'<late, ll.ab!yal.

4 ll1gh Scrv1cc

Uncha Srwana

2 Industrial Town• 0 I I ) 5

Low T radc and T ran.'JX'Il 3

Ill Mc!ium Service 0 I I Dharuhera, Pinjre

5 High lndu.<try

Dundaheta (lluria) (Rural). H.M.T Pinjore

l.ow Service ! 7 IV Medium T f'll<k and T ntnsport 0 0 0 0 '0) ( High lndustrv ~

) TI'IHk and Tf1UI5port Towns ~ 21 15 16 ~7

Low Servic~ 7 6 4

v Medium Industry I Hanst. Palwal. Falchabad, Namaul, Narwana. Mandi Dabwali. 18

High T radc & T ranspor1 Kalka Samall<ha. l'undn, Taoru, Barwala. Kalanwalt. Olccka. Ellenabad,

Tosham T araon Julana Ralia 14 ' 12 Rrwari. Cbarlhi Dadri, Uklanamand1,

4 Hodal, Gharaunda, 9 Uchana, Assandh, Low Industry Kharl<hoda. Ganaur. Ladwa, Sohna, lind, Kaithal, Jakhalmandi, Alcli,

VI Medium Service Kalaya!, Bawani Khera, T ohana. Gohana. Loharu, Malmm, 39 High Trade & T ranspon Halhin, Haileyrnandi, Ferorepur Pehowa. Salidon. Punahana, Namaul,

Hassanpur Jhirla, Namaund, lndri, Kanina. Nuh Kheri Sampla,

I Pataud1, Siwam. Mahendraprlt, F arrukhna ,.,. Kalanaur

Toral 8 26 20 25 79


Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.111 show that in 1991, there were 56 trade and transport,

I 7 sen·ice and 5 industry towns. One service and 5 trade and transport to\vns have

their functions highly diversified, while 6 sen,ice, one industry and 21 trade <md

transport towns have their functions moderately diversified. Four service, one

industry and 15 trade and transport towns have their predominant function

accentuated and 6 service, 3 industry and 16 trade and transport towns have their X4

'-

IT:\CTIO:\AL CL:\SSIFIC:\TIO .~ OF TOWNS L\STER:\ 11 .-\RY .-\:\ .\ PL\1:\' 1991

1\lethod: Tern:H)' Diagram

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Service

L ______ - -----Fig. 3.111

80 90

respective predominant function highly accentuated. This shows that there IS an

increase in service towns in 1991.

Eastern Plain:

Table3.5 Degree oflntensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub

Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Eastern Haryima Plain, 1991

Sub- Functional Tn~e ~rtt of Functions Function~ Predominant Prroominant Tria- Functional Di\·tnific•rion or lli~hly Modrrat<l)' Function Function lli~:hly Total

ox'• Accmtuation Dinrsifonl l>iHnifonl Acrmtuated Acr<ntuated

I St-nic~ Towns J J 4 6 16

Low Industry J 4 J

2 Naraingarh, llahadurgarlt. I Medium Trade and Transport Shahh:ul. JltajJar Sadaura. Nilokheri. Radaur.

Beri. Thanesar. 12 lligh Service Mustal>tl~td Chltachhrauli

Bilaspur

Low Trade and Transport J I l'anchkula Url>an

II Medium Industry Farakhpur () 0

Estate. Babiyal. 4

High Service Uncha Siwana

2 Industrial Towns () () I 2 J Low Trade and Transport

I 2

Ill Medium Servtcc 0 0 Bun a

PinJre (Rural). 3 High lndustrv II M. T. I'm jon:

Low Service IV Mcdtum Trade and Tnutspnrt 0 0 0 0 0

High lndustn·

3 Tradt and Transport

3 ~ 9 6 23 Towns

Low Service I I 2 1

I v Medium lnduSif)' Samalkha. Narwana. Taraon. 7 High Trade & Transport

I l'alb l'undn Julana Checka

Low Industry I , J 6 5

VI Medium Service ~haridtoda, Gltardunda, Jiod, Kaitltal, Uchana. Assandh, 16

High Trade & Transport j KaJayotl Ganaur, l.adwa GoltaJta, Pehowa, Malwn. Kheri Saftdon. tndri Sampla. Kalanaur

TotaJ 6 8 14 14 41

Source: Calculated from Census of lndJa data.

3.3.3.1 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Eastern

Plain, 1991- Table 3.5 and Fig. 3JV show that in 1991, there are twenty-three trade

and transport, sixteen service and three industry towns. Three service and three trade

and transport towns are highly diversified category, while three service and five trade

and transport towns are moderately diversified. Four service, one industry and nine

trade and transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and 6 service,

2 industry and 6 trade and transport tovms have their respective predominant function

highly accentuated. The Table shows that the in eastern plain both trade and transport

towns are important.

Medium Towns in Eastern Plain:

Table 3.6 indicates that in 1991, there are ten trade and transport, five service

and no industry towns. Two service and one trade and transport towns have their

FllNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS EASTERN HARYANA PLAIN 1991

J\tcthud : Tcrnar~ Dia~:ram

1 /. '

I \

l.z \, / \

I \ i

\

IV Ill

Fig. J.IV

functions highly diversified. while only two trade and transport tovms have their

functions moderately diversified. One savice and six trade and transport towns have

their predominant function accentuated and there are two service and one trade and

transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. This shows that

in eastern plain two third of the towns have trade and transport functions and one

third are service towns.

Table3.6 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub

Triangular Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Eastern Haryana Plain, 1991

Sub- Funclionul Tyflt' Dq:rer or •·unctioM t'unt:tion.!' Prt'dominant Prtdominanl

Triangl.,. Functional l)i\·rnification llighly Motltrattly hnction Function llighl)' Total or Accmtuation Dinnifltd Uinrsifltd Accrntuatnl Accmluatnl

I Servin· Towns 2 0 I 2 s Low Industry

2 I

Mcd ium Trade :md Shah !>a< I. ()

I I 4

Transport Jha11ar IW...ttu~;uh ll~,;.tnl':-.otr

lligh Ser.Ke Low Trade and Tnmsport I

II Medium Industry 0 () 0 l'dOChkula IJrhan I lligh Service L<talc

2 Industrial Towns 0 0 0 0 0

Low Trade and Transport Ill 1\.kdiurn Service 0 0 0 0 0

lligh Industry Low Scrv1ce I Medium Trade and

IV Transport

(} () 0 0 0

High Industry

J Trade and Transport I 1 i 6 i I 10 Towns

Low Service I I· v Medium Industry I

() I

3 Hill.h Trade & Transport

Kalka Narwana ' (llcck.a

Low Industry ! 5

VI Medium Service 0 Ghardwkla. Jmtl. Karthal.

0 7 High Trade & Transport Ganaur Gobana. Pehowa.

Saftdon

TOIId 1 1 ' J IS


Small Towns in Eastern Plai11:

Table 3. 7 shows that in I99I, there are II trade and transport, II service and

3 industry towns. I service and 2 trade and transport towns have their functions

highly diversified, while 3 service and I trade and transport to\\TIS have their

functions moderately diversified. Three service. one industry and 3 trade and

transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and there are 4 service.

2 industry and 5 trade and transport towns are outside the three circles having their

predominant function highly accentuated. The above analysis shows that in case of

S6

small tovms in eastern plain scrv1ce as well as trade and transport functions are

equally important.


Triangular Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Eastern Haryana Plain, 1991

Function1l Typ< ~....,of Functioru lli~thl)·

Functions Prtdominant Prtdomirllnt Sub-

Function1l Divrnifoc1tion Moderately t'unction t' unction llij:hly Totol Tri•n~tlrs or Accmtuation

Oi•·•nif.N Oivenif.N Accrntulttd AccraiWittd

I Stonier Towns I 3 3 4 II

Low Indus try ,1 .1

I Medium Trade and

0 Nar.un~;,uh. Nilokheri. 2 8

Transport Sadaura. Radaur. lkri. Bila.'pur

High Service Mustalahad Chhachhrauh

Low Trade and Transport 2 II Medium lndusli)' I

() 0 llab1yal. 3 H_!&1 Sc!Vlcc

l·;uakllpllf lhocha Siwana

2 Industrial Towns II II I 2 3 l.ow Trade 1md Transport

I 2

Ill Medium Service () () !luna

l~nJrc (RW"al). 3 High Jnduslrv II.MT l'injore

Low Service

IV Medium Trade and

0 () 0 0 0 Transport High Industry

3 Tradr and Tr1nspor1

2 I 3 !i II Towns Low Serv1cc

2 v Medium lndusii)' 0 0 Taraori. Julana

2 High Trade & Transport Low Industry 2

5

VI Medium Service Kharlhoda. I I Uc:hana. Assandh, 9

High Trade & Transport Kalayal Ladwa lndri Maham. Kheri

Sam_E_Ia. Kalanaur

Total 3 4 7 II 2S

Source: Calculated from Census of lnd1a data.

Western Plain:

3.3.3.2 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Western

Plain, 1991- Table 3.8 and Fig. 3.V indicate that in 1991, in Western Plain, there are

16 trade and transport towns. There is no service and industrial town in this plain. No

trade and transport town have their functions highly diversified, while 7 trade and

transport towns have their functions moderately diversified. There are only 3 trade

and transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and there are 6 trade

and transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. In western

plain, all the tO\\ TIS are in trade and transport category and some of them have trade

and transport highly functions accentuated.

Medium Towns in Western Plain:

Table 3. 9 shows that in 1991, 111 medi urn towns, in western plain there arc

only 7 trade and transport towns. There is no service and industrial town. There is no

K7

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS WESTERN HARYANA PLAIN 1991

Method : Ternar~ Diagntm

\

Fig. J.V

trade and transport towns having their functions highly diversified. while 3 trade and

transport towns have their fw1ctions moderately diversified. There are only 2 trade

and transport towns are inside the third circle having their predominant function

accentuated and there are 2 trade and transport towns are outside the three circles

having their predominant function highly accentuated.


Triangular Co-Ordinates in Ton·ns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991

Sub-Functional Ty~ l>tgrw or t·unctions Functions P!Tdominant P!Tdominanl Function•) l>h·•niftca lion or lliehly l\lod•ratol~· Function Function lliehly Total

Trianelr Accmtuation Diversif~ IJh·rrsif~ Accrntuattd Accentuated

I Srn;cr Towns 0 0 0 0 0

Low Industry I Medmrn Trade and Transpott () 0 0 0 0

lligh Service l.ow Trade mtd Transport

II Medium Industry 0 () 0 0 0 llig.h Service

2 Industrial Towns II () 0 0 0 Low Trade and Trmtsport

Ill Medium Service 0 () 0 0 0 llig.h Industry Low Service

IV Medium Trade and Tnmspott 0 0 0 0 0 High Industry

J Trade and Transport Towns 0 7 3 6 16

Low Service 3 2 3 v Medium Industry 0 Hansi, Fatehabad, Barwala, Mandi Dabwali, g

High Trade & Transport Tosharn Kalanwali Ellenabad. Ratia

Low Industry 4 3 Charkhi Dadri. I Uldanamandi.. VI Medium Service 0 Bawani Khera. Tobana Jakhalmaodi,

g High Trade & Transport Narnaund. Siwam Loharu

Tobll 0 7 J 6 16

Source: Calculated from Census oflnd1a data.

Small Towns in Western Plain:

Table 3. 1 0 shows that in 1991, in western plain there are mne trade and

transport towns. There is no service or industrial town. There is no trade and transport

towns have their functions highly diversified, \\-nile four trade and transport towns lie

inside the second circle having their functions moderately diversified. Only one trade

and transport town lies inside the third circle having their predominant function

accentuated and there are four trade and transport to\\-ns lie outside the thr~ circles

having their predominant function highly accentuated. It is observed that in western

plain. most of the small towns have trade and transport function highly accentuated.

Tablc3.9 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub

Triangular Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991

Sui>-Functional T)·pt l)eg....., of Functiom Functtom Pndominanl

Pndominanl Function Functional Divrnification or Highly :\loci~ rattly t'unction Tolal

lraingl~ Acc:mlualion Divrnifotd Di>~nifotd A«mlualtd

Highly Accmlualed

I S.,nitt To,.·n• 0 0 0 0 0

Low Industry

I Medium Trade and Transport 0 0 0 0 0 lftgh Serv1cc

Low T radc and TrariSIX>r1 II Mtdium Indus~!}· 0 0 0 0 0

IIi •h SctVICC

2 lndu.•lrial To"m 0 II 0 0 0

l.AJW Trade and T r.uiSIX>r1 Ill Mcdi11m Servi'c: II 0 0 0 0

lligh lnduslr\· I ...ow Service

IV Mcdmm Trade and TratiSIX>rl () () 0 0 {)

lli1;h lndlL•tn·

J Trad~ and TraiU(Mlr1 Tu .. n• 0 J 2 2 7

l .. ow Service 2 I

2 v Medium lr1dustry II ll;ul'i,

Barwala Mand1 Dabwali, 5

IIi •h Trddc & lratiSJX>r1 Farch;1had Elknabad Low lrtdus1ry

I I VI Mcdatun Service: ()

t 'harl.h• Dadri Tohar1a 0 2

llrgh Trade & Tr.uL'IX>r1

Tolal II J 2 2 7


Table3.10 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub

Triangular Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991

Sui>- Functional Typt Dtg....., of t'unctiom FunctioM Pndominanl Prtdominanl

Triangk functional Divrnificalion or Highly i'llod~ ... dy t'unction Function Highly Total Acc:mtualion Div~fotd Divrnifotd Acc:mtualed Accmtualed

I S.,nittTowm 0 0 0 0 0 Low Industry

I Medium T radc: and Transport 0 0 0 0 0 High Sc:rv.ce

Low T radc and T r.mspon II Med1um Industry 0 0 0 0 0

lligh Service

2 lndu.•trial Town• 0 0 0 0 0 Low T radc and Transpor1

Ill Medium ServiCe 0 0 0 0 0 High lndi!Sir\ Low Scrvtcc

IV Medium T radc: and T ransporr 0 0 0 0 0 Hrgh lndustrv

3 T~ aad "[_ raaspot1 T ""M 0 " I " 9

I Low ScrviCC

I v Mcdiwn lndustn 0 I I 3

Hrgll_ T radc: and Transport losham Kalanwah Raila

Low I ndustr; J ' ' VI Mc:d1um Scrv1ce ()

H;:1wam 1\.h(."fa. 0 Uklanarnand1.

lh~h Trade: and Transpon Namaund. (>

S1"a111 Jakhalrmndi, Loharu

Total II " I 4 9


S9

Southern Plain:

3.3.3.3 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Southern

Plain, 1991:- Table 3.11 and Fig. 3.YI show that in 1991. in southern plain. there are

seventeen trade and transport, one service and two industry towns. Only two trade

and transport towns have their functions highly diversified. while one service, one

industry and eleven trade and transport have their functions moderately diversified.

There is only one trade and transport town inside the third circle having their

predominant function accentuated and one industry and three trade and transport

towns outside the three circles having their predominant function highly accentuated.

This analysis shows that most of the towns have trade and transport functions

moderately balanced.


Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991

Functionall')·pr l)rgrTt' of t'unt.:tionJ Prnlominant Prnlominant

Sub-F~nall>n~licalioa or lli£bl)

Function~ 1\fotlrrald)· Funclioo

Function l'otal l'rian~:k Accmluation l>inniflt'd

lli,·rniflt'd Accrntuatnl

lligbly Accrntuatnl

I Scn-icr Towns II I () 0 I

Low lndustr)· I

I Medium 1' rade and T ranspon () Bawal

0 0 I High Service

low Trade and T ran.<p0<1

II Mediwn Industry 0 0 0 0 0 Hil!h Service

2 lnd115trial Towns 0 I 0 I 2 low Trade and T111115p0r1

I I Ill Medium Service 0 0 2

Hiclllndustrv Dundahera Dharuhera

low Service IV Medium Trade and T 111115p0r1 0 0 0 0 0

High JndUSIJV

J TradraadT._nT- i 2 II I l if

low Service 2 v Medium I ndUSII)' 0 0 0 2

High Trade and T 111115p0r1 Palwal, Taom 9

Low Industry 2 Rewari, Hodal, Sohna, I

3 VI Medium Scr.ior Hath on, llaokymando. Ferozepur Atdi. Nantalol. 15

H ogh Trade and T ranspu<1 llassanpur Jhorla. Pataudi, Punahana Mahendn!g;Jril

Farrukhnao:ar. Kanma Nuh Toool 2 13 I 4 20

Source: Calculated from Census oflnd1a data.

Medium Towns in Southern Plain - Table 3.12 shows that in 1991. medium

towns in southern plain. there are only 4 trade and transport towns. There is no trade

and transport town. who have their functions highly diversified, while 3 trade and

transport towns inside the second circle and have their functions moderately

diversified. No trade and transport town has their predominant function accentuated.

90

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS SOUTHERN HAR\' ANA PLAIN 1991

Ml'lhod : Tl·rnar~ Diaj.!ram

II

IV Ill

io ·s VI

Fig. J.VI

There is I trade and transport tO\\TIS outside the three circles having their predominant

function highly accentuated. Above analysis shows that three-fourth of the medium

towns have their trade and transport functions moderately balanced.

Table 3.12 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub-Triangular

Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991

Sui>-Functional Type l)q:rft of •·unction.~ Function!~. PrT<Iominanl l,rniominant

Trian~le f"unctional Dh·~nification or lfi~hl~· \luderaltl~ Function t-'unction IIi.: hi)' Tol.tl

Accrntuahon DinnifM'tl Hi-.niflt'd Accrntuatt"tt Accrntuattd

I Sen·icr To~·ru II II 0 II 0

Lo\\' Industry I Medium Trade and Tr.ulSIU1 0 II 0 () ()

I h ~h scr.1cc

lA>" Trade ruld Tran•Jxlft II Medium lndu~f! 0 () 0 () 0

High Scr.·icc

2 Industrial To"m 0 0 0 II II

IA>w Trade and Tran'Jxlrt Ill Mc:dimn Scf\-'ICC 0 0 0 () 0

I h •h ltldustrY I .tlW Service

IV Medium Trade and Trarl'p<.•t 0 () 0 0 0 High Industry

J Tra<k and Tran.•port To""' 0 J 0 I 4

Low Scr.·icc I v Medium lndu.•ll)' 0 Palwal

[) () I lli!:h Trade & lrans(l<>rt l..m- Industry 1 I

VI Medium Service 0 Rcwan, llodal

() Nan1.1ul

1 I h •h Trude & Transport

Total 0 J 0 I 4


Table 3.13 Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub-Triangular

Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991

Sub-F unctiooal Type Degree of Functions

Functions Moderately Predominruu PredomillMI

Trian~ Functioaal Oi\-ersitication cw lli!,-lily

Oiv=ified Function Function Highh Total

~uation Oiver.;iflcd Accentuated Acccutualcd

I SeniuTowas 0 I 0 0 I

L.ooo-~· I

I I i I Medium Trade and Transport 0 ~ 0

j 0 I High Service Ba"al

Low Trade and Transpon II Medium lndusuy 0 0 0 0 0

High Scr.icc:

2 Industrial Towns 0 I 0 I 2 Low Trade and Transport

I I I Ill Medium Service 0 Dundahera

0 2 High lndtJ5Iry Dharuhc:ra

Low Scr.icc IV Mcdrum Trade and Transport 0 0 0 0 0

HighlndUSir\'

J T ndr and T nmport To" n> I 2 8 I I 2 13 Low Service i i i ! v Medium!~ !

I () ! u l) l

I lid• T radc & T ranspon I laoru i I ' i Low lnduslr)' c S..>lma, !L.illc:Jllla:JdJ, 2

VI Medmm Sc:rvM;C Hartun FtwJ.cpur Jlurl..:a. I

Atd1, I 2 I h gh Trade & T ransp<.lfl llass.anpur Pa1aud1. Fam1khrt;Jgar,

l)unaiJ<uaa Mahcmh a~arh

Kamna, Nuh

Total 2 If) I 3 16


IJJ

Table 3.13 shows that in southem plain. in small towns. 13 are trade and

transport. 1 service and 2 industry. Only 2 trade and transport towns have their

functions highly diversified, while 1 sen·ice, I industry and 8 trade and transport

towns have their functions moderately diversified. There is only 1 trade and transport

town, who have their predominant function accentuated and I industry and 2 trade

and transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. The Table

also reveals that most of the towns arc in second circle and have their functions

moderately diversified

3.4 Analysis of Functions of Towns: - It has been observed that small towns

of India are little more than large market villages, with some very local administrative

functions added. 143 Haryana is no exception to it. as 26 out of 46 (in 1961 ), 39 out of

49 (in 1971) and 56 out of 78 (in I 991) arc trade and transport towns. As these urban

centres start serving their hinterland with other functions like district/tehsil/block

headquarters, educationaL medical and manufacturing or repairing activity centres of

agricultural and other machinery. their functions get highly or moderately diversified.

The functional classification of the towns of Haryana is given in Appendix I. The

following analysis brings out the functional character of towns between 1961 and

1991.

As the Table 3. I4 and Fig. 3.VIl reveal, there were 45 per cent of the towns in

I 961 with highly diversified fimctions, followed by 30 per cent of the towns with

moderately diversified fimctions. There were five (8.33 per cent) towns in which

trade and transport were highly accentuated. These were Kalka, Kalanwali,

Haileymandi, Uklanamandi and Jakhalmandi. There were no towns in 1961 in which

service was highly accentuated.

In 1971, most of the to'Wns (26 per cent) had moderately diversified functions.

Next in importance were the towns with highly diversified functions and trade and

transport towns, either accentuated or highly accentuated trade and transport

functions. The well-laid transport network is responsible for the increasing proportion

of town in the trade and transport category.

141 Raj Bala ( 1986 ), Op. Cit.

92

50 45

45 ''' 40

35 u "" eo!

30 .c en Q,l

~ 25 -c:: Q,l

20 <J

"" Q,l

~ 15

10

5

0

Highly Diversified

Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character (1961-1991)

Moderately Industry Highly Industry Trade& Trade & Service Highly Diversified Accentuated Accentuated Transport Transport Accentuated

Highly Accentuated Accentuated

Functional Character

~1961 lil1971 01991

Fig. 3.VII

Service Accentuated

In I 991. t0\\11S \Vith moderately diversified functions increased in number and

38.46 per cent of the tovms had such functions. Towns with trade and transport

accentuation remained the same in terms of proportionate share while the absolute

number of towns increased from 12 in 1971 to 15 in 1991. One noticeable fact is that

while in I 961, 45 per cent of the towns had highly diversified functions, in I 991 only

14 per cent had such functions. This is due to the increase in any one of the economic

activities in the towns.

Table 3.14 Functional ChamcterofTowns ofHaryana (1961-1991)

1961 1971 1991 Functional Character of Towns No. of o;o No. of o;o No. of o;o

Towns Towns Towns Highly Diversified 27 45.00 15 24.19 II 14.1 Moderately Diversified 18 30.00 16 25.81 30 38.48 Industry Highly Accentuated 3 5.00 5 8.06 3 3.85 lndust_ry Accentuated 3 5.00 I 1.61 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highlv Accentuated 5 8.33 II 17.74 10 12.82 Trade and Transport Accentuated 2 3.33 12 19.35 15 19.23 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 I 1.61 4 5.13 Service Accentuated 2 3.33 I 1.61 5 6.41

Medium Towns Highly Diversified 7 39.89 6 26.03 4 15.38 Moderately Diversified 4 22.22 3 13.04 9 34.62 Industry Highly Accentuated 3 16.67 4 17.89 0 0.00 Industry Accentuated 2 II. II I 4.35 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highlv Accentuated 0 0.00 2 8.70 3 11.54 Trade and Transport Accentuated I 5.56 6 26.09 7 26.92 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 7.62 Service Accentuated I 5.56 I 4.35 I 3.85

Small Towns Highly Diversified 20 47.62 9 23.08 7 13.46 1

Moderately Diversified 14 33.33 13 33.33 21 40.38 lndus!IY_ Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 I 2.56 3 5.77 Industry Accentuated I 2.38 0 0.00 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated 5 11.90 9 23.08 7 13.46 Trade and Transport Accentuated I 2.38 6 15.38 8 15.38 Service H ighJy Accentuated 0 0.00 I 2.56 2 3.85 Service Accentuated I 2.38 0 0.00 4 7.67

Towns with service accentuation have increased considerably in number.

More than I 0 per cent of the towns in 1991 had services either accentuated or highly

accentuated. This is due to the increasing importance of both the formal and infonnal

sector in the service sector and also due to the importance given to education and civil

administration. which led to the establishment of educational institutions and creation

of new districts from 7 in 1971 to 12 in I 981 and I 6 in 1991. This can be 93

substantiated by the growth of tO\\llS with services as the mam activity m 1991.

Appendix II and Fig.3. VIII show the gnmth rate of tovms between 1961 and 1991.

While there was rapid growth in trade and transport town between 1961-71, in 1971-

91 service activities became important.

3.4.1 Analysis of Medium and Small Towns:-

Medium Towns: The overall trend in the function of the medium towns

follows that of the total scenario. In 1961, there were 7 towns (39 .89%) \\ith highly

diversified functions and 4 towns (22.22 per cent) with moderately diversified

functions. Trade and transport was accentuated in only one town, Jind and in Gurgaon

services were accentuated. There were three towns viz., Bhiwani, Yamunanagar and

Faridabad Town Group with highly accentuated industry while the two towns Panipat

and Jagadhri had accentuation of industries. There was no medium town in 1961,

which had highly accentuated trade and transport or highly accentuated services.

In 1971, towns with highly diversified or moderately diversified functions

dominated the scene. There were 6 to\\ns (26.03%) \\ith highly diversified functions

and 3 towns ( 13.04%) with moderately diversified functions. In 4 towns (Faridabad

Township, Bhiwani, Jagadhri and Shahbad) industry was highly accentuated while in

one town (Y amunanagar) industry was accentuated. In 26.09 per cent of the towns,

i.e., in six towns trade and transport was accentuated. Gurgaon in 1971 also had

services as its predominant function. But there was no town with highly accentuated

service activities.

In 1991, the number of tov.ns as well as the proportionate share of highly

diversified functions decreased. There were only 4 towns (15.38%) in 1991 with

highly diversified functions. On the other hand, towns having moderately diversified

functions increased in number. Nine towns (34.62%) had moderately diversified

functions. There was no town having either highly accentuated or accentuated

industries. There was an increase in the number of trade and transport towns in 1991.

While 27 per cent had accentuation of trade and transport activities. 11.54 per cent

had high accentuation of the same. Highly accentuated service tO\\ns which \vas

absent both in 1961 and 1971 have emerged in 1991. The two towns of Thanesar and

Panchkula Urban Estate had highly accentuated service in 1991 while Bahadurgarh

had accentuation of service activities (Appendix I).

94

Growth Rate of Towns According to their Functions (1961-1991)

600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00 r.l

~ a: .c 200.00 i 0 ... ~

100.00

0.00

Service Highly

-100.00 Accentuated

Accentuated Accentuated Accentuated

-200.00

Functions

lill) 1961-1971 EB 1971-1991

Fig. 3.VIII

From the above analysis and Tahle 3.14 and Fig. 3.IX, it becomes clear that in

medium towns the functional character has shifted from highly diversified (40 per

cent in 1961) to moderately diversified (35 per cent in 1991) and trade and transport

(27 per cent in 1991) activities over the thirty year period. The emergence of service

towns in 1991 is the most important fact about the functional structure of the medium

towns, as there was no such town in 1961 and 1971. With the increase in population

the need for basic facilities like educational institutions, medical facilities and

administrative machinery also increases. If these facilities rules over other functions

like industry or trade and transport, the towns is termed as service towns because in

such towns service is the most important activity of the population. From the above

analysis the importance of towns that have trade and transport as its main activity is

very clear. The well-connected transport network has been responsible for the

development of these towns.

Small Towns: Like the medium towns in the small towns also highly

diversified and moderately diversified functions accounted for more than 80 per cent

of the towns in 1961. Twenty towns had highly diversified functions while 14 towns

had moderately diversified functions (Appendix 1). Next important economic activity

was trade and transport as in 5 towns ( 1 I. 90%) highly accentuated trade and transport

was found in 1961. These towns are Kalka, Kalanwali, Haileymandi, Uklanamandi

and Jakhalmandi. Buria was the only town in 1961 with accentuation of industries

while Pataudi had service functions accewuated. There was no small town, which had

services or industry highly accentuated in 1961.

In 1971, though there were 13 towns (33.33%) having moderately diversified

functions, most of the towns had trade and transport as the important economic

activity. Along with the 5 towns that had highly accentuated trade and transport

activity in 1961 were added Tohana, Jagadhri Railway Workshop Colony, Uchana

and Ateli in 1971. Six other towns also had accentuation of trade and transport

activities in 1971. Faridabad M.C. in 1971 had highly accentuated industry and

Nilokheri had highly accentuated services. Buria which had accentuation of industries

in 1961, had a shift in its functional character with the service sector gaining

importance over the period. Pataudi the service town of 1961 had increased trade and

transport in 1971 and thus experienced a change in its functional character.

95

600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00 u -~

0:: ..c 200.00 i 0 ~

\.-' 100.00

0.00

-100.00

-200.00

Growth Rate of Towns According to their Functions (1961-1991)

Accentuated Highly Accentuated

Accentuated

Functioru

liliJ 1961-1971 EE 1971-1991

Fig. 3.1X

Service Highly Accentuated Accentuated

In 1991 also 40 per cent of the towns had moderately diversified functions.

The towns having highly diversified fw1ction have been decreasing in number since

1971. There were only 7 tovms in 1991 as against 9 in 1971 in this category. The

importance of trade and transport activity continued even during 1990s. There were 7

towns ( 13.46%) viz., Ratia. Assandh, Uchana. Loharu. Uklanan1andi, Jakhalmandi

and Ateli in 1991 with highly accentuated trade and transport function. while 8 towns

(15.38%) (Kalanwali, Mahendragarh, Taraori. Maham. Julana. Indri, Punahana and

Kheri Sampla) have shown trade and transport accentuated. The towns of Babiyal and

Uncha Siwana have shown service function highly accentuated, while 4 towns (Beri,

Nilokheri, Chhachhrauli and Bilaspur have shown service function accentuated.

Three towns { Dharuhera, Pinjore (Rural) and H.M.T. Pinjore} had industry function

highly accentuated (Appendix I).

The above analysis and Fig. 3.X reveal that in small towns the trend is almost

the same as in mediwn towns. In small towns the shift is from highly diversified

( 48% in 1961) to moderately diversified ( 40.38% of the towns in 1991 ). The trade

and transport towns were at the third position in 1961, but in 1991, they are at the

second position. In case of industry towns only 3 small towns were industrial towns

in 1991. There was no small town in 1961 and 1971 in this category. It is also

observed from Table 3.14 that there was only I service town each in 1961 and 1971,

but in 1991, these towns increased to 6, which indicates the government's concern in

developing basic infrastructure to develop the small towns. The industrial towns are

very few in Haryana which shows that the to~ns are basically 'mandi' towns or trade

and transport towns. With the addition of some educational, medical and

administrative activities, the towns switch into multi-functional activities and thus

become highly diversified or moderately diversified.

3.5 Regional Analysis of Functional Character of Towns: -

As the distribution of towns is uneven in the three plains depending on the

physiography and location a regional analysis of the functional character of the towns

becomes all the more important. In all the regions, there is a dominance of towns,

having highly diversified or moderately diversified or trade and transport functions.

96

Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character (1961-1991)

60 ~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~

50 ~~------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ r:--:-

40 ~ 40 r-· ... ---------=----tor::l-----------------------------------------------------------------1 t'l:l .c r.n 33 33

11.1 ••

~ 30 -- .. ·J---------4 .... . . . . 5 .. 23 ~ ~ 20 ---· .. ·-----·.·

13 ..

10.- ..

23

12 15 15

13

--~6~-----------~~ R

o +-~·~·~~--~~~~~~--oJu~~~~~LL~~~~·2~·~o __ o __ ~~~~~~-~~-~2·~~~~--o~n~~wii~~4AL~~~~·2~·Lo~~~~ Highly

Diversified Moderately Diversified

Indu1try Highly Accentuated

Industry Accentuated

Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


Co196t rn 1971 ~1991

Fig.3.X

Trade & Transport

Accentuated

Service Highly Accentuated

Service Accentuated

The towns having service and industry as their predominant function is very few in

number.

3.5.1 Eastern Plain- Most of the small and medium towns of the eastern

plain had highly diversified function in 1961. Out of the ten towns having moderately

diversified function in 1961, nine were small towns. There were four towns having

industry as the prominent function. Buria was the only small town while Panipat,

Yanlllnanagar and Jagadhri were medium towns. In Kalka (small town) trade and

transport was highly accentuated in 1961 and in Jind the only medium town trade and

transport was accentuated. There was no small and medium town with service

activities in 1961 (Table 3.15 and Figs. 3.XI, 3.XII and 3.XIII).

Table 3.15 Functional Character of Towns of Eastern Haryana (1961-1991)

1961 1971 1991 Functional Character of Towns No. of

% No. of

% No. of

% Towns Towns Towns

Highlv Diversified 14 46.67 8 25.00 7 16.67 Moderately Diversified 10 33.33 II 34.38 12 28.57 Industry Highlv Accentuated I 3.33 2 6.25 2 4.76 Industry Accentuated 3 10.00 I 3.13 0 0.00 T-rade and Transport Highly Accentuated I 3.33 3 9.38 3 7.14 Trade and Transport Accentuated I 3.33 6 18.75 9 21.43 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 I 3.13 4 9.52 Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 11.90 Medium Towns Highly Diversified 4 44.44 3 25.00 3 20.00 Moderately Diversified I 11.11 3 25.00 4 26.67 lndustrv Highly Accentuated I 11.11 2 16.67 0 0.00

, Industry Accentuated 2 22.22 I 8.33 0 0.00 Trade and T•moputt H~ghly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 I 6.67 Trade and Transport Accentuated I 11.11 3 25.00 4 26.67 Service Hig,hly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 13.33 Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 I 6.67 SmaJJ Towns Hig,hly Diversified 10 47.62 5 25.00 4 14.81 ModerateJy Diversified 9 42.86 8 40.00 8 29.63 Industry Hig,hlv Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 7.41 lndustrv Accentuated I 4.76 0 0.00 0 0.00

I Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated I 4.76 3 15.00 2 i 7.41 ! Trade and Transport Accentuated 10 0.00 3 i 15.00 ; 5 ! 18.52 i Service Highlv Accentuated 0 0.00 I 5.00 2 7.41

Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 14.81

In 1971, moderately diversified function was important in both small and

medium towns. Trade and transport was the second ranking function. In three small

97

i

Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in Eastern Plain (1961-1991)

50 ~--.4~----------------------~ --------------------------

45 r-;;. !----------·----· -------------- :··1

40 --- .·. ------------------------- ------------------------------------~ ~ 35 -- ::: ---- - _______ _,3~-"30-=34=-----

..c . ~ 29 00 30 -- . . . --------------- . . . J=---~ ·.· 25 ~ . . = = 25 -- ------ .LI

19 'f = Q,

20 1'7 ---- ··--- ro..-..r----·· ---------------------------------------{X:.I--- ----------

a-j = :... c.. 15

10

5

0

---

f---

f---

Highly Diversified

-----

Moderately Diversified

() 5

~ Industry Highly

Accentuated

10 9 ., .. ] 3 ~ .. nmo r ~ Industry Trade &

Accentuated Transport Highly

Accentuated


01961 m 1971 ~1991

Fig. 3.XI

3

Trade& Transport

Accentuated

10

3 0 1111

Service Highly Accentuated

0 0

Service Accentuated

50

45

40 e 35 ~ J: 30 ~ ~

~ 25 .... = 20 ~ !..1 J. ~ 15 Q,

10

5

0

44

Proportionate Share of Medium Towns according ·to their Functional Character in Eastern Plain (1961-1991)

~.·. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------~

-·.·---------------------·-----------------------------------------------------------~

-·.·~---------~~~~~~--------------------------------------~~~··~~---------------------4 :- : 25 25 Zd 25 4" • ,., - <· 20

-·.· . • ., '7-:-Kir-----~L----~ r------------------~

-.·.

-·.· ---1.7 -.·. .......... .z------.· ..

Highly Diversified


8

0 0

Industry Industry Highly Accentuated

Accentuated

~

~ 0 0~

Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


13 II

'7':"

0 0

Trade & Service Transport Highly

Accentuated Accentuated

[ 01961 liD 1971 PW 1991

Fig. 3.Xll

o o_~

Service Accentuated

60

50

~ 40 cc .c Vl u ~ 30 -c ..... !:! u ""' 20

10

0

-

:--

,_

I--

Proportionate Share of Small Towns aceording to their Functional Character in Eastern Plain (1961-1991)

0

.J:Sl

--:-:-

-----

---·- ·----25

------15

--

Highly Divenified

43 r:-:"' 40

30

Moderately Divenified

-- ·-·

.,

~----0· Industry Highly Ac~entuated

G1961

5

[Jo 0


15

., --

5

I r::: . Trade &

Transport Highly

Accentuated


(1) 1971 ~1991

Fig. J.XID

19 15

0

Trade & Transport

Accentuated

., 5~

ormE8J Service Highly Accentuated

15

0 0

Service Accentuated

I

towns v1z .. Kalka. Jagadhri Railway Workshop Colony and Uchana trade and

transport was highly accentuated. There was no medium town having service function

while there was one small town, Nilokheri with highly accentuated service fun·ction.

In 199 I, towns having moderately diversified function were highest in

number. There was no medium town with industry function, while in the small town

category there was the town of Pinjore (Rural) having highly accentuated industry.

The number of service towns increased considerably over the period though trade and

transport is the second important economic activity of most of the towns (Appendix

I).

3.5.2 Western Plain- As can he observed from Table 3.I6, there was no

service or industry town in the western plain during the period I 96 I -199 I. All the

towns were either trade and transport towns. or towns with functions highly

diversified or moderately diversified in the region (Figs. 3.XIV, 3.XV and 3.XVI)

Table 3.16 Functional Character of Towns of Western Haryana (1961-1991)

1961 1971 1991 Functional Character of Towns No. of 0/o

No. of 0/o

No. of %

Towns Towns Towns Highly Diversified 6 50.00 3 25.00 2 12.50 Moderately Diversified 2 16.67 0 0.00 5 31.25

Industry Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 5 41.67 0 0.00

Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated 3 25.00 4 33.33 6 37.50

Trade and Transport Accentuated I 8.33 0 0.00 3 18.75 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Medium Towns Highly Diversified 3 75.00 I 20.00 I 14.29 Moderately Diversified I 25.00 0 0.00 2 28.57 Industry Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Trade and T rcmspon Highly Accentuated O· 0.00 I 20.00 2 28.57 Trade and Transport Accentuated 0 0.00 3 60.00 I .., 28.57 L

Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 o.oo I 0 0.00

Small Towns Highly Diversified ~ I

-' ! 37.50 2 25.87 I I 11.11 ! Moderatelv Diversified I I i 12.50 0 0.00 I 3 33.33

Industry Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 0 000 0 000 Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated 3 37.50 4 57.14 4 44.44 Trade and Transport Accentuated I 12.50 I 14.29 I I 1.1 I Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Service Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

60

50

~ -40 ~ .c tl)

~ C)l) 30 ~ .... c ~ c.l - 20 ~

Q.,

10

0

Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in Western Plain (1961-1991)

50

-- --·-··--

-- Z3 -----

--

l3

-

Highly Diversified

31

1"7

-:--:-

0


0 0 0

Industry Highly

Accentuated

42 38

33

.. 1----4

0 0


Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


8

no 1:::1

19

Trade & Transport

0 0 0

Service Highly


[ 01961 1111971 pjd 1991

Fig. 3.XN

0 0 0

Service Accentuated

80

70

~ 60

l.o eo: .c: 50 rrJ ~

~ 40 -= ~ 30 l.o ~

Q., 20

Proportionate Share of Medium Towns according to their Functional Character in Western Plain (1961-1991)

"11::. ~

"":"'""':'" r-- .

60 -·

f--. . f---·

20

f-- ... f------------- -----------------1

L_ ::: ____ --------2-5--~-----------------==29=---f I .•.

.·. 20 ~

29

. . -14--- .. 1---f'tl''ll-----------------n'TT'l''ll"'lllf-------i .. 10 - ·.·

Highly Diversified

:: 0


0 0 0

Industry Highly

Accentuated

0 0 0


0

Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


0 0 0 0



01961 IDJ 1971 5i11991

Fig. J.XV

0 0 0

Service Accentuated

Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character in Western Plain (1961-1991)

:: 1 = -----·-·-------- ---------------1 [44

~ ! 38 ~ 40 r -~~-;-··· 38

33

~ 30 ·1 - . :. 26---------------111[)(}--- ........,...,_ ___________________________ ~-----·· -

- i = ' .. tw I . . • •

1:: 20 1-- • • ---··-------- - --;.~---·····-··-------·--·------ •• 13 14 11 -:--:

I I

.I I

~ • o L : : 11 _j]. ~ -----f.....-..t--- ----------------- :. : ........ .~-------; i

...... .J------------- j I 1 ..

I : : :-: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 j __ ...__......._._'-&..&._. --T-- -··-···-----------r-------T--'--~.4-L&-----.,

Highly Diversified


Industry Highly

Accentuated


Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


0 0 0



01961 liD 1971 ~ 1991

Fig. XVI

0 0 0 j Service

Accentuated

3.5.3 Southern Plain - From Table 3.17 and Figs. 3.XVII, 3.XVIII and

3 .XIX, it is observed that in 1961. there was no medium town in the southern plain.

Among the 14 towns having diversified functions, 11 were small towns. Faridabad

Town Group was the only one medium town with highly accentuated industry. In the

small town of Haileymandi, trade and transport was highly accentuated. Gurgaon and

Pataudi were the two towns of 196 I having accentuation of service activities.

Table 3.17 Functional Character of Towns of Southern Haryana (1961-1991)

1961 1971 1991 Functional Character of Towns No. of

o;o No. of 0/o

No. of 0/o Towns Towns Towns

Highly Diversified 7 38.89 4 25.53 2 9.52 Moderately Diversified 7 38.89 5 29.41 14 66.67 Industry Highly Accentuated I 5.56 2 11.76 I 4.076 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated I 5.56 3 17.65 I 4.76 Trade and Transport Accentuated 0 0.00 2 11.76 3 14.29 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 . 0 0.00 Service Accentuated 2 11.11 I 5.88 . 0 0.00

Medium Towns Highly Diversified 0 0.00 2 40.00 0 0.00 Moderately Diversified 3 60.00 0 0.00' 3 75.00 Industry Highly Accentuated I 20.00 I 20.00 0 0.00 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 I 20.00 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 I 25.00 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Service Accentuated I 20.00 I 20.00 0 0.00

Small Towns Highly Diversified 7 53.85 2 16.67 2 11.76

. Divcnified 4 30.77 51 41.67 ! Ill 64.77 Industry Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 I 8.33 I 5.88 Industry Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated I 7.69 2 16.67 I 5.88 Trade and Transport Accentuated 0 0.00 2 16.67 2 11.76 Service Highly Accentuated 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Service Accentuated I 7.69 0 0.00 0 0.00

In 1971, out of the 5 medium towns of the region, 2 had highly diversified

functions. Faridabad was the industrial town and Rewari was the trade and transport

town among the medium town group. Among the small towns most had diversified

function with trade and transport as the second ranking function.

In 199 I also, most of the towns had moderately diversified function.

Narnaul, the only medium town had trade and transport accentuation. Among the

99

Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in Southern Plain ( 1961-1991)

80 ,-------· ·--·-------·--··--------·--- ·-- -·---------------------------------------- '

70 J____ .. - ---- - - ___ ____fl __ ·····--------- ------ ___ _! i !

~ 60 t---- ---- - -- ----~ 50 i---- --- ------- -- ------~ .... 1----

~ 1 39 39 ~ 40 ~--------- -------- -------------JI(X]-

- --- :-: 29

j I

~ 30 : -: 26______ --- . . -...-ol""t-- -------------·---------------------· __ , 1.. • • i

~ Q..

10

i [I:)--- -1.-:;2.------------------.1 .. 2-ll-'4~---------:-~----- - j

18

10 -.. 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 +-L-~ilLLL~~~UULa~~~llU~~------~~~~~~--llllLC.~-----~~~~.

Highly Diversified


Industry Highly

Accentuated


Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


[J 1961 Oil 1971 PliJ 1991

Fig. J.XVII

Trade & Transport

Service Highly


Service Accentuated

Proportionate Shal!"e of Medium Towns according to their Functional Character in Southern Plain (1961-1991)

:: F -~=----~"=60=----~7

.... 51d---- ----------------------------"-

1 ~ 6500 l------~~- ----·---- --·- ----- --""--"-·""--"--------------- ----------""·-""-·~··""··JII - ·------- ----------rJ) a.. 40 ~ 40 )_ ·--- -- r--....-.n---------------------------------·"---~ :: I

20 20 20 20 20 i 30 j ---

:: F!- ; _: _~---_-__ o ____ ~:::::~~--~"~~~~~~"_o-__ "---~-.~-----~-~~~--~o~_-~o~~~~,..~-----~---o~~~~~o~~~~~~o~~o~:~~~~~~o~~-o~~o~~~~~~~~~~--o-·_-J Highly

Diversified Moderately Diversified

Industry Highly

Accentuated


Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


Fig. 3.XVIII



Service Accentuated

Q.l I. eo:

..c [/)

Q.l bl) eo: -c: Q.l c; I. Q.l

Q.

Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character in Southern Plain (1961-1991)

70

60

···-·---------------,.6~5--

-·--------------·------·-----cl(}ll--- ----- ---------------~------------------~ 50 . . ··---·--------------------~.,l_ __

42

40 ... ________ ______,

31 30 . . -·· ···--·- ---- -·--- -- ,.--- ----------

---- -1

_ _j

i !

20 -l- --·--- --------·--------·----- -- ------1-7 -----+-1----------- --- ·- ·--· -~

12 i - . 8

1 0 .___ . . -------- . Ll'-"11----- - -- 6

o _L_ ...... · __ : ·.J...U..J ....... ._. ______ ,__ ..... : ..... : .u...u .......... ...._~---~ k,._o_o __ o __ T_

Highly Diversified


Industry Highly

Accentuated


Trade & Transport

Highly Accentuated


0 0 0



01961 liD 1971 ~ 1991

Fig. J.XIX

8 i ·-1

[Jo o Service

Accentuated

i

J

small towns. Mahendragarh. Punahana and Ateli had trade and transport function.

Dharuhera, was the only town with highly accentuated industry in 1991.

This clearly indicates that in eaStern plain, trade and transport and service

functions are equally important, while in western and southern plain only trade and

transport function is important. This is because eastern plain has good transport

network, fertile alluvial soils, irrigation facilities from the river and canals and

drinking water and has experienced mechanized fanning in the backdrop of 'Green

Revolution', thus releasing surplus labour for service and money and time for

education. Due to intensive demand for educational and other skills, the need for

institutional infrastructure was felt. While in western plain due to arid climate, poor

irrigation and drinking water facilities, people are more attached to agriculture and

trade and transport activities and have very less surplus time and money. In southern

plain. though the soil is good, poor irrigation and drinking water supply limits the

development of this region. The region is therefore backward and the main activity of

the population is agriculture and trade and transport. The recent development of the

region is due to the nearness of the National Capital, Delhi.

It is also observed that in all the sub-regions, the towns are basically mandi

towns, with varying degrees of administrative, medical, educational or agricultural

goods marketing facilities (includes selling, purchasing, and repairing of agricultural

related items). If administrative, educational, medical functions i.e., service functions

have an edge over the agricultural marketing functions then the functions of towns

shows accentuation of service category. And if the agricultural goods marketing have

an edge over others than the functions of a particular town show accentuation of

transport activities.

3.6 Change in Functional Character of Small and Medium Towns:-

There were 12 towns, which experienced no change in their functional

character between 1%1 and 1991. Among them 7 to\\ns had their functions

moderately diversified both in 1961 and 1991 (Table 3.18), 3 to\\ns had highly

diversified functions, 2 towns had highly accentuated trade and transport, while in

only one trade and transport was considerably accentuated.

100

Among the towns. which have experienced some changes in their functions

between 1961 and 1991. mostly (I 0) were in favour of moderately diversified

activities from highly diversified ones. Four towns were of class IV category and 2

each from class II, III and V category, which experienced the change. This means that

one economic activity has mainly grown over the years. It can be service or trade &

transport or industry.

Table 3.18 No Change in Functional Character of Towns (1961-1991)

Moderately Highly Trade and Transport Trade and Transport Diversified Diversified Accentuated Highly Accentuated

Rewari (Class II) Charkhi Uklanamandi (V) Jind (II) Gohana (lll) Dadari Jakhalmandi (V) Pehowa (lll) Shahbad (IJI) Gharaunda (III) Jhajjar (Ill) Radaur (IV) Bawal (V) Kanina (V)

There were 6 towns, where the functional character changed from highly

diversified to trade and transport accentuation. There were two towns each in class II,

III and IV category adding it to six in total.

The next important change is equally visible for both moderately

diversified functions to service accentuation and from moderately diversified

functions to trade and transport highly accentuated. In each group, there were 3

towns each. Bahadurgarh (class Jl category) and Beri and Nilokheri of Class IV

category experienced the change from moderately diversified functions to service

activities. Three tO\\'TIS, one each from class III, IV and V experienced the latter

change mentioned above. In 2 towns the functions changed from moderately

diversified to trade and transport activities.

3. 7 Population Growth and Change in Functional Character

With the growth in population though the functional character has changed

but it has not always been diversified in nature. Medium towns with more than 100

per cent growth (Appendix II) between 1971-91 were six in number. Jind was the

101

only town that maintained its functional character of being a trade and transport town

over the period. In three tO\ms accentuation is noticed. In Thanesar services were

highly accentuated while in Bahadurgarh services were accentuated in 1991. Ganaur

which had highly diversified function in 1971 had moderately diversified function in

1991 as there was an increase in trade and transport activities than the other two

functions. Only two towns moved towards diversification of functions between 1971

and 1991.

Among the four medium towns that recorded 75-100% growth rate between

1971 and 1991 two towns had no change in their functional character, while in one

diversification has taken place and the other was moving towards accentuation as the

function changed from highly diversified to moderately diversified (because of the

increase of trade and transport activities).

There were nine towns which had 50-75% growth rate between 1971 and

1991. Four towns retained their function i.e., the predominance of trade and transport

activities during the period. Rewari and Kalka are the only two towns that shows

change in their functions from trade and transport highly accentuated to moderately

diversified in Rewari and highly diversified in Kalka. Three towns had accentuated

their functions between 1971 and 1991.

The two towns of Shahbad and Jhajjar with 46 per cent growth rate and Hansi

with negative population growth rate had diversified their functions.

Thus among the twenty-two medium towns that existed both in 1971 and

1991, eight towns (36.36 per cent) moved towards diversification of functions with

population growth, 31.82 per cent had accentuation of functions and another 31.82

per cent had no change in their function with population growth. Most of the towns

which retained their functions have trade and transport as the predominant economic

activity.

Within the small to\\TI group there were four tovms with more than I 00 per

cent population growth rate between 1971-91. Two towns had no change in their

predominant function while Haileymandi has transformed its character from high

trade and transport accentuation to moderately diversified function and Kalanwali

from highly accentuated trade and transport to only accentuated trade and transport as

the service sector has grown.

102

Among the three towns with 75-100 per cent gro\\1h rate, two had no change

while in one diversification has taken place.

There were ten small towns with 50-75 per cent growth rate between 1971-91.

In five of them one or the other activity got accentuated while in four, there was no

change. Nuh was the only town where the function changed from trade and transport

accentuation to moderately diversified.

In four towns there were no change in function while in other four

accentuation took place. Only one town had little diversification. This was the case

with towns having a population growth rate of25-50 per cent between 1971-91.

With less than 25 per cent growth rate Beri also had service accentuation from

moderately diversitied activities between 1971 and 1991.

Thus in twenty-seven small towns that existed in 1971 as wells in 1991 only

five towns ( 18.52 per cent) had diversification of their function with population

growth. Most of the towns (44.44 per cent) retained their functions while 37.04 per

cent had accentuation of one or the other economic activities.

The overall picture that emerges from the above discussion is that

diversification of economic activities with increase in population has taken place in

medium towns while in small towns accentuation is more prominent. Therefore the

research proposition of the present chapter i.e., as the size of the town increases, its .:... i, ' ~ n• -,.

functions tend to get diversified holds true for the medium towns and partly for the ...:.------·\...._-------.... . .. ' . . . ··-----

small towns. ~...._

In eastern plain, there are twenty-three trade and transport, sixteen sen;ce and

three indu_stry !owns. While, in western plain all the sixteen towns are trade and

transport towns. In southern plain, there are seventeen trade and transport, one service

and two industry towns. Thus the predominance of trade and transport is clearly

revealeg. It also gives a clear picture that the eastern plain took first position in all th_e

cases followed by southern plain and western plain. It is also observed in western r .

plain. there is no tO\\TI_ having industry or service and the t~\\TIS have trade and

transport functions. While in case of medium towns, in eastern plain, there arc ten

trade and transport, Jive service. while in western plain and southern plain, there are

seven and four trade and transport towns respectively. In southern plain also, there are

no industry or service towns. It is clearly observed that in medium towns, there is no

103

industry town in any of the plain. But in case of small t0\\11S in eastern plain there are

eleven trade and transport. eleven service and three industry tO\\llS. while in western

plain there arc nine trade and transport towns. In southern plain. there are fifteen trade

and transport, one service and two industry towns. In small towns in western plain,

there is no industrial or service town. This analysis again confirms that there 1s a

majority of trade and transport towns.

The development of railways has been responsible for, the development of

certain villages into towns that happened to be along them. The nearness to the

railways became the cause for the development of the urban settlements and the

development of principal business centres. In several of these to\\'11s mandies had

been established as early as the second or third decade of the present century 144 The

mandi at Kanina sprang up in 1940 with the opening ofthe Nabha (Punjab) section of

the Sadulpur-Rcwari chord line. Many villages and small towns also established

mandics just hy the side of the railway line. The Hailcymandi was established in the

early forties of the present century ncar the Pataudi road railway station and by virtue

of its location it started growing.

However, the establishment of these mandies alone did not provide enough

incentive to these towns to acquire any marked character. Moreover, an interesting

example, which suggests that, railways alone are not sufficient either for the quick

growth to urban status of a town or the prosperity of the town, is provided by the

Jakhalmandi town, which is a junction. It is most advantageously situated so far as ~·-·\..--<------- ~-......___.._..,

railway transport facilities are concerned, hut it remained a rural settlement for nearly

half a century before partition helped it to grow into a town. 145

With the coming of the railways many of the toW11s, particularly those that

remained away from them could neither develop trade nor commerce, and the loss of

even the few CDttage industries, owing to competition from machine-made goods and

the changed cultural habits resulting from the impact of the new western cultural

ideas, damped all prospects of their attaining urban status, till partition gave them new

life to a few of the more favourably situated settlements.

14.& llud p 11 1J

~~~ lbtd

104

3.8 Conclusion: - After the partition. the rehabilitation of a large number of

'displaced persons· in urban centres played prominent role in the overall urban

development of Haryana. Increased agricultural production due to the use of high

yielding varieties, improvement in the irrigation facilities and use of scientific

methods in agriculture, led to green revolution and proliferation of mandi towns.

These towns started serving as ready markets for agricultural and other household

goods. Government's policies to develop a particular area by establishing agricultural

related industries, educational institutions and giving encouragement to the existing

industries gave fillip to urban centres. The big urban centres like Delhi, Chandigarh ~-----~--------·-....... .. _______ _

and other big urban centres ofHaryana also facilitated the growth of many towns.

/ Using Asok Mitra's Ternary diagram for detern1ining the predominant

function of the small and medium towns of Haryana it has been observed that in 1961

maximum concentration of towns were in Vth and Vlth triangles which represents

more towns engaged in trade and transport activities. Service towns were at the

second position and they are represented by triangles 1st and lind. There were only 6

industrial towns and they are represented by triangles Illrd and IYth.

In .1971, out of 49, there were 39 towns. specializing in trade and transport

funCtions. ·service towns were nine in number, while one town was in industrial

category. In 1971, there were 9 towns, which had highly diversified functions, while

13 towns had moderately diversified functions. 14 towns have shown their

predominant functions accentuated and 13 towns have their predominant functions

highly accentuated.

In 1991, out of 78 small and medium towns, 56 were trade and transport

towns, while 17 and 5 were service and industrial towns respectively. There were 6

towns with highly diversified functions and 28 towns, with moderately diversified

functions. There were 19 and 25 towns respectively, which have shown their

predominant functions accentuated and predominant functions highly accentuated in

1991.

The functional classification of towns according to the Ternary diagram

reveals that most of the t0\\11S arc trade and transport towns, which means that these

towns are mainly market centres serving the rural hinterland. Moreover the towns

IO'i

located along the highways and the railway lines have developed and are developing

fast.

The analysis also reveals that with population growth the function of a to\\'n

starts diversifying. This diversification is because. the towns of Haryana are basically

'mandi' towns having agriculture and household goods related trade and transport as

the main activity and with the establishment of educational, medical and

administrative activities, the towns switch over to multi-functional activities and thus

the functions get either highly diversified or moderately diversified. In case of

medium towns, the functional character has shifted from highly diversified in 1961 to

moderately diversified and trade and transport accentuation in 1991. The emergence

of service towns in 1991 is the most important fact about the functional structure of

the medium towns, as there was no such town in 1961 and 1971 . In case of small

towns. the shift is from highly diversified to moderately diversified between 1961 and

1991. The number of industrial towns, both for the medium and small town category

arc very few.

Among the three plains, in the eastern plain, trade and transport and service

functions are almost equally important, while in western and southern plain only trade

and transport function is important.

There were 12 towns which experienced no change in their functional

character between 1961 and 1991. Among them 7 towns had their functions

moderately diversified both in 1961 and 1991, 3 towns had highly diversified

functions, 2 towns had highly accentuated trade and transport while in only one trade

and transport was considerably accentuated. Among the towns which changed their

functions between 1961 and 1991 were mostly in favour of moderately diversified

activities from highly diversified ones. The second change was from highly

diversified to trade and transport accentuation. The next change was from moderately

diversified to either service accentuation or trade and transport highly accentuated.

With the growth in population though the functional character has changed in

some towns which has not always been diversified in nature. In case of medium

towns, diversification of economic activities has taken place with the increase in

population in most cases, while in small towns accentuation of activities has been

more prominent over the years.

106

chapter-3 functional structure 3.1 introduction:...

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