chapter 29 the animal kingdom the protostomes invertebrates video
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 29
The Animal KingdomThe Protostomes
Invertebrates Video
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Coelom
• Fluid-filled space lined w/mesoderm; between digestive tube and outer body wall
• Tube-within-a-tube plan• Inner tube no longer attached to body wall
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Advantages of Coelom
• Can serve as hydrostatic skeleton (fluid under pressure)– Contracting muscles push against tube of fluid– Greater range of movement– Swim, crawl, walk
• Space, cushion for internal organs, gonads• Transport of food, O2, waste
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Phylum Nemertea
• Ribbon worms, proboscis worms• Proboscis = long, hollow muscular tube– Can be everted from anterior end of body– Wrap around prey– Sharp, sticky or toxic
• Functionally acoelomate (chamber around proboscis is true coelomic space = rhynchocoel)
• Circulatory system – blood vessels, no heart
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Fig. 33-3l
A ribbon worm
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Phylum MolluscaClams, oysters, octopods, snails, slugs, giant squid
• Basic characteristics– Soft body – usually covered by shell– Foot – locomotion– Visceral mass – above foot– Mantle – cover visceral mass– Radula – rasplike, belt of teeth– Coelom – reduced, small around certain organs• Hemocoel - blood
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Fig. 33-15
Nephridium Visceral mass
Coelom
Mantle
Mantlecavity
Heart
IntestineGonads
StomachShell
Radula
MouthEsophagusNerve
cordsFoot
Gill
Anus
Mouth
Radula
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Phylum Mollusca
• Digestive – Mouth, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach,
intestine, anus– Radula in buccal cavity
• Circulatory – open (most)– Blood = hemolymph – bathes tissues– Heart – aorta – blood vessels – sinuses (make up
hemocoel) – blood vessels – gills – heart– Closed system – active squid, octopods• Blood in blood vessels completely
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Phylum Mollusca
• Excretory– Metanephridia – funnels waste from fluid in
coelom to excretory pore
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4 Classes of Mollusks• 1. Polyplacophora – “many plates”– Chitons – Shell of 8 dorsal plates, head reduced, no eyes or
tentacles• 2. Gastropoda – Well-developed head w/tentacles, 2 simple eyes, foot– Torsion – twist visceral mass; allows head to enter
shell 1st before foot– Snails – single, spiral coiled shell– Limpets – shells like flat dunce cap– Nudibranchs (sea slug) – no shell
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Fig. 33-16
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Fig. 33-17
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug
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Fig. 33-18
Mouth
Anus
Mantlecavity
Stomach Intestine
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Nudibranch (Sea slug)
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• 3. Bivalvia– Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops– 2 part shell– Nervous – 3 pair ganglia, 2 pair nerve cords– Eyespots– Suspension feeders – water in through siphon (no
radula)
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Fig. 33-19
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Fig. 33-20
Mouth
Digestivegland
MantleHinge area
GutCoelom
Heart Adductormuscle
Anus
Excurrentsiphon
Waterflow
IncurrentsiphonGillGonad
Mantlecavity
FootPalp
Shell
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• 4. Cephalopoda – “head foot”– Swim fast, predators– Mouth w/tentacles (suckers to seize prey)– Radula + 2 beaks– Mantle has siphon– Jet propulsion– Head – well-developed eyes– Octopus – no shell– Squid – reduced shell inside body– Nautilus – coiled shell– Defense• Chromatophores – change color• Ink sac – black liquid
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Fig. 33-21
Octopus
Squid
Chambered nautilus
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Phylum Annelida – “ringed”
• Segmented worms– Facilitates locomotion– Coelom divided – each segment own muscles– Setae – bristle-like structures - traction
• Bilateral symmetry• Tubular body• Nervous– Simple brain (paired ganglia) + ventral nerve cord– Each seg. = pair ganglia + lateral nerves
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Phylum Annelida
• Closed circulatory system• Complete digestive tract– Mouth - anus
• Respiration– cutaneous
• Excretion – Pair metanephridia in each segment
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Class Polychaeta – “many bristles”
• Marine• Parapodia – pair of paddle-shaped
appendages on each body segment– Locomotion, gas exchange, bear setae
• Head w/eyes and antennae• Optional – tentacles, palps• Separate sexes– Gametes in water same time (lunar, tides)
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Fig. 33-23
Parapodia
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Tubeworms - Polychaetes
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Class Oligochaeta – few bristles
• Fresh water/terrestrial• No parapodia, few bristles• Lack well-developed head• Hermaphrodites
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Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus terrestris
• Cuticle• Mucus layer• Muscles in body wall• Relationship with soil• Complex digestive system– Pharynx – esophagus – crop (store) – gizzard
(grind) – intestine (digest, absorb) – anus • Circulatory system – closed– Dorsal and ventral BV; BV in segments– 5 pair BV by esophagus
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Earthworm Locomotion
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Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus terrestris
• Gas exchange– Moist skin
• Excretion – Paired metanephridia – almost every segment
• Nervous – Simple brain (pair cerebral ganglia above pharynx
and subpharyngeal ganglia below pharynx)– Ventral nerve cord– Pair fused ganglia – each segment – coordinate
muscles
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Class Oligochaeta - Lumbricus terrestris
• Reproduction– Hermaphroditic– 2 worms exchange sperms– Clitellum - ring of epidermis, secretion
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Fig. 33-22Epidermis
Circularmuscle
Longitudinalmuscle
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine
Nephrostome
Fusednervecords
Ventralvessel
Metanephridium
Septum(partitionbetweensegments)
CoelomCuticle
Anus
Metanephridium
Crop
Intestine
Gizzard
Ventral nerve cord withsegmental gangliaBlood
vessels
Subpharyngealganglion
MouthCerebral ganglia
Pharynx
Esophagus
Clitellum
Giant Australian earthworm
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Class Hirudinea - leeches
• Blood-sucking parasites (some nonparasitic)– Suck out blood and store in digestive tract– Hirudin – anticoagulant – from crop; ensures full
meal• No setae or parapodia• Muscular suckers both body ends
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Fig. 33-24
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Lophophorate phyla
• Ring of tentacles around mouth for capturing particles in water
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Fig. 33-14
Lophophore
(a) Ectoproct (sea mat)
Lophophore
(b) Brachiopods
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Phylum Rotifera
• “wheel animals”• Crown of cilia on anterior end– Beat rapidly – swim / feed
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Fig. 33-13
Jaws Crownof cilia
AnusStomach 0.1 mm
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Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
• Decomposition, nutrient recyclers• Free-living; parasites• Body – point both ends, cuticle• Epidermis unusual – no composed of distinct
cells• Pseudocoelom – fluid – muscle contraction,
nutrient distribution• Bilateral symmetry
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Fig. 33-25
25 µm
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Phylum Nematoda
• Complete digestive system – 3 tissue layers• Lack specific circulatory parts• Sexes usually separate• No well-define head
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Crawling Nematode
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Examples of Nematodes• Ascaris – intestinal human parasite– Eggs in feces– Poor sanitation – eggs soil (fertilizer)– Ingest eggs on unwashed fruit/veg. OR hands
• Hookworm – lining human intestine, suck blood– Eggs – feces – host barefoot – larvae into skin / blood
• Trichina – small intestine mammals– Undercooked, infected meat– Encyst in skeletal muscle; cysts calcify
• Pinworm - large intestine, kids– Eggs ingested – dirty hands– Female worms – anal region – deposit eggs - itching
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Fig. 33-26
Encysted juveniles Muscle tissue 50 µm
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Phylum Arthropoda - “jointed foot” – very successful
• Segmented body – specialization• Exoskeleton – chitin + protein– Protection, water loss, molting (disadvantage)
• Paired, jointed appendages– Swim, walk, get prey, sensory, reproduction
• Nervous system – sense organs – Antennae, eyes, ganglia
• Open circulatory system - hemocoel
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Phylum Arthropoda
• Gas exchange – Water – gills– Land – tracheal tubes, book lungs
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Onychophorans - “missing link” between annelids and arthropods; “velvet worms”
• Like Annelids– Internal segments
• Like Arthropods– Open circulation– Tracheal tubes– Unbranched legs– Jaws from appendages
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3 Subphyla of Arthropods:Subphylum Chelicerata
• Horseshoe crabs, arachnids• No antennae• Chelicerae (1st pair) – fanglike feeding
appendages• Body = cephalothorax + abdomen• Pedipalps (2nd pair) = locomotion, food,
defense or copulation• 4 pair legs on cephalothorax - walking
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Fig. 33-3r
An onychophoran
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Subphylum Chelicerata – Horseshoe Crabs
• Living fossil• Tail for locomotion• 5 pair walking legs
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Fig. 33-30
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Subphylum Chelicerata - Arachnids
• Spiders, scorpions, ticks, harvestmen, mites• Most carnivorous• 6 pair jointed appendages
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Fig. 33-31
Scorpion
Dust mite
Web-building spider
50 µm
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Arachnids - Spiders
• 1st pair – chelicerae – penetrate prey• 2nd pair – pedipalps – hold, chew food• Next 4 pairs – walking• 8 eyes – 2 rows, 4 each• Gas exchange– Tracheal tubes, book lungs or both
• Glands – abdomen – silk (spinnerets)• All spiders – poison glands (few toxic to
humans)
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Fig. 33-32
Intestine
HeartDigestivegland
Ovary
Anus
SpinneretsSilk gland
Gonopore(exit for eggs) Sperm
receptacle
Book lung
Chelicera Pedipalp
Poisongland
Eyes
Brain
Stomach
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Arachnids - Mites and Ticks
• Nuisance– Eat crops, infest livestock, pets, us– disease
• Mites – chiggers – red itchy welts
• Ticks – Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Texas cattle fever,
relapsing fever, Lyme disease
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Trilobites
• Early arthropod – extinct now• 3 lobes of exoskeleton• Led to chelicerates
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Fig. 33-27
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Subphylum Crustacea
• Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles– Consume algae detritus– Compose much zooplankton
• Mandibles – jaw like, no chelicerae– Hard, 3rd pair appendages, sides of mouth, bite/grind food
• Biramous appendages – 2 jointed branches• 2 pair antennae (sensory)• Nauplius larva – 1st stage after hatching; has only most
anterior 3 pair of appendages• 1st and 2nd Maxillae – after mandibles; 2 pair;
manipulate, hold food• Other appendages – walk, swim, transmit sperm,
carry eggs/young/sense
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Subphylum Crustacea
• Gas exchange - gills• Excretion – 2 large antennal (green) glands • Compound eyes• Statocysts – detect gravity• Reproduction - separate sexes– Male sperm to female; fertilized egg carried on
female– New animals – resemble adult or many larval
stages w/molting
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Orders of Subphylum Crustacea
• Isopods – pill bugs, sowbugs (5-15 mm)• Copepods – zooplankton (microscopic)• Decapods – lobster, crayfish, crab, shrimp
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Fig. 33-38
(a) Ghost crab
(b) Krill (c) Barnacles
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Fig. 33-29
Cephalothorax
Antennae(sensoryreception) Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Swimming appendages(one pair locatedunder eachabdominal segment)
Walking legs
Mouthparts (feeding)Pincer (defense)
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Lobster Anatomy – a decapod crustacean
• Carapace– Covers cephalothorax– Chitin w/ calcium salts
• Antennae – 2 pair– sensory
• Mandibles – 1 pair– Bite/grind food
• Maxillae – 2 pair– feeding
• Maxillipeds – 3 pair– Chop food, pass to
mouth
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Lobster Anatomy – a decapod crustacean
• Chelipeds – 1 pair– Pinching claws
• Walking legs – 4 pair• Reproductive appendages
– Male – sperm transfer
• Swimmerets– Small, paddle like – swim, hold eggs
• Uropods– Large, flattened structure
• Telson– Flattened posterior end of
abdomen
• Uropod + telson – fan –shape; swim backward
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Lobster Mouth
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Subphylum Uniramia
• Insects, centipedes, millipedes• Uniramous appendages – unbranched• 1 pair antennae• Jawlike mandibles
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Class Insecta of Subphylum Uniramia
• Most successful animals– Diverse, geographic distribution, # species, #
individuals• Articulated = jointed• Tracheated = having tracheal tubes (gas
exchange)• Hexapod – have 6 feet
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Class Insecta
• Body – 3 distinct parts– Head • 1 pair antennae• Simple OR compound eyes (sensory)• Mouthparts – piercing, chewing, sucking, lapping
– Thorax• 3 pair legs, 1-2 pair wings
– Abdomen
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Fig. 33-35
Abdomen Thorax Head
Compound eye
Antennae
Heart
Dorsalartery Crop
Cerebral ganglion
Mouthparts
Nerve cords
Tracheal tubesOvary
Malpighiantubules
Vagina
Anus
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Class Insecta
• Tracheal system– Spiracles = opening in body wall, air enters– Spiracles – tracheal tubes – internal organs
• Open circulation• Excretion– 2+ Malpighian tubules – receive waste from blood,
concentrate waste, discharge to intestine; conserve water
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Class Insecta
• Reproduction– Separate sexes– Internal fertilization– Direct development (hatch as small adult) OR– Molt during development metamorphosis• Incomplete metamorphosis
– Egg – larva – adult– Grasshopper, cockroach
• Complete metamorphosis – 4 stages– Egg – larva – pupa – adult– Butterfly, bee, flea
• Exoskeleton – water loss, protection• Flight
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Fig. 33-36
(a) Larva (caterpillar)(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage pupa (d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
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Butterfly Metamorphosis
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Class Insecta – Impact on Humans
Good• Pollination• Destroy harmful insects• Food webs• Nutrient recyclers• Products
– Honey, beeswax, shellac, silk
Bad• Destroy crops, buildings,
clothing• disease
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Class Chilopoda - centipedes
• “hundred-legged”• 1 pair legs/segment (average 30 total)– Long = fast
• Uniramous appendages• carnivorous
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Fig. 33-34
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Class Diplopoda - millipedes
• “thousand-legged”• 2 pair legs/segment– slow
• herbivorous
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Fig. 33-33
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Both Chilopoda and Diplopoda
• Terrestrial• Head + elongated trunk– Many segments– Uniramous legs
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Fig. 33-37a
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Fig. 33-37b
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Fig. 33-37c
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Fig. 33-37d
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Fig. 33-37e
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Match the Order of Insect with the Correct Example
Order• Thysanura• Orthoptera• Isoptera• Odonata• Hemiptera• Anoplura
Example• Sucking lice• Grasshopper• Damselfly• Chinch bug• Silverfish• termite
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Match the Order of Insect with the Correct Example
Order• Syphonaptera• Homoptera• Diptera• Lepidoptera• Hymenoptera• coleoptera
Example • Moth• Aphid• Ant• Housefly• Beetle• flea