CHAPTER 28

The cold War

US REACTION TO COMMUNISM

SATELLITE NATIONS: After WWII, USSR placed pro-Soviet governments to create a buffer zone against the West British could no longer promote reconstruction in

Greece and Turkey TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Support Free peoples’

resistance to Communism George Kennan -- CONTAINMENT: Eastern

Europe is already lost to Communism; US must stop the spread of Communism

IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line between communist countries and the “WEST”

Marshall Plan $13 B BERLIN, GERMANY

BEFORE AFTER

CAEN, FRANCE

BEFORE AFTER

DRESDEN, GERMANY

BEFORE AFTER

LONDON, ENGLAND

BEFORE AFTER

ROTTERDAM, HOLAND

BEFORE AFTER

Allies partitioned Germany post-WWII and made occupied zones

Soviets dismantled factories in Western Berlin before handing over control, shipped Eastern German factories to USSR

British, French, Americans merged ones by February 1948

Stalin cut off Western Berlin to stall Western German State

BERLIN AIRLIFT: 2.3 million tons of food over 277,500 flights

End of the Berlin Airlift

After almost a year, the Soviets lifted the blockade

September 1949: Konrad Adenauer elected the new chancellor of FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC established in Eastern Germany

COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance:

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty organization Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA WARSAW PACT: military alliance with its

satellite nations MUTUAL DETERRENCE: an arsenal of

nuclear weapons prevented war by assuring if one nation launched the other nation would be able to respond

Cold War Heats up in Asia

June, 1950 100,000 North Korean troops

crossed 38˚ Parallel Carried Soviet-made

weapons UN forces fought back INCHON LANDING: Led by

Douglas MacArthur, surprise! 260,000 Chinese troops

crossed border UN forces retreat to Seoul MacArthur called for

bombing of China

Fighting ended in 195180,000 Americans wounded14,000 Dead

Cold War Heats up in Asia

Ho Chi Minh leader of Vietminh – multiparty nationalist alliance to take over Vietnam and kick out French Chinese offered assistance to protect own

borders Geneva Conference, 1954: divided Vietnam

in half North Half: Communist led by Ho Chi Minh Supposed to temporary 1956 elections for

Vietnamese to choose what they wanted to be Eisenhower didn’t allow them

Cold War Heats Up with Ike…

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) MASSIVE RETALIATION – full

use of nukes EISENHOWER DOCTRINE:

we will protect any Middle Eastern country asking for help

CENTO: Central Treaty Organization to stop the spread in Middle East

SEATO: Southeast Treaty Organization to stop the spread into Asia

Vienna Conference

JFK invited Khrushchev to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions

Khrushchev demanded: US and allies recognize

Communist East Germany as an independent nation

Withdraw from West Berlin

Vienna Conference

West Berlin was an “island of freedom” surrounded by East Germany 3.5 Million East Germans

escaped through West Berlin

JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin Called reserves into

active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis

US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive

Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba USSR concerned about nuclear missiles

placed in Turkey Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to –

air missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike

Followed by an invasion Act of war

Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade This would be an act of war too, less threatening

JFK chose blockade For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet

ships sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!

Khrushchev wrote a letter…

Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to never invade Cuba

Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull missiles out of Turkey JFK ignored the second letter Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take

missiles out This is the closest the world has ever come to

nuclear war JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could

communicate directly LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY: end testing nuclear

weapons in the atmosphere & underwater

Decolonization- 1947 - 1962

No preparation had occurred Most political activities were nonviolent

MAU MAU MOVEMENT: Kenyan Kikuyu used terrorism to demand “uhuru” (freedom) from British (given in 1959)

1952: army coup overthrow King Farouk and set up independent republic in Egypt

National Liberation Front (FLN) fought guerrilla war to liberate Algeria (granted 1962 by De Gaulle)

APARTHEID: South African system of racial segregation White government brutally repressed demonstration,

arresting African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela

Palestine & Israel

In 1947 Great Britain gave up its mandate of Palestine

United Nations divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab State

May 14, 1948: state of Israel 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israel gained 26% more

land 1954: Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) of

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, British and French attacked, the US and USSR sided with Egypt

PAN-ARABISM: Arab unity

UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (UAR) – Egypt and Syria united in 1958, Nasser president Military leaders seized control of Syria and withdrew it

PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) – Palestinian peoples (not immigrants from abroad) have the right to form a state

AL-FATAH – led by Yasir Arafat (1929-2004) Guerilla group launched terrorist attacks on Israelis

1967: SIX DAY WAR: Israel launched preemptive air strikes against Arab neighbors, wiped out Egyptian air force, Seized West Bank, Jerusalem, Golan Heights

Republic of China

Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek based in southern and central China supported by US

Communists under Mao Zedong in North had the PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY of one million troops

War culminated in 1948 when the PLA surrounded Beijing and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan

October 1, 1949: Mao declared the People’s Republic of China

Privatizing land failed to increase food production GREAT LEAP FORWARD (1958) created communes

but failed to boost food production.

USSR

Stalin poisoned in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev

implemented DE-STALINIZATION by closing prison camps and reducing the power of secret police

Uprisings in Eastern Europe and the Cuban Missile Crisis angered Party members and Khrushchev was voted out in 1964

Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) took control

Behind the Iron Curtain

Soviet forces stayed in all Eastern Europe except Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece Albanian Communists created an independent regime Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito, didn’t give in to

Stalin More decentralized economic and political system

STALINIZATION: five year plans instituted with heavy industry, collectivized agriculture, repression

Poland had uprising after Khrushcehv’s denunciation Wladyslaw Gomulka declared Poland had right to

follow own socialist path Inspired Hungary to declare freedom in 1956, Red

army invaded Budapest and took back control

Putting Western Europe Back Together

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)French Popular Movement, rightist organization, called for stronger presidency Fourth Republic, struggling over

Indochina and Algeria gave control to de Gaule

1958: Fifth Republic enhanced power of president Choose Prime Minister, dissolve

parliament Nationalized industry

Putting Western Europe Back Together

Clement Attlee (1883-1967) brought Labour government into power to reform and create a

WELFARE STATE: nationalization of Bank of England, coal and steel, public transportation, public utilities

NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT OF 1946 Social security, nationalized medical insurance

NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE ACT OF 1946 Socialized medicine: doctors and dentists work with state

hospitals Costs: dismantle British Empire, end aid to Greece &

Turkey LOST INCOMES FROM WWII + INTERNATIONAL

COMMITMENTS +WELFARE STATE + HIGHER WAGES = NO WORLD POWER

France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy

EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY – create a common market by eliminating tariffs

EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (EUROTOM) researched peaceful uses of nuclear energy

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) (Common Market) – eliminated customs barriers, created common external tariff, encouraged cooperation and standardization Only the US had higher steel production

Society

White Collar Jobs specialized knowledge required higher education, emphasis on children’s education CONSUMER SOCIETY: installment plans became

widespread in 1950s MASS LEISURE: rising incomes, shorter work hours =

music, sports, media became commercialized WELFARE STATE: sought to remove class barriers,

free tuition, healthcare, family allowances Women continued to work, at a lower wage

The Second Sex: Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), major text of Second Wave Feminism

Art & Literature

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: “action painting,” spontaneous, energetic, envelopes viewer in emotion and movement Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

POP ART: took images of pop culture and transformed into fine art, mass produced, expressed fleeting whims of culture Andy Warhol (1930-1987)

Literature

“Theatre of the Absurd” France 1950s Samuel Beckett (1906-1990): Waiting for Godot

(1952) Suspense is kept by wondering what is happening NOW?

Shows the disillusionment of time in politics and religion

EXISTENTIALISM: absence of God in universe, we are hopeless in the universe, life is absurd Authenticity! Be true to yourself-! Jean-Paule Sarte (1905-1980) Albert Camus (1913-1980)