Chapter 27Chapter 27

Empire & ExpansionEmpire & Expansion1890-19091890-1909

America Turns Outward1890s - due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, U.S. began to expand onto the world stage– “yellow press” or “yellow journalism” (Joseph Pulitzer and William

Randolph Hearst)– Reverend Josiah Strong’s Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its

Present Crisis. Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages.– Social Darwinism– Naval build-up led America to look to oversea expansion

U.S. begins to move out of its isolationist stance– US and Germany almost went to war over the Samoan Islands – Italy and America almost fought due to the lynching of 11 Italians in

New Orleans– 1892 - U.S. and Chile almost went to war after the deaths of two

American sailors at Valparaiso in. British involvement in Venezuela wound up strengthening the Monroe Doctrine and eventual strengthening of relations w/ Britain

Cubans Rise in Revolt 1895 - Cubans revolted against Spain, torching sugar cane fields – America supported the revolution in Cuba

The American public called for action, but Cleveland would do nothing. – The yellow presses competed against each other to come up with more

sensational stories (many fictionalized)

2/15/1898 - U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor– killing 260 officers and men. – Pres. McKinley privately didn’t like war & Wall Street didn’t want war

because it would upset business.– Hearst to Cuban contact, “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the story.”

4/11/1898 - the president sent his war message to Congress– (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2) America had to defend

democracy, and (3) opposing a war could split the Republican party and America.

– Congress adopted the Teller Amendment (proclaimed that when the U.S. overthrew Spanish rule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.)

The Confused Invasion of CubaThe Spanish sent a fleet commanded by Admiral Cervera to Cuba. – promptly blockaded by a better American force.– 7/1/1898 - The “Rough Riders,” a regiment of volunteers led by

Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill.

– 7/3/1898 - Admiral Cervera was finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed.

On land, the American army, commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico.– Aug. 12, 1898 - Spain signed an armistice.

The American army was plagued with dysentery, typhoid, and yellow fever.– 400 Americans died in battle, over 5,000 succumbed to bacteria – TR wrote a “round-robin” letter demanding the U.S. govt take the

troops out before they all died.

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and CubaThe Foraker Act (1900) gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government– 1917 - Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship. – U.S. help also transformed Puerto Rico and worked wonders in sanitation,

transportation, beauty, and education.

In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court barely ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands (Cuba and Puerto Rico)America could not improve Cuba much, other than getting rid of yellow fever with the help of General Leonard Wood and Dr. Walter Reed. 1902 - the U.S. pulled out of Cuba, but it also “encouraged” Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which became part of their constitution.– said that (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy,

(2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.

““Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines Filipinos had assumed that they would receive freedom after Filipinos had assumed that they would receive freedom after the the Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War Feb 4, 1899 - insurrection led by Feb 4, 1899 - insurrection led by Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, but the islanders Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, but the islanders resisted; they finally got their independence on July 4, 1946resisted; they finally got their independence on July 4, 1946

John Hay Defends China (and U.S. Interests)John Hay Defends China (and U.S. Interests)Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-94, China had been Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-94, China had been carved into spheres of influence by the European powers carved into spheres of influence by the European powers American businesses feared that they would not be able to American businesses feared that they would not be able to export their products to China export their products to China Secretary of State Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay dispatched his famous dispatched his famous Open Open Door noteDoor note – urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations

willing and wanting to participate willing and wanting to participate – China was not carved up, but foreigners were thereChina was not carved up, but foreigners were there

Open Door in China Open Door in China 19001900 - a super-patriotic group known as the “ - a super-patriotic group known as the “BoxersBoxers” ” revolted and took over the capital of China, Beijing revolted and took over the capital of China, Beijing – Foreigners were taken hostageForeigners were taken hostage– Multi-national force was sent in & put down the rebellionMulti-national force was sent in & put down the rebellion– Foreign countries assessed damages to China ($333 million)Foreign countries assessed damages to China ($333 million)– US eventually received $18 millionUS eventually received $18 million

TR: Brandisher of the Big StickTR: Brandisher of the Big StickMcKinley won re-election easily & Teddy Roosevelt had been McKinley won re-election easily & Teddy Roosevelt had been moved to VP where they (Republicans) thought he’d staymoved to VP where they (Republicans) thought he’d stay19011901 - 6 months into the 2 - 6 months into the 2ndnd term, McKinley was shot & term, McKinley was shot & Roosevelt took over—at age of 42 (youngest ever to be Roosevelt took over—at age of 42 (youngest ever to be president)president)– his motto was his motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick,”“Speak softly and carry a big stick,”..

one foreign affair that he knew needed to be dealt with was the one foreign affair that he knew needed to be dealt with was the creation of a canal through the Central American isthmus creation of a canal through the Central American isthmus – Such a waterway would also make defense of the recent island Such a waterway would also make defense of the recent island

acquisitions easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii) acquisitions easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii) – 1850 - 1850 - Clayton-Bulwer TreatyClayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain forbade the construction by with Britain forbade the construction by

either country of a canal in the Americas without the other’s consent either country of a canal in the Americas without the other’s consent and help and help

– statement was nullified in 1901 by the statement was nullified in 1901 by the Hay-Pauncefote TreatyHay-Pauncefote TreatyNicaraguan route was a possibility (opposed by the French) Nicaraguan route was a possibility (opposed by the French) next choice was Panamanext choice was Panama– Problem: Columbia had control & did not want us thereProblem: Columbia had control & did not want us there

U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip of U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment (rejected)payment (rejected)– TR wanted construction to begin before the 1904 campaignTR wanted construction to begin before the 1904 campaign

US helped the Panamanians stage a revolt and the Columbian US helped the Panamanians stage a revolt and the Columbian govt. was outgovt. was out– signed the signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave a widened (6x10 mi.) that gave a widened (6x10 mi.)

Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 mil Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 mil

19041904 - construction began on the - construction began on the Panama CanalPanama Canal – problems with land slides and sanitation occurred (yellow fever was problems with land slides and sanitation occurred (yellow fever was

also a problem)also a problem)

19061906 - TR visited Panama, 1 - TR visited Panama, 1stst U.S. president to leave America U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil for foreign soil 19141914 – Panama canal was finally finished and opened – Panama canal was finally finished and opened – cost of $400 millioncost of $400 million

TR’s Perversion of the Monroe DoctrineTR’s Perversion of the Monroe DoctrineBritain & Germany decided to send a bit of force to South Britain & Germany decided to send a bit of force to South America to make the Latin countries pay back their debtsAmerica to make the Latin countries pay back their debtsTR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin America to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin America – That would violated the Monroe DoctrineThat would violated the Monroe Doctrine

he issued his he issued his Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary– in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and pay off in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and pay off

the debts, thus keeping the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic the debts, thus keeping the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic – In effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S. In effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S.

Roosevelt on the World Stage Roosevelt on the World Stage PortsmouthPortsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 TR met with , New Hampshire, in 1905 TR met with Japanese & Russians to mediate the Russo-Japanese WarJapanese & Russians to mediate the Russo-Japanese War– TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no

indemnity for its losses indemnity for its losses

For this and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 For this and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at through an international conference at AlgecirasAlgeciras, Spain; TR , Spain; TR received the received the Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize in 1906 in 1906 – America lost two allies in Russia and Japan, neither of which felt that America lost two allies in Russia and Japan, neither of which felt that

it had received its fair share of winnings it had received its fair share of winnings – After the war many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and After the war many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and

fears of a “yellow flood” arose again fears of a “yellow flood” arose again

San Francisco (after an earthquake); it was said that San Francisco (after an earthquake); it was said that Japanese children should attend a different schoolJapanese children should attend a different schoolS.F. would not displace students while Japan would keep its S.F. would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan (restricting immigration)laborers in Japan (restricting immigration)– To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet

around the world for a tour—Great White Fleetaround the world for a tour—Great White Fleet