Chapter 27Chapter 27““Empire and ExpansionEmpire and Expansion””

““Expand or ExplodeExpand or Explode””

From the end of the Civil War to the 1880s, the United States was very From the end of the Civil War to the 1880s, the United States was very isolationist, but in the 1890s, due to rising exports, manufacturing isolationist, but in the 1890s, due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, it began to expand onto the world stage, capability, power, and wealth, it began to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets to send its goods.using overseas markets to send its goods.

Safety Valve TheorySafety Valve Theory ““Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism”” – Hearst and Pulitzer – Hearst and Pulitzer Anglo-Saxon SuperiorityAnglo-Saxon Superiority Aggressive leadership – Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot LodgeAggressive leadership – Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge Darwinism – Survival of the fittestDarwinism – Survival of the fittest Alfred Thayer Mahan – Alfred Thayer Mahan – ““The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History”” ““Keeping up with the JonesesKeeping up with the Joneses”” - other countries were doing it why cant - other countries were doing it why cant

we?we?

A cartoon showing the U.S. growing up and growing girth. Illustration from "The Forbidden Book" by T'boli Publishing, San Francisco.

William Randolph Hearst Hearst Castle

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst CastleHearst Castle

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

Alfred Thayer MahanAlfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Violations of the Monroe Violations of the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

British Guiana and Venezuela had been disputing their border British Guiana and Venezuela had been disputing their border for many years, but when gold was discovered, the situation for many years, but when gold was discovered, the situation worsened.worsened.

U.S. Sided with Venezuela and told Great Britain they were in U.S. Sided with Venezuela and told Great Britain they were in violation of the Monroe Doctrine and threatened them with war.violation of the Monroe Doctrine and threatened them with war.

Britain backed downBritain backed down The result was that the Monroe Doctrine was The result was that the Monroe Doctrine was

strengthened, and Britain sought better relations with the strengthened, and Britain sought better relations with the U.S. afterwards, since it had many enemies in Europe U.S. afterwards, since it had many enemies in Europe (Great Reproachment)(Great Reproachment)

HawaiiHawaii

Strategic port for Strategic port for the U.S. Between the U.S. Between America and Asia.America and Asia.

Hawaiian Sugar and Hawaiian Sugar and PineapplePineapple

HawaiiHawaii

In 1820 New England In 1820 New England missionaries settled in Hawaii. missionaries settled in Hawaii.

Sugar cultivation went sour in Sugar cultivation went sour in 1890 due to the McKinley 1890 due to the McKinley Tariff. America moved to Tariff. America moved to annex Hawaii.annex Hawaii.

In 1893 American troops In 1893 American troops landed on Hawaii and removed landed on Hawaii and removed Queen Liliuakalani from power Queen Liliuakalani from power

Grover Cleveland became Grover Cleveland became president, investigated the president, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he left office.Hawaii until he left office.

Nine years later Hawaii was Nine years later Hawaii was annexed.annexed.

11stst ever imperialistic debate in ever imperialistic debate in historyhistory

Cubans Rise in RevoltCubans Rise in Revolt

Cuba controlled by SpanishCuba controlled by Spanish Wilson-Gorman Tariff hurt CubaWilson-Gorman Tariff hurt Cuba’’s s

production and sale of sugarproduction and sale of sugar Cubans claimed Spanish atrocities – Cubans claimed Spanish atrocities –

Cubans instituted a Cubans instituted a ““scorched earth policyscorched earth policy”” Spanish sent General Spanish sent General ““ButcherButcher”” Wayler and Wayler and

put Cubans in concentration campsput Cubans in concentration camps Cleveland against war – Anti-jingoistCleveland against war – Anti-jingoist Jingo – pro-war and pro expansionJingo – pro-war and pro expansion

McKinley and WarMcKinley and War

Yellow Journalism – Hearst vs PulitzerYellow Journalism – Hearst vs Pulitzer Explosion of the Maine in Havana Explosion of the Maine in Havana

Harbor – 260 Americans dead.Harbor – 260 Americans dead. Remington PaintingsRemington Paintings De Lome Letter – Criticizing McKinleyDe Lome Letter – Criticizing McKinley American Demand for WarAmerican Demand for War

Explosion of the MaineExplosion of the Maine

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

““The white-livered occupant of the White House The white-livered occupant of the White House doesndoesn’’t have the backbone of a chocolate éclairt have the backbone of a chocolate éclair”” – –

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment - proclaimed that when the U.S. had - proclaimed that when the U.S. had

overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.freedom.

On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George On February 25, 1898, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Dewey, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, and told him to take over the Philippines.Kong, and told him to take over the Philippines.

On August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and captured On August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and captured Manila, collaborating with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Manila, collaborating with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.Aguinaldo.

U.S. annexed Hawaiian July 7, 1898 U.S. annexed Hawaiian July 7, 1898 The The ““Rough Riders,Rough Riders,”” a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore

Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney San Juan Hill.battled at El Caney San Juan Hill.

Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the RoughridersRoughriders

RoughridersRoughriders

Frederick Remington

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

U.S. ObtainedU.S. ObtainedCubaCubaGuamGuamPuerto RicoPuerto RicoPhilippines – Paid $20 millionPhilippines – Paid $20 million

““Splendid Little WarSplendid Little War”” – only 113 days with few – only 113 days with few deaths and a lot of territory wondeaths and a lot of territory won

U.S. emerged as a world powerU.S. emerged as a world power Finally unity between North and SouthFinally unity between North and South

Unity Between North and Unity Between North and SouthSouth

Anti-Imperialist DebateAnti-Imperialist Debate

Presidents of Stanford and HarvardPresidents of Stanford and Harvard Mark TwainMark Twain Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie ““despotism abroad might well beget despotism at homedespotism abroad might well beget despotism at home””

3 periods of imperialistic debate3 periods of imperialistic debate

1.1. Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

2.2. Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoMexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

3.3. Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Welcomed American InterventionWelcomed American Intervention Poor country that appreciated helpPoor country that appreciated help Foraker Act – Passed in 1900 and Foraker Act – Passed in 1900 and

gave Puerto Rico limited degree of gave Puerto Rico limited degree of popular governmentpopular government

Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens but Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens but they donthey don’’t vote and have no t vote and have no representation in Congressrepresentation in Congress

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

CubaCuba

America could not improve Cuba that America could not improve Cuba that much, other than getting rid of yellow much, other than getting rid of yellow fever with the help of General fever with the help of General Leonard Wood and Dr. Leonard Wood and Dr. Walter ReedWalter Reed..

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment - - said that the U.S. could said that the U.S. could intervene and restore intervene and restore order in case of order in case of anarchy, that the U.S. anarchy, that the U.S. could trade freely with could trade freely with Cuba, and that the U.S. Cuba, and that the U.S. could get two bays for could get two bays for naval bases, notably naval bases, notably Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay..

PhilippinesPhilippines

Insurrection against U.S. rule in Philippines Insurrection against U.S. rule in Philippines led by former U.S. friend Aguinaldoled by former U.S. friend Aguinaldo

Guerilla warfareGuerilla warfare U.S. set up school, built roads, bridges and U.S. set up school, built roads, bridges and

hospitalshospitals Filipinos desperately wanted their freedomFilipinos desperately wanted their freedom Future President William Howard Taft was Future President William Howard Taft was

the governor.the governor.

Philippine-American WarPhilippine-American War Filipino casualties on the Filipino casualties on the

first day of first day of Philippine-Philippine-American WarAmerican War, February , February 5, 1899. The original 5, 1899. The original caption was, "Insurgent caption was, "Insurgent dead just as they fell in the dead just as they fell in the trench near Santa Ana, trench near Santa Ana, February 5th. The trench February 5th. The trench was circular, and the was circular, and the picture shows but a small picture shows but a small portion." The war lasted portion." The war lasted until 1913 and resulted in until 1913 and resulted in the colonization of the the colonization of the Philippine Islands by the Philippine Islands by the United States.United States.

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

Famous French political cartoon Famous French political cartoon from the late 1890s. A pie from the late 1890s. A pie represents China and is being represents China and is being divided between caricatures of divided between caricatures of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany (who is William II of Germany (who is squabbling with Queen Victoria squabbling with Queen Victoria over a borderland piece, while over a borderland piece, while thrusting a knife into the pie to thrusting a knife into the pie to signify aggressive German signify aggressive German intentions), Nicholas II of Russia, intentions), Nicholas II of Russia, who is eyeing a particular piece, who is eyeing a particular piece, the French Marianne , and the the French Marianne , and the Meiji Emperor of Japan, carefully Meiji Emperor of Japan, carefully contemplating which pieces to contemplating which pieces to take. A stereotypical Chinese take. A stereotypical Chinese official throws his up his hands to official throws his up his hands to try and stop them, but is try and stop them, but is powerless.powerless.

It is meant to be a figurative It is meant to be a figurative representation of the Imperialist representation of the Imperialist tendencies of these nations tendencies of these nations towards China during the decade.towards China during the decade.

ChinaChina

Weak militarily and had vast resources tht Weak militarily and had vast resources tht were not being utilized thus became a were not being utilized thus became a prime target for counties practicing prime target for counties practicing imperialismimperialism

Countries such as Russia, Germany, Great Countries such as Russia, Germany, Great Britain and Italy carved out Britain and Italy carved out ““spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence”” in China in China

Open Door Policy – Sec of State John Hay Open Door Policy – Sec of State John Hay wrote that countries must respect Chinawrote that countries must respect China’’s s cultural integritycultural integrity

Boxer Rebellion – Many Chinese resented Boxer Rebellion – Many Chinese resented HayHay’’s policy and attempted to stop s policy and attempted to stop foreigner invasion so they rebelled and foreigner invasion so they rebelled and rioted in the streets of Bejingrioted in the streets of Bejing

Chinese government asked for help in Chinese government asked for help in stopping boxersstopping boxers

Multi-national force stopped them and Multi-national force stopped them and charged China $300 millioncharged China $300 million

U.S. share was $24.5 million but gave U.S. share was $24.5 million but gave back $18 millionback $18 million

Set up good relations between U.S. and Set up good relations between U.S. and ChinaChina

Multi-National force stopping the rebellion

Election of 1900Election of 1900

Republicans - William Republicans - William McKinley McKinley

Platform – prosperity, gold Platform – prosperity, gold standard and overseas standard and overseas expansionexpansion

Democrats – William Jennings Democrats – William Jennings BryanBryan

Platform – free and Platform – free and unlimited coinage of silver, unlimited coinage of silver, anti-imperialism and anti-anti-imperialism and anti-TrustTrust

Death of McKinleyDeath of McKinley

Funeral Procession

Shot by Leon Czolgosz

Robert Todd Lincoln, son of Abe Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln, son of Abe Lincoln, was present at the assassinations of was present at the assassinations of three Presidents: his father's, President three Presidents: his father's, President Garfield's and President McKinley's. After Garfield's and President McKinley's. After the last shooting, he refused to attend the last shooting, he refused to attend any State affairs. He would not have any State affairs. He would not have been present at these events if it hadn't been present at these events if it hadn't been for the brother of John Wilkes been for the brother of John Wilkes Booth, who saved his life years earlier. Booth, who saved his life years earlier.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Youngest President in history Youngest President in history of United States – Age 42of United States – Age 42

Big advocate of a strong Big advocate of a strong military and naval military and naval preparednesspreparedness

““Speak softly and carry a big Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.stick and you will go far.””

Big Stick = Navy (Great White Big Stick = Navy (Great White Fleet)Fleet)

Former Leader of the Former Leader of the RoughridersRoughriders

Theodore Roosevelt.Theodore Roosevelt.

"It's not the critic who counts, not the man who points out "It's not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doers of deeds how the strong man stumbled, or where the doers of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by the dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who the dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again...who knows the errs and comes short again and again...who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions and spends himself great enthusiasms, the great devotions and spends himself in a worthy cause, who at best, know in the end the in a worthy cause, who at best, know in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst if he triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat."neither victory nor defeat."

Panama CanalPanama Canal

America saw a need for a canal. America saw a need for a canal. Fast travelFast travel Protection of Hawaii, Puerto Rico and PhilippinesProtection of Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Philippines

Two possible sites were Nicaragua and PanamaTwo possible sites were Nicaragua and Panama U.S. signed an agreement with the French to purchase the rights to dig U.S. signed an agreement with the French to purchase the rights to dig

the canalthe canal Columbia, who owned Panama refused to lease land to U.S.Columbia, who owned Panama refused to lease land to U.S. Roosevelt was angry so he instituted a coup by Panama against Columbia.Roosevelt was angry so he instituted a coup by Panama against Columbia. U.S. backed Panama and they won their freedom and signed an U.S. backed Panama and they won their freedom and signed an

agreement with the U.S. allowing them to dig the canal.agreement with the U.S. allowing them to dig the canal. Yellow fever was conquered by Dr. GorgasYellow fever was conquered by Dr. Gorgas TR became 1TR became 1stst president to leave American soil and visit another country president to leave American soil and visit another country

when he traveled to Panamawhen he traveled to Panama Canal finished in 1914Canal finished in 1914

2 Canal Proposals2 Canal Proposals

The Canal ZoneThe Canal Zone

Canal LockCanal Lock

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Exit to Gatun LakeExit to Gatun Lake

U.S.: Policeman of the Western U.S.: Policeman of the Western HemisphereHemisphere

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt announced an addition to announced an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. He the Monroe Doctrine. He stated, in referring to South stated, in referring to South and Central America, that and Central America, that the United States had the the United States had the right and the need to right and the need to intervene in the internal intervene in the internal affairs of states in the affairs of states in the Western hemisphere if they Western hemisphere if they did not get their own affairs did not get their own affairs in order. in order.

The U.S. Declaration of The U.S. Declaration of InterventionIntervention

Preemptive interventionPreemptive intervention

Roosevelt DiplomacyRoosevelt Diplomacy

Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Russia and Japan fought a war after Russia attempted to Russia and Japan fought a war after Russia attempted to take over Manchuria in Chinatake over Manchuria in China

Japan was close to victory but was dangerously close to Japan was close to victory but was dangerously close to running out of suppliesrunning out of supplies

Japan secretly asked U.S. and TR to broker a peace Japan secretly asked U.S. and TR to broker a peace agreementagreement

1905 Russia, Japan and TR met at Portsmouth New 1905 Russia, Japan and TR met at Portsmouth New Hampshire and signed a peace treatyHampshire and signed a peace treaty

Both Russia and Japan unhappy with peace treatyBoth Russia and Japan unhappy with peace treaty TR won Nobel Peace prize for stopping the warTR won Nobel Peace prize for stopping the war U.S benefited because a strong Russia and a strong Japan U.S benefited because a strong Russia and a strong Japan

were desirable for peace in the areawere desirable for peace in the area

Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

GentlemanGentleman’’s Agreements Agreement

After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured into After the war, many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and fears of a California, and fears of a ““yellow floodyellow flood”” arose again. arose again.

The showdown came in 1906 after the San Francisco The showdown came in 1906 after the San Francisco earthquake when the city decreed that due to lack of earthquake when the city decreed that due to lack of space, Japanese children should attend a special school.space, Japanese children should attend a special school.

GentlemanGentleman’’s Agreement – TR allowed Japanese children s Agreement – TR allowed Japanese children to attend American schools but forbade unskilled to attend American schools but forbade unskilled Japanese from entering the United States. Unskilled Japanese from entering the United States. Unskilled Japanese were able to settle in Hawaii.Japanese were able to settle in Hawaii.

To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet around the world for a tour, and it battleship fleet around the world for a tour, and it received tremendous salutes in Latin America, New received tremendous salutes in Latin America, New Zealand, Hawaii, Australia, and Japan.Zealand, Hawaii, Australia, and Japan.

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement

Signed on 30 November 1908, the agreement consisted of Signed on 30 November 1908, the agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908, affirmation of the independence and November 1908, affirmation of the independence and territorial integrity of China (i.e. the "Open Door Policy" as territorial integrity of China (i.e. the "Open Door Policy" as proposed by John Hay), maintenance of free trade and proposed by John Hay), maintenance of free trade and equal commercial opportunities, Japanese recognition of equal commercial opportunities, Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the the American annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Philippines and American recognition of Japan's position in Philippines and American recognition of Japan's position in northeast China. northeast China.

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

President Roosevelt, who President Roosevelt, who believed in grand flourishes, believed in grand flourishes, dreamed up such a gesture to dreamed up such a gesture to impress the world, and especially impress the world, and especially the Japanese, with American the Japanese, with American power. He planned to send the power. He planned to send the entire American battle fleet on a entire American battle fleet on a voyage around the world. Critics voyage around the world. Critics protested that it would provoke protested that it would provoke war, or alternately leave the war, or alternately leave the American east coast American east coast unprotected.unprotected.

Roosevelt went ahead, and on Roosevelt went ahead, and on December 16, a fleet of 16 December 16, a fleet of 16 American battleships set sail. American battleships set sail. They were met with a tumultuous They were met with a tumultuous response wherever they went -- response wherever they went -- including Japan. The trip including Japan. The trip underscored the growing power underscored the growing power of the United States.of the United States.

Great White Fleet in Great White Fleet in MontereyMonterey

With their white hulls and buff With their white hulls and buff upper works, the battleships upper works, the battleships of the U.S. Navy must have of the U.S. Navy must have looked much like a parade of looked much like a parade of gargantuan wedding cakes as gargantuan wedding cakes as they sailed into Monterey Bay they sailed into Monterey Bay on May 1, 1908. "Speak softly, on May 1, 1908. "Speak softly, but carry a big stick," was a but carry a big stick," was a favorite aphorism of President favorite aphorism of President Theodore Roosevelt, a Theodore Roosevelt, a onetime Assistant Secretary onetime Assistant Secretary of the Navy and staunch of the Navy and staunch advocate of American sea advocate of American sea power. He underscored the power. He underscored the United States' status as a United States' status as a force to be reckoned with by force to be reckoned with by sending 16 battleships of the sending 16 battleships of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet on a U.S. Atlantic Fleet on a voyage around the world. voyage around the world.