chapter 27: empire & expansion 1890 - 1909
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909. We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly to despotism at home. - The Democratic National Platform, 1900 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion1890 - 1909
We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the
American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly to despotism at home.
- The Democratic National Platform, 1900
FOREIGN POLICY = the set of goals, principles and practices that guide a nation in its relations
with other countries
![Page 3: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ConductingAmerican
Foreign Policy
• Legally binding treaties require 2/3 Senate approval• “Tools of the Trade” include diplomacy, financial aid and
the threat of armed force• Realism versus Idealism– Realism: based on our self-interest• If it benefits us, it is good policy
– Idealism: promote America’s founding ideals to ensure a better world for ALL not just for us• Democracy, opportunity, liberty, equality, rights
![Page 4: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• From George Washington’s Farewell Address: It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible.
‒This is known as “isolationism” or “unilateralism”‒The United States will “go it alone” ‒Neutrality protects us from taking
sides• Great Britain vs. France in the
early days
![Page 5: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• 1820’s–Russia threatened to
expand in North America– Spain and Britain were
colonizing in S./C. America
• 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares a policy for Europeof non-colonization and non-interference in the Western Hemisphere– The American continents are closed to future
colonization by any European powers
A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy
![Page 6: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy • 1803: T. Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory
from France for $15,000,000 (3 cents an acre)• 1819: We negotiate
for Florida from Spain
• 1846: Treaty w/Britain divides the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel
• 1867: $7,200,000 for Alaska from Russia
![Page 7: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A History of American Expansion Through War• 1846: President Polk goes to war with
Mexico over our southern border–Mexican War ends in 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo) –Mexican Cession• Rio Grande as the southern border of the U.S.• Territory from Texas to California
• Which is it?–A great new territory to secure borders–An unjust land grab with no regard for Mexican
rights
![Page 8: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Beginning of Imperialism• Empire Building– Expanding to
the West beyond our borders–Across the
Pacific Ocean to China and Japan–Hawaii and other islands as “coaling stations”• Protectorates = nations controlled by stronger nations
![Page 10: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hawaii• Ruled by Queen Liliuokalani
(monarchy)• 1893: U.S. military forces
overthrew the queen when U.S. business interests were threatened and annexed Hawaii
• Became a United States territory in 1900. • Became a state in 1959,
the only one that is not part of N. America.
![Page 11: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Differing Viewpoints: Should the U.S. become an imperialist power?
Henry Cabot Lodge (1895)Small states are of the past and
have no future. The modern movement is all toward the concentration of people and
territory into great nations and large dominions. The great
nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth.
Carl Schurz (1896)
In its dealings with other nations, the United States
should have scrupulous regard, not only for their rights, but also for their
self-respect…It should seek to influence mankind, not by heavy artillery, but by good example and wise
counsel. It should see its highest glory, not in battles
won, but in wars prevented.
![Page 12: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Moral not just economic empire building–Josiah Strong: Civilize and Christianize–Rudyard Kipling wrote of “the white man’s
burden”• A strong navy was a necessity
(Alfred T. Mahan)–The Influence of Sea Power Upon History–World powers need world class navies
• Jingoism: belligerent nationalism
![Page 13: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Trouble in Cuba
• One of only two remaining Spanish colonies– Much American investment in sugar plantations amid
political instability– Two previous rebellions for independence had failed
• Valeriano Weyler was sent to put down the rebellions– Created prison camps (“reconcentration camps”)– Thousands die in these overcrowded, unsanitary,
poorly equipped camps• Realistically, the U.S. must protect investments and
property• Idealistically, the U.S. must help the Cubans realize their
noble dream of independence and freedom• President William McKinley hoped to remain neutral.
![Page 16: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Imperialism, The Role of the Media and a Call to War with Spain
• Newspapers– Joseph Pulitzer and
the New York World versus William Hearst and the New York Journal
• Yellow journalism = sensational exaggerated news stories
![Page 17: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Causes of the Spanish-America War• The DeLome Letter– Enrique Dupuy DeLome: Spanish ambassador • Describes President McKinley as “weak and
catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician.”• Outrage and indignation in the United States
• “Remember The Maine!!”– February 15, 1898 the American battleship
blows up–Probably not a mine, probably not sabotage…
remember “yellow journalism”?
![Page 18: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Causes of the Spanish-America War
![Page 19: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Congress Declares War!• McKinley hoped to avoid
war• Demands that Spain…–Close the camps–Grant Cuba independence– Spain agrees to close the
camps, will not grant independence
• April 25, 1898–Congress formally
declares war on Spain
![Page 20: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A “Splendid Little War” with Spain• Teller Amendment–When Cuba is liberated and peace restored,
the United States will “leave the government and control of the Island to its people.”
• First, the Philippines (another Spanish colony)– Emilio Aguinaldo had been fighting against the
Spanish there–Commodore Dewey storms Manila Bay–Aguinaldo with American reinforcements takes
Manila
![Page 21: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A “Splendid Little War” with Spain• Then Cuba– The First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry• The Rough-Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt• After taking San Juan Hill the war went quickly
• Peace on August 12 (war was declared in April)– Armistice (cessation of hostilities)
• 5500 died mostly from disease (malaria and yellow fever)
• Poorly equipped, poorly supplied troops (wool uniforms in the tropical jungle!) win America’s first overseas war
![Page 22: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
America on the World Stage• Treaty of Paris 1898– Independence to Cuba–Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to the U.S.A.–Philippines to the U.S. with a payment to Spain of
$20,000,000• Platt Amendment states that the U.S. is
allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease naval bases there–By 1913, 60% of Cuba’s land was owned and
controlled by U.S. business interests
![Page 24: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Foreign Policy of Teddy Roosevelt• American national interests come first• Roosevelt- “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you
will go far”• Big Stick Policy- Roosevelt’s strong arm approach
in working quietly and patiently to achieve goals overseas but using force if necessary.
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine– The United States would act as international
police power to preserve peace and order in the western hemisphere and protect American interests.
![Page 26: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Panama• The US helped Panama
overthrow Columbia in 1903 and recognized them as an independent nation.
• Panama Canal (opened 1914)– The U.S. builds a 51 mile canal
in ten years which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• The Canal was the engineering feat of the time. In 1999 the US returned ownership of the canal back to Panama.
![Page 28: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Puerto Rico• After the Sp-Am War the U.S. set up a military
government, schools, and a postal service• Jones Act (1917): Wilson made Puerto Rico a
U.S. territory but still no rights• Puerto Rico remains a U.S. commonwealth –Control over their
laws and finances but decisions on defense and tariffsare America’s
![Page 29: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Philippines• After the Spanish-American
War, Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo called for independence from the U.S.
• February 1899, fighting broke out between U.S. and Philippines– Hundreds of thousands of soldiers put down the
revolt and defeated the Filipino army• The U.S. set up a central government , built
schools and controlled the Philippines until 1946.
![Page 30: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
America on the World Stage
• Does the Constitution follow the flag?–No: In the Insular
Cases the Supreme Court rules that the Filipinos and the Puerto Ricans are subject to American rule but do NOT enjoy American rights
![Page 31: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Uncle Sam and People from His Colonies, Postcard, ca. 1900
![Page 32: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
China’s “Open Door”• China was a huge nation rich in
resources• Spheres of Influence– areas in which a single
nation controlled trading rights
• Open Door Policy– issued by the U.S. in 1899
stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China (issued by Secretary of State John Hay)
![Page 33: Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062301/56816024550346895dcf2aa5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Boxer Rebellion in China• This group led an
insurrection (rising up to expel the foreign devils)
• Thousands killed including Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians
• Forces from the U.S., Japan and Europe crush the uprising