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The Conservative Revolution

1980-1992

• Although the _________ election appeared to mark a sudden shift in American politics, the roots of change lay deep in the past. Reagan voiced the growing frustrations of voters who believed that government had grown __________ and lost touch with the needs of ____________.

1980

too largethe people

• Reagan was initially a Democrat who considered _________ his political hero. When Reagan began his career as a _________ he became actively involved in the political affairs of the _________.

FDRactor

union

• After _________ he found himself less comfortable with the ____________________ and became a _____________. He served as a spokesman for ___________________ and made speeches attacking ______________. He also spoke strongly against ____________________________.

WWIIDemocratic Party

RepublicanGeneral Electric

communism

government regulations

• Reagan gained national attention in _________ when he was elected ___________ of ____________. _________, _____________, and committed to _______________________, he won support to cut back ___________________ in his state.

1966governor

California Likable photogenicconservative values

social programs

• During his term he eliminated the _________ by modestly increasing _________ and reforming _________________. He called for similar reforms for programs run by the _______________________.

deficittaxes

state spending

federal government

• Reagan’s political transition reflected a national _________ over the proper size and scope of ______________. In the 1920s Republicans won by promising to keep _________ low and minimize ___________. The _____________________ reshaped the debate with the introduction of ___________ ____________that enlarged the role of government. Critics, especially the _______________________________, fought back unsuccessfully during that period.

debategovernment

taxes spendingGreat Depression

New Dealprograms

American Liberty League

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• Republican President _____________ accepted the basic outlines of the __________ and never attempted to dismantle the ________________________. In fact, it even _________.

EisenhowerNew Deal

federal bureaucracygrew

• In 1964, however, Republican candidate ____________________ ran on a staunchly conservative platform. Many Republicans, particularly in the ___________, felt he was too conservative, but his victory in the _________ showed they might break their ties to the Democrats.

Barry Goldwater

Northeast

South

• Conservatives were silenced for time when the _______________ gave ____________ the political upper hand in the mid-1960s. The ________________ promised something for everyone, but cost _________ of dollars annually and raised ______________ beyond what the government could meet.

1964 election Democrats

Great Societybillionsexpectations

• _________, elected in 1968, wanted to trim welfare programs, which he believed encouraged people ______________, and to bring the _________ under control. Yet the government continued to _________.

Nixon

not to workbudget

grow

• Many conservatives were deeply troubled by the rapid ___________________ of the period. ______________ became increasingly shocking, its _________ more _________ and _________________. The use of _________ became widespread and a wave of _________ student protests swept college campuses.

cultural changesRock music

lyrics sexualdrug-oriented drugs

violent

• Reagan’s strong opposition to _________ at Berkeley helped him get elected. One of his first acts in office was to dismiss _______________________________ for being too soft on ____________.

riots

the university’s presidentprotestors

• The ____________________ also caused conservative concern. The use of the new ____________________ encouraged ______________.

sexual revolution

birth control pillpromiscuity

• After the Supreme Court legalized _________ in 1973, opponents launched a campaign to overturn it.

abortion

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• The movement for _________ and _________ rights further angered many conservatives.

gay lesbian • The ___________ movement caused yet another rift. Many conservatives believed a _________ should stay at _________. The __________ movement and _______________ were blamed for the decline of the traditional _________, in which _________ have two ___________________.

women’s

woman homewomen’s sexual revolution

family childrenmarried parents

• Some programs aimed at ending ______________ also disturbed conservatives. While most supported the ________________ of ________________, some questioned the need to send their _________ to _________________ for the sake of __________.

discrimination

desegregation public schoolschildren

distant schools diversity

• Another controversy included _________________ programs. Critics called those programs __________________________. This issue helped attract some Democratic _____________ workers to Republican ranks.

affirmative action

reverse discriminationblue-collar

• In 1976, Reagan had challenged President _________ for the Republican nomination and lost by a __________________. Ford

narrow margin

• In 1980 he tried again, though ____________ claimed that he was too ______________ to defeat _________.

moderatesconservative

Carter

Some Republicans feared that 1980 would turn into a repeat of the 1964 Johnson v. Goldwater campaign. Many of them supported Illinois Republican Congressman John Anderson’s third-party campaign as a result.

• By 1980, _______________________ had formed a powerful political __________ known as the ____________. A key concern was the ______________________ and its role in the __________. They proposed cutting government-funded _________________.

conservative groupscoalition

New Rightsize of governmenteconomy

social programs

• Another goal was to restore ___________________ to society. Members of the __________________, led by the Reverend ________________, wanted to revive the ____________________ they believed strengthened the country in the past.

Christian valuesMoral Majority

Jerry Falwelltraditional values

Falwell, a pastor from Virginia, gained a national following through televangelism. He helped to cement a relationship between religious voters and the Republican Party.

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• During the campaign, Reagan very effectively attacked Jimmy Carter’s handling of the __________. The continuing _____________ in _________ and other issues hurt Carter, and Reagan won in a ___________.

economy hostage crisisIran

landslide

• The popular margin was _________ to _________ (with third-party candidate __________________ winning most of the rest). The Electoral College vote was _________ to _________.

51%41%

John Anderson

489 49

• Republicans also gained control of the _________ for the first time since _____________________________. ________________ now controlled the nation’s _________.

SenateEisenhower’s first termConservatives

agenda

• Reagan’s goals were to reshape the _____________ and restore the country’s _____________________. In simple terms, he wanted to put more money into ____________________, instead of into _____________.

governmentstrength and prosperity

people’s pocketstax coffers

• He had campaigned on three broad policies that he would pursue:– 1. Slashing taxes

– 2. Eliminating unnecessary government programs– 3. Bolstering our defense capabilities

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• Reagan’s economic program, dubbed ________________, rested on the theory of ___________________________. This theory reversed earlier policies based on the ideas of English economist ________________________. In contrast to ____________ theory, ___________________________ focused not on the _________ for goods but on the _________ of goods.

ReaganomicsSupply Side Economics

John Maynard KeynesKeynesian

Supply Side Economicsdemand supply

• It predicted that cutting taxes would put more money in the hands of ____________ that would then hire more people and produce more goods and services. The key was encouraging ___________________ to invest in their companies.

businesses

business leaders

• Reagan’s first priority was a _________. The tax rate on the highest incomes dropped from _________ before Reagan took office to _________ in 1984, and to _________ after the 1986 tax reform.

tax cut

70%50% 28%

• Reagan embarked on a major program of _______________. He wanted to eliminate ____________________________ that he believed stifled _______________. The more that businesses spent to comply with _____________, the less they could spend on new ____________________________.

deregulationgovernment regulations

free markets

regulationsfactories and equipment

• Reagan also challenged the power of _______________. In August 1981, the _________________________ called a strike that threatened to interrupt ___________ across the country. Reagan gave the strikers _________ to return to work, and when most refused, he ____________.

labor unionsair traffic controllers

air travel

2 daysfired them

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• Reagan believed that any American could _________ through ____________________. This belief ran counter to the argument on which _________ was based: that government should help people who could not help themselves. Reagan charged that the government had become too __________ in people’s lives.

succeed individual effort

welfare

intrusive

• The administration eliminated jobs that were part of an ____________________________________. It reduced __________________________________. It lowered __________________ and reduced spending on ______________. It raised fees for _____________________. Despite these cuts, total federal spending on welfare rose between 1980 and 1982, though ______________ than it otherwise would have.

employment training programunemployment compensation

welfare benefitsfood stamps

Medicare patients

more slowly

• Reagan sought to give more ________________ to state and local governments. Like Nixon, he called his plan the ___________________. Under this plan, the federal government would no longer tell states how _____________ had to be used. Rather, it would let states create and pay for ____________ as they saw fit. This idea never quite _________ as planned. A ___________ early in Reagan’s presidency left a number of cities and states ____________________.

responsibility

New Federalism

federal aidprogramsworked

recession

nearly bankrupt

• Reagan was determined to protect America’s interests in the ___________. He believed in a tough approach toward the _______________, which he called an ______________. He favored large __________________ to strengthen both _________________________ and the __________________.

Cold WarSoviet Union

Evil Empiredefense budgets

conventional military forcesnuclear arsenal

• The costs of the buildup were ____________. These expenditures contributed to the growing __________________. Much of the money went into ________________ and ______________.

enormous

budget deficitsnew weapons technology

• Reagan also explored ways to protect __________ from _________________. In 1983, Reagan announced the _____________________________, popularly known as ____________. It proposed the creation of a massive _________________ to intercept and destroy incoming Soviet __________.

Americanuclear attack

Strategic Defense InitiativeStar Warssatellite shield

missiles

Soviet Union• Relations between the US and USSR remained

frosty during Reagan’s first term.

• The US deployed intermediate-range nuclear missiles to Europe.

• The USSR had more missiles and more powerful missiles than the US, but did not have the financial resources to match Reagan’s defense build-up.

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Lebanon

• The population of this tiny country was very religiously diverse, with Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and others fighting each other with support from neighboring countries

• The US sent peacekeepers in 1982, and a suicide bomber managed to kill 241 Marines

• The US withdrew, prompting many radical Islamists to conclude that they could beat the US

Libya

• Muammar Gaddafi, dubbed the “Mad Dog” of the Middle East by Ronald Reagan, was the absolute dictator of Libya from 1969 to 2011

• He sponsored terrorist attacks on American and Israeli targets

• The US retaliated by bombing Libya

on April 14, 1986; killing 2 of his sons

and more than 100 others

El Salvador

• The US provided military aid worth about $1 million each day to a repressive military regime fighting against communist guerillas

Grenada

• US military forces seized control of the island in October 1983 after a coup installed a communist government

• Reagan claimed he acted to protect several hundred American medical students on the island, but that seems to have been an excuse to overthrow the Communist leadership

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• During Reagan’s first two years in office, the US experienced the worst _______________________ since the _____________________.

economic downturnGreat Depression

• The ___________________ raised ______________ to reduce __________, but they hurt __________ and discouraged Americans from _____________ to purchase goods or make investments. ________________________ also cost thousands of __________________.

Federal Reserve interest ratesinflation business

borrowing

Foreign competitionAmerican jobs

• By 1982, _________________ had reached a postwar high of _________ and hundreds of businesses were going bankrupt each _________.

unemployment10.8%

week

• By 1983, both __________ and ________________ had already dropped below _________. ______________ claimed that the __________ demonstrated the wisdom of supply-side economics. _______________ and ________________, however, remained high.

inflation unemployment10%

Republicans recovery

Poverty rates homelessness

• During the 1980 campaign, Reagan had vowed to _________ the _________________, but his combination of _________ and ________________ pushed the _________ up, not down. The national debt climbed from ____________ in 1980 to ______________ in 1990.

balance federal budgettax cuts defense spending

deficit$80 billion

$221 billion

• In spite of these challenges, many Americans supported Reagan because they shared his _________ and ____________. In 1981, Americans reacted with horror when Reagan was __________ in an _______________ attempt.

values principles

wounded assassinationReagan, Press Secretary James Brady, and two security personnel were injured. While the others recovered, Brady suffered permanent paralysis and became an advocate for gun control.

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John Hinckley• Hinckley was mentally ill and had become obsessed

with actress Jodie Foster. Inspired by the plot of one of her recent movies, Taxi Driver, Hinckley resolved to kill the president to prove his love for her and to earn her affection. He was committed to an asylum.

• The _________ and _________ with which he faced the situation only reinforced Americans’ _________ for the President.

courage humor

respect

• The 1984 election pitted Reagan against former Vice President ___________________, whose running mate was ______________________, the first _________ on a national party ticket.

Walter MondaleGeraldine Ferraro

woman

• Reagan’s popularity gave him a landslide victory of _________ of the popular vote and every electoral vote except those of _________ and _____________.

59%D.C.

Minnesota

• Reagan wanted to recreate the sense of _____________ he’d known in his youth and to help revive the _________ that made America strong.

communityvirtues

• After the turbulence that followed the ________________, the 1980’s offered several occasions to celebrate ____________________:– 1. 1984 – Summer Olympics in Los Angeles

– 2. 1986 – 100th Anniversary of the Statue of Liberty

– 3. 1987 – 200th Anniversary of the Constitution

Vietnam Warpatriotic renewal

• Why did the US win so many medals at the 1984 Olympics?– The USSR and other Communist countries

boycotted (retaliating for the US boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics), significantly reducing the competition in many events

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• During the 1980s an increasing number of _____________________ candidates were elected to local, state, and national offices, especially in the _________.

African American

South

• In 1983, Reagan signed a bill designating the birthday of ____________________________ a national holiday.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• On the other hand, he opposed extending the ___________________________ until intense pressure made him change his mind. His administration also worked to end some _____________________ programs.

1965 Voting Rights Act

affirmative action

• The __________ movement encountered a backlash with the 1982 defeat of the _________. ________________ groups also worked to halt federal funding of __________ for the poor.

women’s

ERA Anti-abortionabortions

• The campaign for ______________ rights caused significant polarization. Contributing to the backlash was the spread of _________. Most victims were _____________ and ____________________, though some contracted the virus through _____________________.

homosexual

AIDSdrug users

homosexual menblood transfusions

Ryan White• An Indiana boy with hemophilia who

contracted HIV via blood transfusion, White helped to challenge the public perception that people only contracted AIDS due to their lifestyle choices

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• Many believed the government should promote ____________ as the best way to prevent the disease, rather than providing controversial information on alternative forms of _____________.

abstinence

prevention

• Many social concerns wound up in the __________________ just as it began to shift. Reagan’s appointees were __________________. In 1981 he appointed ____________________ to be the nation’s first woman ______________________.

judicial systemfairly conservative

Sandra Day O’Connor

Supreme Court Justice1930-PresentO’Connor served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006. Her nomination was opposed by many pro-life Republicans who feared she would not support their cause. She became the moderate, “swing-vote” on the Court.

• He also appointed __________________ and unsuccessfully nominated _______________.– 1927-2012

– Bork taught at Yale Law School and then served as Solicitor General, Acting Attorney General, and Judge of the DC Circuit Court of Appeals

Antonin ScaliaRobert Bork

Reagan nominated him to the Supreme Court in 1987, but Democratic opposition became especially personal and fierce. His nomination was defeated and he resigned from the Circuit Court.

Antonin Scalia• 1936-2016• Scalia graduated from

Georgetown and Harvard Law School and was in private practice for a few years before going to work for the Justice Department. He taught law during the Carter years but Reagan appointed him to the DC Circuit Court of Appeals in 1982 and the Supreme Court in 1986.

• Scalia was the most prominent proponent of originalism on the Court.

• After that rejection, he appointed ______________.– 1936 – Present

– Kennedy has served on the Supreme Court since 1988. He has grown increasingly moderate/liberal over the years. Following the resignation of O’Connor in 2006, Kennedy has been the “swing-vote” on the Supreme Court.

Anthony Kennedy

The Farm Crisis• Many farmers had borrowed money to expand

operations during the 1970s when farm prices were high

• Foreign demand was falling even as American farmers produced record amounts of food– From 1980 to 1986 prices fell by roughly 50%

– Both government and private aid

to farmers increased

Shifts in Manufacturing• Foreign competition began to replace more

American manufacturing

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• This loss in manufacturing hit the old industrial heartland especially hard

Unequal Wealth

• While incomes increased for all household quintiles, the income of the top 20% increased by 23% in the 1980s; the bottom quintile’s income increased only 4%

• Many household incomes increased because of a second adult entering the workforce

• Reagan favored less government regulation of the __________. A decade later, neither _________________ would argue with that. Reagan also followed a ___________ style in running the government. He ___________ authority rather than becoming involved in every decision.

economypolitical party

hands-offdelegated

• The Reagan administration and Congress pushed for the deregulation of __________________________ (which made __________________ loans to individuals) so that they could make _________ but more ____________ investments

Savings and Loan Bankshome mortgage

riskierprofitable

• Some officials took advantage of the new situation to make ________________ for themselves, and when those investments failed, many _________ collapsed. Because _________________ are insured by the _______________________, ____________ had to make up the _________ lost. Some _________ were prosecuted for their role in the scandal.

huge fortunes

S&L’sbank accountsfederal government taxpayers

billionsofficials

• In ____________, the Reagan administration sought to undermine the _________ government that seized power in 1979. Reagan feared that the ruling group, the _____________, would spread ___________ to other countries.

NicaraguaMarxist

Sandinistas upheaval

• The _________ trained and armed guerillas (known as the _________) in violation of American law.

USContras

• Congress discovered the program and _________ it in 1984, but some officials took profits from ____________________ to _________ to continue the program. Those sales were also meant to encourage the release of ______________________ held in __________ by __________________________.

bannedsecret arms sales

Iran

American hostages LebanonPro-Iranian terrorists

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• When these sales became public in 1986, _______________ took the blame as Reagan claimed no knowledge of the operation.Oliver North

Lieutenant Colonel North served on the staff of the National Security Council until the scandal came to light. He accepted responsibility for diverting proceeds from weapon sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan contras. His convictions were overturned because the trial might have been influenced by his Congressional testimony, for which he received immunity.

• The ______________________ did not damage Reagan’s personal ___________________. When he left office in 1989, polls showed that more than _________ of the American people gave him ______________ for his overall performance.

Iran-Contra Affairapproval rating

60%high marks

• One reason for Reagan’s popularity was the improvement of __________ with the _______________. Despite his fierce ____________________ stance, he developed a close relationship with ______________________, who became _______________ in 1985.

relationsSoviet UnionAnti-Communist

Mikhail GorbachevSoviet leader

Gorbachev was Andropov’s chosen successor but had a much more open attitude toward the West. He believed that the communists had to reform if they were to remain in power.

• To reform his country, _____________ pursued the policies of _________ (which means “_____________________”) and ______________ (which means “________________” the _________ to allow limited _________________).

Gorbachevglasnost

political openness perestroikarestructuring economyfree enterprise

• The two leaders also negotiated the _________ that provided for the destruction of about 2,500 _________ in Europe.

INF Treaty

missiles

• Reagan’s domestic policies could not dramatically reduce the ______________________. Payments for ______________ grew faster than expected. _____________________ erupted near the end of Reagan’s presidency when the _______________ suffered a _________ drop in one day.

size of governmententitlements

Economic turmoilstock market

22.6%

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• Though it recovered, Reagan’s ___________ inherited many _______________________. The country soon slipped into another ___________.

successoreconomic problems

recession

• Most Americans remember Reagan for his vigorous emphasis on restoring ________________ and the force of his own _________________________. Many Americans felt __________ again for the first time since the __________ years.

national prideoptimistic personality

confidentKennedy

• It’s hard following a legendary president. Bush sought to continue the ____________ his predecessor had begun, but he lacked Reagan’s ______________________ and found it was not always easy to ______________.

revolution

charismatic appealmeasure up

• The son of a wealthy _______________________, Bush served in _________ as a _______________ in the _________ and was awarded the ________________________________.

Connecticut senatorWWII bomber pilot

PacificDistinguished Flying Cross

Bush became a pilot just days before his 19th birthday, making him the youngest Navy pilot in history. In 1944 he was shot down but rescued without being captured.

• After the war he had a profitable career in the Texas _____________. oil industry

• He began his political career in 1966 and filled many roles: member of ___________, ambassador to the _________, chairman of the _____________________, envoy to _________, and head of the _________.

CongressUN

Republican PartyChina CIA

• Bush had a reputation as a ___________ and loyal ______________, but he lacked the support of _______________. Bush began the 1988 campaign far behind his opponent, Governor ____________________ of _________________.

moderateRepublican

conservatives

Michael DukakisMassachusetts

Michael Dukakis

• A graduate of Swarthmore and Harvard Law School, this three-term Massachusetts governor won the 1988 Democratic Presidential nomination by beating a large number of rivals

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• Bush took the __________ in the campaign and pledged there would be “_________________” if he became president. Bush’s _____________ successfully damaged his opponent but also __________ some voters.

• http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1988/willie-horton

offensiveNo New Taxes

attack ads

alienated

• Bush won _________ of the popular vote and carried _________ states in a _________-_________ electoral vote win. Yet Democrats still controlled ___________.

54%40 426

111Congress

• Bush’s major triumphs came in ________________. Even more than Reagan, Bush benefited from the historic changes in the _____________________ unleashed by _____________.

foreign policy

Communist worldGorbachev

Yakov Smirnoff• Russian comedian Yakov Smirnov became

something of a minor sensation in the 1980s by telling jokes about life in the Soviet Union. This may be evidence that the Communists were no longer feared so much.– Why don't they have baseball in Soviet Union? In

Soviet Union, no one is safe.

• In _________, the stage was set for the downfall of _______________________. When __________ workers at _________ launched a _________ in 1980, _______________ joined them and became their leader.

PolandSoviet Communism

shipyard Gdanskstrike Lech Walesa

Walesa, an electrician, became the leader of the non-state workers’ union and later the first post-Communist president of Poland.

• The government agreed to their demand for the right to form a free ______________. This activity spread to form an alliance called ___________, which remained popular even after being suppressed by the government. _________ won the _____________________ in 1983 for his acts of courage.

trade union

Solidarity

Walesa Nobel Peace Prize

• In 1988, further _____________________ sparked a new round of protests. The government agreed to schedule ______________ for June 1989, and the people elected _________ to be their president.

economic collapse

free electionsWalesa

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• ___________________ revolts broke out throughout __________________. In __________________, a poet and playwright named ________________ was elected president.

Anti-communistEastern Europe

CzechoslovakiaVaclav Havel

Havel had been imprisoned repeatedly by the Communists but helped lead a peaceful revolution before his election as President.

• New regimes also took charge in __________, __________, ___________, and __________. The most dramatic events of 1989 took place in _________________.

BulgariaHungary Romania Albania

East Germany

• In November, the government of _______________ announced that their citizens could travel freely to ______________-____. People flooded around and over the hated _-_____________, the most potent symbol of the ____________.

East Germany

West GermanyBerlin WallCold War

• Within a month, the _____________________ began to collapse. Within a year, _________ and __________________ reunified.

Communist PartyEast

West Germany

• _____________ hoped to reform the _______________ while keeping the _____________________ in power, but events slipped beyond his control. In August 1991, ______________________________ staged a _________ that quickly collapsed. The country’s ___________ sensed weakness and began to move toward ________________.

GorbachevSoviet UnionCommunist Party

conservative Communistscoup

republicsindependence

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• _____________ resigned the presidency on December 25, 1991, and within a week the Soviet Union no longer existed. It was replaced by a loose _________ of former Soviet republics called the _________________________________________.

Gorbachev

allianceCommonwealth of Independent States

• Russia’s new president, _______________, emerged as the dominant leader in that land.

Boris Yeltsin

President of Russia from 1991-1999. Westerners had high hopes for Yeltsin, who promised radical reforms and friendship with the West. His administration was plagued a great deal of corruption.

• Even as the Soviet Union disintegrated, Bush continued ______________________. Agreements in 1989 and 1990 limited the buildup of _________ and __________ weapons. The first __________________ ____________________ called for dramatic reductions in the two nations’ supplies of long-range ____________________.

arms control talks

nuclear chemicalStrategic Arms

Reduction Treaty

nuclear weapons

• As ______________________________ tottered in Europe, _________ students gathered in their capital, _________, to march for ____________ and _________. They occupied ______________________ in the heart of the city in spite of orders to leave.

Communist governmentsChinese

Beijingdemocracy reform

Tiananmen Square

• On June 3, _________’s leaders ordered the army to attack the protestors. ____________ of protestors died, and many more were later _____________ and ___________.

ChinaHundreds

imprisoned executed

• Bush chose not to attack _________’s leaders and risk an international _________, preferring to negotiate quietly and encourage _________. Many concluded that Bush was ____________ to ________________ in _________.

Chinacrisis

tradeindifferent

human rights China

• The United States was now clearly the world’s lone ______________. Bush hoped the world would move smoothly to a peaceful ______________________ under American leadership, but _________ in different regions of the world became the focus of American ________________.

superpower

New World Orderconflicts

foreign policy

• Bush enjoyed support when he acted against the nation of _________, the dictator of which (___________________) was helping to smuggle _________ into the United States.

PanamaManuel Noriega

cocaine

Noriega had worked with the CIA for years, helping the US to deliver weapons to allies in Central and South America. We invaded to remove him from power. He first hid in the Vatican embassy but surrendered after a few days.

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• The attack came in December 1989 and _________ surrendered on January 3rd 1990.Noriega

Noriega was convicted of violating several laws and sentenced to serve time in a federal prison in Florida. He was released to Panamanian custody in 2011 to serve an additional 20 years in jail.

• In August 1990, ____________________, the dictator of _________, invaded his neighbor, _________.

Saddam HusseinIraq

KuwaitHussein was a brutal dictator who ruled Iraq absolutely from 1979 until 2003. His war against Iran (1980-1988) was heavily financed by neighboring Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The US also supplied weapons to Iraq. Hussein used chemical weapons against the Iranians and even some of his own people.

• Bush viewed protecting the flow of _________ as a national security issue. Months of _____________ efforts failed to resolve the situation, so the US, working through the __________________, mobilized an alliance of ______________ to launch the _____________________.

oil

diplomatic

United Nations28 countries

Persian Gulf War

Desert Storm Coalition • Military operations were organized by _______________, the first _______________ and youngest Chairman of the _____________ in American history.

Colin Powell African-AmericanJoint Chiefs

• _________ forces, led by __________________, liberated _________ in just _________ weeks of war. The Allies lost fewer than _________, while the enemy lost _____________________.

UN Norman SchwarzkopfKuwait six

300tens of thousands

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• Bush opted not to oust __________________, hoping in vain that his domestic opponents would overthrow him.

Saddam Hussein

Colin Powell warned that the US would be responsible for occupying and administering the country if the government was overthrown, and Bush did not want to assume those burdens. He did encourage the Iraqis to overthrow Hussein, but Hussein subsequently crushed all uprisings against him.

• While Bush’s _______________ won him praise, Americans began to believe he didn’t have a clear plan for handling _____________. Bush angered many liberals by nominating ____________________, a black conservative, to replace _______________________ on the Supreme Court.

foreign policy

domestic problems

Clarence ThomasThurgood Marshall

Thomas’ nomination tilted the Court in a more conservative alignment, leading liberal Democrats to viciously oppose him.

Anita Hill Hearings• Anita Hill had once worked for Thomas as a

law clerk, but when he was nominated for the Supreme Court she came forth with allegations of sexual harassment. The televised Senate hearings were sensationalized and helped to polarize the country.

Thomas was finally approved on a vote of 52-48, but all future nominations would be much more politicized than before.

• Bush angered many conservatives by accepting a ___________________ plan that included new _________, breaking his campaign promise.

deficit reductiontaxes

• Bush’s real undoing, however, was a ___________ that saw unemployment climb to ___________. This was caused in part by rising ____________ and _________ in defense and other industries.

recession7 percent

gas prices cuts