CHAPTER 24

WORLD WAR II LOOMS

How did the end of World War I impact the 1930’s?

• Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment.

• People looked to totalitarian leaders to solver their problems in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan.

Who was Joseph Stalin?

• Took control of the Soviet Union in 1924 after Lenin’s death.

• Wanted to make the USSR an industrial power.

• Responsible for killing 8 to 13 million of his won people. (Great Purge)

• Totalitarian- No rights and suppressed opposition.

Who was Benito Mussolini?

• Dictator of Italy in the 1920’s and 1930’s.

• Known as Il Duce (The Leader)

• Fascism- stressed nationalism and placed interests of the state above those of individuals.

• Black Shirts-secret police

• Crushed all opposition

What was going on in Germany?• Hitler wrote a book called

Mein Kampf (My Struggle)• Nazism- German fascism,

dream of uniting all Germanic peoples (Aryan race)

• National expansion (lebensraum- living space)

• Hitler takes advantage of the Depression and becomes Germany’s new leader.

What was going on in Japan?

• Wanted to expand to gain natural resources and territory.

• Invaded area of Manchuria.

• Militaristic nation • Felt they were a

superior race.

Who was Francisco Franco?

• Led Spanish Civil War in the 1930s.

• Supported by both Hitler and Mussolini.

• Became Spain’s fascist dictator.

What was the Kellogg Briand Pact?

• Passed in 1928.• Signed by 62 countries

and declared that war would never be used.

• Small step toward peace.

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

• Passed in 1933 by FDR.

• Nonintervention in Latin America and withdrew armed forces.

• Trade agreements with other nations.

What were the Neutrality Acts of 1937?

• Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war.

• Ban on arms sales and loans to nations in civil war.

What areas did Hitler take over in the 1930’s?

• Austria• Czechoslovakia

(Sudentenland)• Trying to unite

Germanic peoples• Hitler was welcomed

in the areas of Austria and Sudetenland.

What was the Munich Agreement?

• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland if he promised not to take over any other nations.

• Appeasement- giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

• Hitler will break the agreement.

What was the Nonaggression Pact?

• Treaty between Hitler and Stalin. (1939)

• Germany and Soviet Union agreed not to attack one another.

• Agreed to divide Poland between Soviets and Germans.

• Hitler will break his agreement.

What was blitzkrieg?

• Means lightning war in German

• Fast tanks and aircraft

• Took enemy by surprise.

• Germany attacks Poland to begin World War II on September 1 1939.

• Defeated Poland in less than one month.

What nations did Hitler take over in 1940?

• Denmark• Norway• Netherlands• Belgium • Luxembourg• France• Stalin- took Estonia,

Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland.

In 1940, what happened in England and France?

• Both Germany and Italy invade France and took over in a few weeks.

• French general Charles De Gaulle fled to England.

• Battle of Britain- major English cities continuously bombed (called the Blitz). English never surrendered.

Who was Winston Churchill?

• Became England’s Prime Minister in 1940.

• Led England thru World War II.

• Kept English spirits up in difficult times.

What was the Holocaust?

• The systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe in 1930’s and 40’s.

• More than ½ were Jews.

How were Jews treated in Germany?

• Anti-semitism- hatred of Jews.

• Hitler made Jews the scapegoat for all Germany’s problems.

• Nuremberg Laws- stripped Jews of citizenship, jobs, and property.

• Had to wear Star of David.

What was Kristallnacht?

• November 9-10 1938- Night of Broken Glass.

• Nazi storm troopers destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues in Germany.

• 100 Jews killed and 30,000 Jews were arrested.

Where could the Jews go?

• Jews had trouble finding acceptance in other nations.

• The U.S. had accepted 100,000 Jewish refugees.

• Many Americans opposed Jews for job competition.

• SS St. Louis- Jewish refugees turned away. More than ½ of the 943 passengers did in the Holocaust.

What was Hitler’s Final Solution?

• Genocide- systematic and deliberate killing of a race or ethnicity.

• Final Solution- genocide of the Jewish people rounded up by German SS officers.

• Other groups: Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Freemasons, mentally and physically disabled, homosexuals, incurably ill, and those who differed politically.

Chart of Holocaust Victims

What were ghettos?

• Jewish were rounded up and taken to closed off areas with barbed wire fence and stone walls.

• Most famous was the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland.

What were concentration camps?

• Labor and death camps across Europe.

• Horrible living conditions.

• Mass exterminations• Medical experiments• Millions were killed,

thousands daily.

Map of Concentration Camps

How did people survive concentration camps?

• Many survivors credit their strong will to live and tell their story.

• 6 million Jews died and 5 million of various other groups did not make it.

• Survivors tell their stories so no one will forget.

• Elie Wiesel famed author of Night

Who were the Axis Powers?

• Germany, Italy, and Japan joined forces in World War II.

• Known as Tripartite Pact

• Wanted to keep America out of the war.

How did America try to help England and Soviets?

• 1939- Cash and carry policy- buy U.S. weapons but nations had to transport them on their own.

• U.S. built up its own military.

• Lend Lease Plan (1940)- U.S. would lend arms to our Allies (Britain and Soviets)

What was the Atlantic Charter?

• Between England and the U.S.

• Pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, freedom of seas, and economic cooperation.

• Basis of United Nations. • Signed by 26 nations to

form Allies against Axis Powers.

In 1940-41, what was going on in Japan?

• Emperor Hirohito• Hideki Tojo- military

leader of Japan• Launch attacks

throughout Asia (Manchuria, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

• Wanted to attack U.S.

What happened on December 7 1941?

• Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

• 2,403 Americans were killed.

• 21 ships and 300 aircraft were destroyed.

• “A date which will live in infamy.” FDR

• The U.S. declared war.