Hansen Name _____________________World War II Period _________

Unit III Appeasement and the 1st Half of the War Lecture #1 Totalitarian aggression and Appeasement Note-Taking Guide

Quarter Question- If a kid at school who was about your sizeand strength pushed you at lunch and said they would fightyou unless you gave them a quarter and you had one, wouldyou give it to them? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part I- Totalitarian Aggression►1a) Japan’s Turns Against the West Review- Anger Over the Treaty of Versailles

Japan Challenges the League of Nations

Japanese Justfication?

Japanese Brutality in China

► 1b) Italian Aggression Review- Anger of the Treaty of Versailles

Italian Challenges to the League

Italian Brutality

League Response

► 1c) German Challenges to the League of Nations Background Review - Weimar Republic , Great Depression Helps the Nazis , Hitler’s Election

Hitler is a Challenge to the League by Definition

Germany Challenges the League- Baby Steps

Germany Challenges the League- More Daring

►1d) An Unholy Alliance- The Axis

►1e) A dry run- The Spanish Civil War

►Part II. The Failure of the Liberal Democratic Nations/ League of Nations aka ________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

► Review 2a) Liberal Democratic Nations have their own problems, The Great Depression, Pacifism , Sympathy for Germany, League of Nations is Powerless

2b) Each Liberal Democratic Nation Finds its Own PassiveWay to Deal with the Totalitarians

U.S.

France

Britain and Appeasement

Munich Meeting

Appeasement

Chamberlain V. Churchill

A Battle of Wills

►Part III. A Line in the Sand

►Part III. A Great Shock

Totalitarian Aggression and Totalitarian Aggression and the Liberal Democratic the Liberal Democratic ResponseResponse

Part I. Totalitarian AggressionPart I. Totalitarian Aggression

1a) Japan Turned Against1a) Japan Turned AgainstThe West The West

Anger over the Anger over the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

Japan had been on the side of Britain and Japan had been on the side of Britain and the U.S. and France in WWI- now they’d the U.S. and France in WWI- now they’d turned against them…turned against them… Why? Why?

No racial equality clause in Treaty of Versailles No racial equality clause in Treaty of Versailles Racist discrimination in Western nationsRacist discrimination in Western nations

Japanese turned to their military Japanese turned to their military to gain honor and respectto gain honor and respect TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

Japan’s Challenges Japan’s Challenges to the League of Nations to the League of Nations

In 1931 the Japanese invaded In 1931 the Japanese invaded Manchuria, Manchuria, … Why??? … Why???

Japanese couldn’t be a world power as Japanese couldn’t be a world power as long as they were dependent on the limited long as they were dependent on the limited resources of an islandresources of an island

Japanese JustificationJapanese Justification Greater Asian Co-Prosperity SphereGreater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Asia free of European Imperialism! Asia Asia free of European Imperialism! Asia for Asians! for Asians!

We’ll Kick start Asian economies under We’ll Kick start Asian economies under Japanese leadershipJapanese leadership

But the reality… But the reality… Japan was more interested in replacing the Japan was more interested in replacing the

European imperialists with…European imperialists with… ……themselves…themselves…

Brutal Japanese Brutal Japanese invasion of Chinainvasion of China

Racism between the Racism between the Japanese and the Chinese… Japanese and the Chinese… Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Rape of NankingRape of Nanking…… Japanese massacred Chinese Japanese massacred Chinese

Civilians after the Chinese army Civilians after the Chinese army abandoned the city of Nanking abandoned the city of Nanking

China was in the middle of a China was in the middle of a Civil War, so it was vulnerableCivil War, so it was vulnerable

China begged the League for China begged the League for help, but… help, but…

1b) Italian Aggression1b) Italian Aggression

Italian Challenges to Italian Challenges to the Leaguethe League

Italy Was Bitter At the Lack of Land Earned in Italy Was Bitter At the Lack of Land Earned in Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Hey, if they won’t give us land… Hey, if they won’t give us land… ……we’ll take it. we’ll take it.

In 1935, Mussolini decided to invade EthiopiaIn 1935, Mussolini decided to invade Ethiopia Mussolini hoped to increase his own popularity Mussolini hoped to increase his own popularity

with an easy conquestwith an easy conquest Battle of Adowa StoryBattle of Adowa Story

Ethiopians begged the League for help, but…Ethiopians begged the League for help, but… League places petty sanctions on ItalyLeague places petty sanctions on Italy Doesn’t block sale of petroleum products to ItalyDoesn’t block sale of petroleum products to Italy

Italian Brutality Italian Brutality Use of Poison GasUse of Poison Gas

1c) German Challenges to 1c) German Challenges to the League of Nations… the League of Nations…

Challenges to the League Challenges to the League of Nations- Baby Steps of Nations- Baby Steps

In 1935 …rearmament and In 1935 …rearmament and draft- in violation of the T of Vdraft- in violation of the T of V

1936 remilitarization of the 1936 remilitarization of the RhinelandRhineland a German piece of land next to a German piece of land next to

France France forbidden to have German troops forbidden to have German troops

as part of the T of V as part of the T of V It was a bluff – Hitler later It was a bluff – Hitler later

called it the greatest risk he called it the greatest risk he ever tookever took German officers had orders to German officers had orders to

retreat if retreat if anyany shooting occurred  shooting occurred    

Anschluss Anschluss = union= union Why this name? Why this name?

Challenges to the Challenges to the League- More Daring League- More Daring

They agreed not to They agreed not to get in each other’s get in each other’s way. way. They called They called themselves the themselves the AxisAxis

Realizing their Realizing their Common Goals Common Goals (expansion and (expansion and totalitarianism), totalitarianism), Italy, Germany, and Italy, Germany, and Japan signed an Japan signed an alliancealliance

1d) An Unholy Alliance

1e) 1e) A dry run- The Spanish Civil War A dry run- The Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War

In Spain- a civil war broke out between a In Spain- a civil war broke out between a democratic government and a Totalitarian One democratic government and a Totalitarian One (Franco) (Franco)

Hitler and Mussolini saw this as a good Hitler and Mussolini saw this as a good chance to test their new militarieschance to test their new militaries

They sent in their new air forces and bombed They sent in their new air forces and bombed Spain, including the civilian populationsSpain, including the civilian populations

The allies sent no military forcesThe allies sent no military forces Do we remember why not? Do we remember why not?

Guernica by Pablo Picasso

Guernica = A City Bombed by the Nazi Air Force

Part II. The Failure of the Liberal Part II. The Failure of the Liberal Democracies to Confront Democracies to Confront Totalitarian GovernmentsTotalitarian Governments

Or-Or- Why didn’t Why didn’t

Britain, France, Britain, France, the U.S., or the the U.S., or the League of League of Nations) do Nations) do anything?anything?

2a) Liberal Democratic Nations 2a) Liberal Democratic Nations (Britain, France, and the U.S.) Had (Britain, France, and the U.S.) Had Their Own ProblemsTheir Own Problems

•The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

• No interest in building up a great standing army or going to war when there is no money

=

PacifismPacifism

People Remembered the Horrors of World War I

Sympathy for GermanySympathy for Germany

When Japan attacked China, China (a When Japan attacked China, China (a member of the League) complainedmember of the League) complained League warns Japan to leaveLeague warns Japan to leave Japan won’t… drops out of the LeagueJapan won’t… drops out of the League League does… nothing! League does… nothing! U.S. in particular is pissed at JapanU.S. in particular is pissed at Japan

Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence

When Italy attacks Ethiopia…When Italy attacks Ethiopia… More angry lettersMore angry letters

Hitler… you guessed it. Hitler… you guessed it.

The League had no The League had no ‘teeth’‘teeth’

   

                                                        

Source EThis cartoon of 1933 shows the 

Japanese actions destroying international agreements such as the Kellogg Pact and the League 

of Nations Covenant.   What is the cartoonist suggesting about 

Japan?

If the nations want peace, the If the nations want peace, the League gives them the way by League gives them the way by which peace can be kept.   League which peace can be kept.   League or no League, a country which is or no League, a country which is determined to have a war can determined to have a war can always have it. always have it.

H.A.L.Fisher, H.A.L.Fisher, A History of Europe A History of Europe (1938)(1938)

““If the nations want peace, the If the nations want peace, the League gives them the way by League gives them the way by which peace can be kept.   which peace can be kept.   League or no League, a country League or no League, a country which is determined to have a which is determined to have a war can always have it.”war can always have it.”

H.A.L.Fisher, H.A.L.Fisher, A History of Europe A History of Europe

(1938) (1938)

2b) Each Liberal Democratic 2b) Each Liberal Democratic Country Found A Passive Way Country Found A Passive Way to ‘Deal’ With the to ‘Deal’ With the Totalitarians Totalitarians

U.S. signed the U.S. signed the Neutrality ActNeutrality Act We won’t get involved We won’t get involved

in any European in any European problemsproblems

basically a way of basically a way of gearing up for another gearing up for another round ofround of ……IsolationismIsolationism

France’s ReactionFrance’s Reaction

The U.S., Britain, and the The U.S., Britain, and the League are doing squat to League are doing squat to protect us… and who is protect us… and who is Hitler going to come for Hitler going to come for first? first? France!France!

Maginot LineMaginot Line Kinda like the best trench Kinda like the best trench

system ever builtsystem ever built Makes a lot of sense after Makes a lot of sense after

WWI WWI

Fort EbenFort Eben

The Problem with the The Problem with the Maginot Line?Maginot Line?

Warfare has changed. Offenses have Warfare has changed. Offenses have regained dominance. regained dominance.

France just spent almost their entire France just spent almost their entire military budget for a decade on a military budget for a decade on a defensive line that will basically be defensive line that will basically be bypassed without any fightingbypassed without any fighting

Britain’s Reaction- Britain’s Reaction- AppeasementAppeasement

Munich Meeting•After Germany took the Rhineland and After Germany took the Rhineland and Austria, the British Prime Minister Austria, the British Prime Minister Neville Neville ChamberlainChamberlain- went to meet with Hitler in - went to meet with Hitler in MunichMunich

•Neville Chamberlain-- Decided to Have a Neville Chamberlain-- Decided to Have a Meeting With Hitler at Meeting With Hitler at MunichMunich -Hitler’s Promise-Hitler’s Promise

•There is only one more piece of land that There is only one more piece of land that Germany wants- a part of Czechoslovakia Germany wants- a part of Czechoslovakia called the called the Sudetenland Sudetenland

•Give us that and we will never take another Give us that and we will never take another piece of landpiece of land

•Chamberlain AgreedChamberlain Agreed

•AppeasementAppeasement- - Giving in to a bully to avoid a fightGiving in to a bully to avoid a fight

Sudetenland

Chamberlain versus Chamberlain versus ChurchillChurchill

Chamberlain returned to England to Chamberlain returned to England to adoring crowds– adoring crowds– “I have guaranteed peace “I have guaranteed peace for our time”for our time” Bad career move? Bad career move?

Hitler was clever Hitler was clever The Sudetenland was behind the key Czech The Sudetenland was behind the key Czech

defensive linedefensive line Which means, if Hitler wants to take the Which means, if Hitler wants to take the

rest…? rest…?

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

British Member of Parliament British Member of Parliament critic of Appeasement critic of Appeasement Said that if Britain had acted quickly, Said that if Britain had acted quickly,

Hitler could have been stopped with Hitler could have been stopped with little bloodshed because he was so little bloodshed because he was so outmatched in terms of military…outmatched in terms of military…

If he is given time, he will become too If he is given time, he will become too strongstrong

Referring to the Munich deal reached by Referring to the Munich deal reached by Chamberlain– Chamberlain– “Britain’s leaders had a choice “Britain’s leaders had a choice between dishonor and war. They chose between dishonor and war. They chose dishonor. They shall have war.”dishonor. They shall have war.”

A Battle of Wills… A Battle of Wills…

Britain, France, and Russia all publicly stated that they would Britain, France, and Russia all publicly stated that they would stand by Czechoslovakia if it were attacked…stand by Czechoslovakia if it were attacked…

Hitler wavered… his generals were telling him ‘no’.. There is Hitler wavered… his generals were telling him ‘no’.. There is even evidence that they planned to remove Hitler to save even evidence that they planned to remove Hitler to save Germany from a two front war… Germany from a two front war…

The German nation was overwhelmingly anti-war The German nation was overwhelmingly anti-war The German ‘West Wall’ (Siegfried Line), However only 13 The German ‘West Wall’ (Siegfried Line), However only 13

German divisions can remain on the Western Front if there was German divisions can remain on the Western Front if there was an attack on Czechoslovakia to hold off 100 French divisions if an attack on Czechoslovakia to hold off 100 French divisions if the French were to attack…the French were to attack…

““Hitler did not object to the League of Nations simplyHitler did not object to the League of Nations simply

because it defended the Versailles settlement.   If that because it defended the Versailles settlement.   If that

had been so, he would simply have negotiated at Geneva had been so, he would simply have negotiated at Geneva

to change in the settlement...  to change in the settlement... 

       

Hitler saw world politics as a racial struggle - in Darwinian Hitler saw world politics as a racial struggle - in Darwinian

terms, a battle for survival.   The fundamental problem, terms, a battle for survival.   The fundamental problem,

therefore, with the League was - in Nazi eyes - it therefore, with the League was - in Nazi eyes - it

embodied a wholly mistaken philosophy of international embodied a wholly mistaken philosophy of international

affairs.   There could be no equality among states, for affairs.   There could be no equality among states, for

some 'are not worthy of existence'...   There was no some 'are not worthy of existence'...   There was no

longer a cohesive value-system or an international longer a cohesive value-system or an international

society in the old sense; and it was a 'fiction' to talk about society in the old sense; and it was a 'fiction' to talk about

international 'rules'. international 'rules'. Written by the historian Mark Mazower (1998)Written by the historian Mark Mazower (1998)

Churchill QuoteChurchill Quote

“ “ The strain upon this one man and upon The strain upon this one man and upon his astounding will power must at this his astounding will power must at this moment have been most severe. moment have been most severe. Evidently he had brought himself to the Evidently he had brought himself to the brink of a general war. Could he take brink of a general war. Could he take the plunge in the face of an the plunge in the face of an unfavorable public opinion and of the unfavorable public opinion and of the solemn warning of the chiefs of his solemn warning of the chiefs of his army, navy, and air force? Could he, on army, navy, and air force? Could he, on the other hand, afford to retreat after the other hand, afford to retreat after living so long on prestige?” living so long on prestige?”

Part III. A Line in the Part III. A Line in the SandSand

A Few Weeks After the Munich Meeting, Hitler’s A Few Weeks After the Munich Meeting, Hitler’s Troops Took the Rest of CzechoslovakiaTroops Took the Rest of Czechoslovakia

None of the Western Nations backed up their None of the Western Nations backed up their threatsthreats

Hitler’s nature was now clear to everyone, even Hitler’s nature was now clear to everyone, even Chamberlain Chamberlain

Hitler now believed that the Western Hitler now believed that the Western Democracies would never go to war over central Democracies would never go to war over central European countriesEuropean countries

Britain and France Drew Britain and France Drew a Line in the Sanda Line in the Sand

Belief that Hitler’s next Belief that Hitler’s next target was target was PolandPoland

Britain and France Britain and France declared that they would declared that they would fight for Poland…fight for Poland…

But then… an earth But then… an earth shattering event…shattering event…

Nazi/Soviet Non-Nazi/Soviet Non-Aggression PactAggression Pact

Why was this a shock?Why was this a shock? Nazis and Communists were both Totalitarians, but they also Nazis and Communists were both Totalitarians, but they also

hated each other. hated each other. Why would the Nazis do it? Why would the Nazis do it?

Avoid two front war… Avoid two front war…

Why would the Soviets do it? Why would the Soviets do it? Aim Hitler’s army at the WestAim Hitler’s army at the West Gain time to prepare (remember purges???)Gain time to prepare (remember purges???)

On On Sept. 1Sept. 1stst, 1939, 1939, Poland was invaded from the East , Poland was invaded from the East and the West simultaneously. Britain and France and the West simultaneously. Britain and France declared war on Germany. WWII has begun. declared war on Germany. WWII has begun.