Chapter 23Chapter 23

Spring 2005Spring 2005Presented by: Tiffany Marie ThorenPresented by: Tiffany Marie Thoren

Molecular Cell PhysiologyMolecular Cell PhysiologyDr. James Enderby BidlackDr. James Enderby Bidlack

CancerCancer

Regulation of cells is lost.Regulation of cells is lost. Decreased or non-existant apoptosisDecreased or non-existant apoptosis

??? Cancer ?????? Cancer ???

EveryoneEveryone• MalesMales• FemalesFemales

Who is Affected?Who is Affected?

Diagnosis of CancerDiagnosis of Cancer

BenignBenign MalignantMalignant

•Possibility of metastatic tumorsPossibility of metastatic tumors

Metastasis AnimationMetastasis Animation

Metastatic TumorsMetastatic Tumors Major cause of treatment failure for Major cause of treatment failure for

cancer patientscancer patients

30% patients have detectable metastases 30% patients have detectable metastases at the diagnosis of primary tumorat the diagnosis of primary tumor

30% patients have micrometastases at 30% patients have micrometastases at the diagnosis of primary tumorthe diagnosis of primary tumor

Treatment ofTreatment ofMetastatic TumorsMetastatic Tumors

Local TreatmentLocal Treatment• Surgery, Radiation, PDT, etc.Surgery, Radiation, PDT, etc.

Lack of Systemic Effect and Tumor RecurrenceLack of Systemic Effect and Tumor Recurrence Can Stimulate Growth of Distant MetastasesCan Stimulate Growth of Distant Metastases

Systemic TreatmentSystemic Treatment • Chemotherapy & ImmunotherapyChemotherapy & Immunotherapy

Known side effect and recurrenceKnown side effect and recurrence No vaccine available - lack of a ubiquitous tumor No vaccine available - lack of a ubiquitous tumor

antigenantigen Use of Immunoadjuvant - lack of tumor specificityUse of Immunoadjuvant - lack of tumor specificity

CombinationCombinationChemotherapyChemotherapy

Administration of Different Drugs Administration of Different Drugs • in sequence, or at the same timein sequence, or at the same time• in different dosesin different doses

Possible Mechanism -- SynergismPossible Mechanism -- Synergism• One treatment may be more effective at One treatment may be more effective at

a certain stage of cancer than anothera certain stage of cancer than another• One treatment modality may enhance One treatment modality may enhance

the effectiveness of another treatment the effectiveness of another treatment modalitymodality

Laser ImmunotherapyLaser Immunotherapy Components:Components:

Laser, Laser-Absorbing Dye, ImmunoadjuvantLaser, Laser-Absorbing Dye, Immunoadjuvant Application:Application:

Intratumor Administration of Dye and AdjuvantIntratumor Administration of Dye and Adjuvant Non-Invasive Laser IrradiationNon-Invasive Laser Irradiation

Results:Results: Eradication of TumorsEradication of Tumors Long-Term Tumor ResistanceLong-Term Tumor Resistance

Mechanism - Tandem Effect of Two Mechanism - Tandem Effect of Two Interactions -- SynergyInteractions -- Synergy

Dye-Enhanced Selective Photothermal ReactionDye-Enhanced Selective Photothermal Reaction Adjuvant-Regulated Immunological ReactionAdjuvant-Regulated Immunological Reaction

Treatment ofTreatment ofPrimary TumorPrimary Tumor

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Survival Rate afterSurvival Rate afterImmunotherapy TreatmentImmunotherapy Treatment

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Laser ImmunotherapyLaser Immunotherapy

Effect of Laser ImmunotherapyEffect of Laser Immunotherapy• On Treated Primary TumorsOn Treated Primary Tumors• On Untreated MetastasesOn Untreated Metastases• Long-Term SurvivalLong-Term Survival• Tumor ResistanceTumor Resistance• Detected Immune responsesDetected Immune responses

Advantages:Advantages:• Local ApplicationLocal Application• Systemic EffectSystemic Effect• Long-Term EffectLong-Term Effect• In-SituIn-Situ Vaccination Vaccination

Laser ImmunotherapyLaser Immunotherapy

Possible Mechanism-- Possible Mechanism-- Tandem EffectTandem Effect• Acute Selective Photothermal EffectAcute Selective Photothermal Effect

Eradication of the tumor Eradication of the tumor Possible Antigen exposurePossible Antigen exposure

• Immunological EffectImmunological Effect Combination of Immunoadjuvant and Liberated Combination of Immunoadjuvant and Liberated

Tumor AntigensTumor Antigens Stimulate and Direct the Host Immune System Stimulate and Direct the Host Immune System

Against remaining tumor cells both locally and in Against remaining tumor cells both locally and in remote metastatic sitesremote metastatic sites

• An in situ Vaccination against the TumorAn in situ Vaccination against the Tumor

THANKTHANKYOUYOUQuestions?Questions?