Chapter 22Chapter 22The Ordeal of Reconstruction The Ordeal of Reconstruction

1865 – 18771865 – 1877

Lincoln’s 2Lincoln’s 2ndnd Inaugural Address Inaugural AddressMarch 4, 1865March 4, 1865

““With malice towards noneWith malice towards none, with charity for , with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s to bind up the nation’s woundswounds, to care for him who shall have , to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”ourselves and with all nations.”

StandardsStandards SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social

dimensions of Reconstruction. a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical

Republican Reconstruction. b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former

slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.

d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction.

e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction.

f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction.

Assassination of Abe LincolnAssassination of Abe Lincoln 14 April, 186514 April, 1865 Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater Washington, DCWashington, DC ““My American My American

Cousin”Cousin” Shot in back of Shot in back of

head by pro-head by pro-Southern actor Southern actor John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Boothhttp://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-behihttp://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-behi

nd-the-assassination#lincoln-behind-the-and-the-assassination#lincoln-behind-the-assassinationssassination

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau Created in March 1865Created in March 1865 Primitive “welfare agency”Primitive “welfare agency” Provided food, clothing and medical care Provided food, clothing and medical care

to freed slaves and white refugeesto freed slaves and white refugees Taught approx 200,000 blacks how to readTaught approx 200,000 blacks how to read Establishment of black colleges Establishment of black colleges

(Morehouse in Atlanta)(Morehouse in Atlanta) Redistribution of confiscated Confederate Redistribution of confiscated Confederate

lands (“40 acres and a mule”)lands (“40 acres and a mule”)

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)1717thth President President Became President Became President

after Lincoln diedafter Lincoln diedDemocrat from TNDemocrat from TNOnly US Senator to Only US Senator to

remain with Union remain with Union after secessionafter secession

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s “10 Percent Rule”Lincoln’s “10 Percent Rule” Said that Confederate states never legally left the Said that Confederate states never legally left the

UnionUnion Admit states back into Union with newly Admit states back into Union with newly

established state governmentsestablished state governments Johnson assumed most of Lincoln’s viewsJohnson assumed most of Lincoln’s views

Disenfranchised certain Confederate leadersDisenfranchised certain Confederate leaders Special state conventions to repeal ordinances of Special state conventions to repeal ordinances of

secession, pay back all debts, and ratification of 13secession, pay back all debts, and ratification of 13thth AmendmentAmendment

Upon completion, states would be admitted backUpon completion, states would be admitted back

Black CodesBlack Codes Laws enacted by Southern states to regulate the Laws enacted by Southern states to regulate the

affairs of the emancipated blacksaffairs of the emancipated blacks Goal was to produce a stable and subservient Goal was to produce a stable and subservient

work forcework force Restore the pre-emancipation system of race Restore the pre-emancipation system of race

relations: blacks could marry, but could not relations: blacks could marry, but could not serve on juries or rent or lease landserve on juries or rent or lease land

Blacks arrested for petty crimes: Being “idle”Blacks arrested for petty crimes: Being “idle” Did not allow blacks to voteDid not allow blacks to vote

SharecroppersSharecroppers With little options, With little options,

most slaves fell most slaves fell back into field back into field laborlabor

Became Became sharecropperssharecroppers

Meager payMeager pay A re-enslavement A re-enslavement

of free blacks?of free blacks?

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional ReconstructionRepublicans enjoyed power while the Republicans enjoyed power while the

Democratic South was out (1861-1865)Democratic South was out (1861-1865)They were hostile towards newly elected They were hostile towards newly elected

Democratic Southerners coming back into Democratic Southerners coming back into powerpower

Repeal of 3/5 Compromise – now South Repeal of 3/5 Compromise – now South would be more powerful than beforewould be more powerful than before

Johnson Clashes with CongressJohnson Clashes with Congress February 1866: Johnson vetoes extension of February 1866: Johnson vetoes extension of

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau In response, Republicans passed Civil Rights In response, Republicans passed Civil Rights

Bill that sought to dismantle the Black Codes of Bill that sought to dismantle the Black Codes of the South (what would eventually become 14the South (what would eventually become 14 thth Amendment)Amendment)

Johnson vetoed, but Congress passed with ¾ Johnson vetoed, but Congress passed with ¾ majority needed to override vetomajority needed to override veto

Johnson urged the South not to approve the Johnson urged the South not to approve the Amendment thus sparking a bitter feud between Amendment thus sparking a bitter feud between the Republican Congress and Democrat the Republican Congress and Democrat PresidentPresident

Radical RepublicansRadical RepublicansVeto-proof majority in House and Senate Veto-proof majority in House and Senate

in 1866in 1866Led by Charles Sumner, caning victim of Led by Charles Sumner, caning victim of

Preston Brooks before Civil War, and Preston Brooks before Civil War, and Thaddeus Stevens, representative from Thaddeus Stevens, representative from PAPA

Wanted to keep South out of Union as Wanted to keep South out of Union as long as possible to bring about drastic long as possible to bring about drastic social and economic transformationsocial and economic transformation

Reconstruction by the SwordReconstruction by the Sword Bloody race riots erupted in several Southern Bloody race riots erupted in several Southern

citiescities Congress broke South into several military Congress broke South into several military

districts to restore orderdistricts to restore order Required South to ratify 14Required South to ratify 14thth Amendment before Amendment before

being readmittedbeing readmitted Required states to include in state Constitution Required states to include in state Constitution

full suffrage for black men (eventually passed as full suffrage for black men (eventually passed as 1515thth Amendment) Amendment)

After Compromise of 1877, military pulled from After Compromise of 1877, military pulled from South and Democratic party reestablished its South and Democratic party reestablished its dominancedominance

Union LeagueUnion LeagueNetwork of political clubs that educated Network of political clubs that educated

members in their civic dutiesmembers in their civic dutiesCampaigned for black RepublicansCampaigned for black RepublicansBuilding black churches and schoolsBuilding black churches and schoolsRecruiting black militiasRecruiting black militias

Senator Hiram Revels, Frederick Douglas and Senator Hiram Revels, Frederick Douglas and Senator Blanche Bruce (both of MS)Senator Blanche Bruce (both of MS)

Carpetbaggers and ScalawagsCarpetbaggers and ScalawagsCarpetbaggers – Northerners who had Carpetbaggers – Northerners who had

come to a defeated South for profit and come to a defeated South for profit and powerpower

Scalawags – Southerners who were Scalawags – Southerners who were Unionists or former WhigsUnionists or former Whigs

Both wanted to modernize the “NEW Both wanted to modernize the “NEW SOUTH” (public schools, property rights to SOUTH” (public schools, property rights to women, tax systems improved)women, tax systems improved)

Failures of ReconstructionFailures of Reconstructionhttp://www.history.com/videos/the-failure-ohttp://www.history.com/videos/the-failure-o

f-reconstruction#the-failure-of-reconstructif-reconstruction#the-failure-of-reconstructionon

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Founded in 1866 in TN Founded in 1866 in TN

to resist new black to resist new black freedomsfreedoms

Opposition to Opposition to Republican policiesRepublican policies

Used terror to incite Used terror to incite fearfear

Wearing ghost sheets, Wearing ghost sheets, burning crossesburning crosses

Ku Klux Klan VideoKu Klux Klan Videohttp://www.history.com/videos/the-kkk#thehttp://www.history.com/videos/the-kkk#the

-kkk-kkk

Johnson ImpeachedJohnson Impeached 1867 – Republican Congress passed the Tenure 1867 – Republican Congress passed the Tenure

of Office Act that required Presidents to secure of Office Act that required Presidents to secure consent of Senate before removing approved consent of Senate before removing approved cabinet appointeescabinet appointees

Congress wanted to ensure that Lincoln’s Congress wanted to ensure that Lincoln’s Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, remained in Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, remained in officeoffice

Johnson dismissed Stanton anywayJohnson dismissed Stanton anyway Congress immediately voted to impeach Johnson Congress immediately voted to impeach Johnson

for violating Tenure of Office Actfor violating Tenure of Office Act After promising to stop obstructing Republican After promising to stop obstructing Republican

policies, Johnson acquitted by 1 vote in Senatepolicies, Johnson acquitted by 1 vote in Senate

Alaska Purchased from RussiaAlaska Purchased from Russia 18671867 Secretary of State Secretary of State

William Seward buys William Seward buys Alaska from RussiaAlaska from Russia

At first, purchase was At first, purchase was very unpopularvery unpopular

In the end, Alaska In the end, Alaska proved very profitable proved very profitable for US, with oil, gas for US, with oil, gas and gold depositsand gold deposits

Ticket out the DoorTicket out the DoorExplain two of these failures of Explain two of these failures of

Reconstruction:Reconstruction:Black CodesBlack CodesPresident Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew JohnsonSharecroppingSharecroppingRadical RepublicansRadical RepublicansMilitary DistrictsMilitary Districts