Enlightenment and Revolution 45

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Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY The Enlightenment in EuropeCHAPTER

22Section 2

Multiple Choice Choose the best answer for each item. Write the letter of your answer in the blank.

____ 1. The new intellectual movement thatstressed reason and thought and thepower of the individual to solve problemswas thea. Scientific Revolution.b. Enlightenment.c. Great Awakening.d. geocentric theory.

____ 2. The willingness of people to hand overtheir rights to a ruler in exchange for lawand order in society was called the a. scientific method.b. Magna Carta.c. Enlightenment.d. social contract.

____ 3. The philosopher who believed that all peo-ple are born free and equal, with therights to life, liberty, and property wasa. John Locke.b. Thomas Hobbes.c. Galileo Galilei.d. Baron de Montesquieu.

____ 4. The group of social critics inEnlightenment France were calleda. satirists.b. philosophes.c. stoics.d. revolutionaries.

____ 5. Brilliant French satirist who frequentlytargeted the clergy, the aristocracy, andthe government wasa. Thomas Hobbes.b. Baron de Montesquieu.c. Voltaire.d. John Locke.

____ 6. An influential French writer who wrotethat “Power should be a check to power”wasa. Louis XIV.b. Voltaire.c. Thomas Hobbes.d. Baron de Montesquieu.

____ 7. French philosophe Jean Jacques Rousseaubelieved that the best form of governmentwould be aa. direct democracy.b. constitutional monarchy.c. dictatorship.d. republic.

____ 8. Women’s contributions to theEnlightenment included all of the follow-ing excepta. urging women to enter male-

dominated fields.b. writing about the inequalities between

men and women.c. running for office.d. holding social gatherings called salons

for influential people.

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abuses Improper uses, misusesastronomy Study of the universebeyond the earthboycott Organized refusal to buy acertain good or participate in acertain actionhypothesis Attempt to answer aquestion that needs to be proven ordisproven

intellectual Related to thinking orto the mindlaw of gravity Idea linking motionin the heavens with motion on theEarth and based on the principlethat every object attracts everyother objectreformed Changed for the betterrepeal Take back a law

serfdom State or condition of usingworkers as slavesvaccination Introduction ofweakened or killed viruses orbacteria into the body to protectagainst a specific diseaseviolated Went against

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CHAPTER 22 ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION 213

Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

Glossary CHAPTER 22 Enlightenment and Revolution

Terms and NamesA. Write the term or name in each blank that best completes the meaning of the paragraph.

Isaac Newton

heliocentric theory

Scientific Revolution

geocentric theory

Galileo Galilei

B. Write the letter of the name or term next to the description that explains it best.

a. Mary Wollstonecraft

b. John Locke

c. Montesquieu

d. Thomas Jefferson

e. Voltaire

AFTER YOU READ

Many thinkers contributed to the significant changes in scientific thinking

known as the 1 __________________. In astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus

first developed the idea that the earth revolved around the sun. This became

known as the 2 __________________. It refuted the earth-centered view of

the universe, know as the 3 __________________. A great pioneer in science

at this time was 4 __________________. He described the law of gravity.

Another significant figure was 5 __________________, who ended up hav-

ing to recant his theories before a papal court.

____ 1. Philosopher who said people have natural rights

____ 2. Thinker known for ideas about separation of powers

____ 3. Writer who championed freedom of speechand freedom of religion

____ 4. Writer who championed women’s rights

____ 5. Author of the Declaration of Independence

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214 CHAPTER 22 REVIEW

Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

AFTER YOU READ (cont.) CHAPTER 22 Enlightenment and Revolution

Main Ideas1. How did European exploration help lead the way to the Scientific Revolution?

2. Who were the philosophes, and what did they believe in?

3. What was one of Montesquieu’s key ideas about government?

4. How did the arts change as a result of the Enlightenment?

5. How did the government of the United States reflect Enlightenment ideas?

Thinking CriticallyAnswer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How was the Scientific Revolution related to the Enlightenment?

2. How did monarchs react to Enlightenment ideas?

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DOWN 1. _____ the Great; HE modernized Russia 2. '______, brutish, and short' = Hobbes

description of life in the 'state of nature' 3. '____ right' theory = how absolute monarchs

justified their rule 5. Newton said the universe was ruled by them 6. this theory says the sun is the center; earth,

etc. go around it 8. _____ Revolution = no abs. monarchs for Eng.

(among other things) 9. 'careful ______ of nature, and a willingness to

question accepted beliefs' = basis for Sci. Revltn.

11. '_______ contract' = what people enter into as basis for government

13. Church liked his version of earth/heaven; he said movt. in heavens = circular, on earth = straight lines

14. 'universe comprehended by science and _______' = Enlightenment ideal

15. scientist who was particularly important as an inspiration for the Enlightenment

16. his ideas = beginning of scientific revolution, but got him in trouble with the Church

18. _____ the Great; ruled Prussia 21. Diderot wrote/compiled it; Pope Clement said

it should be burned by a priest 24. _____ Maurice = African soldier for Rome;

refused to kill Christians so put to death 26. Great Lisbon ______ = happened on a Sunday,

led to rebuilding city acc. to Enlight. ideas 27. _____ the Great; SHE (also) modernized Russia

ACROSS 4. Newton is famous for 'discovering' it 7. nickname for Louis XIV (2 words, no

space) 10. era from mid-1600s to 1789 in Eur. when

reforms based on reason were discussed/implemented

12. Alessandro ______ = first Black head of state in 'modern' Europe

17. English king beheaded during the English Civil War

19. Galileo used to see moon, planets, etc. 20. 'state of _____' = how people would be if

all society's influences were gone 22. French king built Versailles ultimate abs.

monarch 23. motto of the Enlightenment (3 words, no

spaces) 24. 'I am the _____' = famous saying of Louis

XIV, could be a motto for absolute monarchs

25. this theory says the earth is the center; sun, stars, etc. go around it

Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Absolute Monarchs

Quotes from and about the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, and Absolute Monarchs in ‘cryptogram’ puzzle form

From Isaac Newton

From Thomas Hobbes

from Immanuel Kant

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THIS PAGE IS OPTIONAL.

THIS PAGE IS OPTIONAL.

Enlightenment and Revolution 29

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Name Date

BUILDING VOCABULARY Enlightenment and RevolutionCHAPTER

22

____ 1. Galileo Galilei

____ 2. Isaac Newton

____ 3. Enlightenment

____ 4. Catherine the Great

____ 5. John Locke

____ 6. Montesquieu

____ 7. Voltaire

____ 8. Mary Wollstonecraft

a. English philosopher who proposed that a government’spower comes from the consent of the citizens and that citizens have the right to rebel against unjust rulers

b. Russian empress who was considered an enlightened despot

c. Italian scientist who made astronomical observations that supported the theories of Copernicus

d. early proponent of women’s rights

e. English scientist who discovered the law of gravity

f. French philosophe who promoted freedom of speech

g. French writer who proposed the ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances in government

h. intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

A. Matching Match the description in the second column with the term or name inthe first column. Write the appropriate letter next to the word.

B. Completion Select the term or name that best completes the sentence.

C. Writing Write a paragraph explaining the following terms and how they are related.

salons enlightened despot social contract Declaration of Independenceneoclassical checks and balances federal system Bill of Rights

geocentric theory Scientific Revolution heliocentric theory scientific method

1. Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the grand, ornate style in European art known as baroque gave way to a simple, elegant style that was based on classical Greek and Roman ideas and was called .

2. A form of government in which power is divided between national and state governments is a .

3. The document in which American colonists asserted their independence from Great Britain was the .

4. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as the .

5. In social gatherings called , wealthy hostesses of Paris helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment to educated Europeans.

6. Thomas Hobbes called the agreement by which people create a government the .

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