Chapter 20:Chapter 20:The Atlantic WorldThe Atlantic World

1492 - 18001492 - 1800

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ

Chapter 20 OverviewChapter 20 Overview

Chapter 20:The Atlantic World

Section 1:Spain Builds an

American Empire

Section 2:European Nations

SettleNorth America

Section 3:The AtlanticSlave Trade

Section 4:The ColumbianExchange and Global Trade

Section 1: Section 1: Spain Builds an American EmpireSpain Builds an American Empire Background: Background: Competition for wealth among Competition for wealth among

EuropeansEuropeans + + Exposure to “cool stuff” from Exposure to “cool stuff” from the “East” via Silk Roads and Crusadesthe “East” via Silk Roads and Crusades + + improvements in sailingimprovements in sailing + + Arabic inventions Arabic inventions (astrolabe)(astrolabe) + + Prince Henry the Navigator’s Prince Henry the Navigator’s School for SailorsSchool for Sailors + + interest in cartographyinterest in cartography + + wealthwealth + + new thinking from Renaissancenew thinking from Renaissance = =

Era of ExplorationEra of Explorationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjhIzemLdos

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Approach Isabella and Ferdinand (of Spain) Approach Isabella and Ferdinand (of Spain) shortly after Moors had been kicked out by the shortly after Moors had been kicked out by the ReconquestaReconquesta– Perfect timing!Perfect timing!– Isabella provided backing for initial voyages, and Isabella provided backing for initial voyages, and

the 3 voyages afterwards the 3 voyages afterwards – ““I’ll sail to Asia and open up trade with the Indies.”I’ll sail to Asia and open up trade with the Indies.”

Well…got to the Caribbean instead.Well…got to the Caribbean instead. ““In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”.In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”.

The Three G’sThe Three G’s

Early explorers and conquistadors interested in just 3 Early explorers and conquistadors interested in just 3 things:things:

–GoldGold–GloryGlory–GodGod– (In that order!)(In that order!)

Columbus’s 2Columbus’s 2ndnd voyage provided a means to establish voyage provided a means to establish an empirean empire– Abused local nativesAbused local natives– Established colonies throughout CaribbeanEstablished colonies throughout Caribbean– Later conquistadors came with Columbus on these voyagesLater conquistadors came with Columbus on these voyages

Other ExplorersOther Explorers

Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal): Brazil and Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal): Brazil and claimed it for Portugal in 1500claimed it for Portugal in 1500– Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, Spain and Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494, Spain and Portugal

divide new worlddivide new world

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan– Circumnavigated the globe, proving:Circumnavigated the globe, proving:

It could be done (sailing around the world)It could be done (sailing around the world) You could get “East” by sailing WestYou could get “East” by sailing West The natives on the Philippines are nastyThe natives on the Philippines are nasty This trading thing is very, very profitable!This trading thing is very, very profitable!

Hernando Cortez and the AztecsHernando Cortez and the Aztecs

Became a conquistadorBecame a conquistador– Heard of AztecsHeard of Aztecs– Landed on Carib. shoreLanded on Carib. shore– Found locals to help himFound locals to help him

Arrived in year 1 Reed—pale faced and with a Arrived in year 1 Reed—pale faced and with a beard!beard!

How able to conquer an empire of millions with How able to conquer an empire of millions with about 600 men and some native allies?!?!about 600 men and some native allies?!?!– ““Luck”, diseases, superior weapons, legend, Luck”, diseases, superior weapons, legend,

horses, native allieshorses, native allies

Francisco Pizarro and the IncaFrancisco Pizarro and the Inca Pizarro and 200 men Pizarro and 200 men

ambushed Atahualpa and ambushed Atahualpa and 30,000 men!30,000 men!– Again, superior weapons, Again, superior weapons,

disease (small pox had already disease (small pox had already come prior to Spaniards even come prior to Spaniards even showing up), horses, etc.showing up), horses, etc.

– Kidnapped Atahualpa, held him Kidnapped Atahualpa, held him for ransom—then killed him for ransom—then killed him anywayanyway

Spain’s Empire in the AmericasSpain’s Empire in the Americas By mid 16By mid 16thth C., had “New Spain” in Mexico, C., had “New Spain” in Mexico,

etc., and “Peru” in Ctrl/So. Americaetc., and “Peru” in Ctrl/So. America– Regional capitalsRegional capitals– Local governorsLocal governors

Imposed culture among nativesImposed culture among natives– Intermarried Intermarried mestizo population mestizo population– Converted to CatholicismConverted to Catholicism

Encomienda system—forced labor from Native Encomienda system—forced labor from Native AmericansAmericans– Natives resisted, ran away, etc. (And many just Natives resisted, ran away, etc. (And many just

died!) Worked on plantations, mines, etc.died!) Worked on plantations, mines, etc.

Spain’s Influence ExpandsSpain’s Influence Expands Spain becoming very richSpain becoming very rich

– Built a huge navy (or armada) to protect shipsBuilt a huge navy (or armada) to protect ships Expand to (modern) United StatesExpand to (modern) United States

– Send explorers throughout SW, southern PlainsSend explorers throughout SW, southern Plains– Coronado explored 9 different statesCoronado explored 9 different states

Looking for the “Cities of Cibola”Looking for the “Cities of Cibola” Found the Grand Canyon insteadFound the Grand Canyon instead

Priests went everywhere Priests went everywhere – Established colonies, churches, etc.Established colonies, churches, etc.– Priests did much of the colonizing in New Mexico, which became HQ for Church Priests did much of the colonizing in New Mexico, which became HQ for Church

in New Worldin New World

Opposition to Spanish RuleOpposition to Spanish Rule Harsh rule, many abuses of natives (and even Harsh rule, many abuses of natives (and even

mestizos)mestizos)– Harsh, rigid social system—if you weren’t born in Europe, Harsh, rigid social system—if you weren’t born in Europe,

you were “nothing”you were “nothing”– Some natives rebelled; objecting to harsh rule and culture Some natives rebelled; objecting to harsh rule and culture

being destroyedbeing destroyed

Priests started to be concerned Priests started to be concerned – BartolomBartolomé de Las Casas suggested using Africans for labor é de Las Casas suggested using Africans for labor

insteadinstead– Why Africans? New to area (won’t run away), “stronger”, and Why Africans? New to area (won’t run away), “stronger”, and

have “some immunity” to Old World diseases; plus, just have “some immunity” to Old World diseases; plus, just running out of natives!running out of natives!

Importation of African slaves beganImportation of African slaves began

In Brazil…In Brazil…

Cabral claimed land for Portugal in 1500Cabral claimed land for Portugal in 1500 1530’s…colonial period began1530’s…colonial period began

– Little minerals, so grew sugar insteadLittle minerals, so grew sugar instead– Made Portugal very richMade Portugal very rich

Also fell into slavery, and imported more Also fell into slavery, and imported more slaves than all other areas in the New World slaves than all other areas in the New World combinedcombined

Rigid social class system like Spanish areas Rigid social class system like Spanish areas

Section 2:Section 2:European Nations Settle North Amer.European Nations Settle North Amer. New France:New France:

– Who? Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Who? Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Sieur de la SalleSieur de la Salle

– Why? Establish trade, esp. providing furs; not Why? Establish trade, esp. providing furs; not necessarily inhabiting the lands, but just “using”necessarily inhabiting the lands, but just “using”

– Where? Originally up the St. Lawrence RiverWhere? Originally up the St. Lawrence River– Important dates: 1534: Cartier (St. Law Ri)Important dates: 1534: Cartier (St. Law Ri)

1608: Champlain founded Quebec, claimed “New 1608: Champlain founded Quebec, claimed “New France”France”

1673: Marquette and Joliet: Upper Mississippi Ri.1673: Marquette and Joliet: Upper Mississippi Ri.

English ArriveEnglish Arrive

Who? Male settlers, Pilgrims, PuritansWho? Male settlers, Pilgrims, Puritans Why? Religious freedom; start a new lifeWhy? Religious freedom; start a new life Where? “New England”, VA, MAWhere? “New England”, VA, MA Important dates:Important dates:

– 1607: Jamestown: $ $ $ All men. By 1620, 1607: Jamestown: $ $ $ All men. By 1620, women and slaves have arrived. Tobacco.women and slaves have arrived. Tobacco.

– 1620: Plymouth: Pilgrims and “Strangers”1620: Plymouth: Pilgrims and “Strangers”– 1630: Mass. Bay Colony: Puritans1630: Mass. Bay Colony: Puritans– 1763: French and Indian War open way for 1763: French and Indian War open way for

English to inhabit most of North AmericaEnglish to inhabit most of North America

Dutch Are NextDutch Are Next

Who? Henry Hudson, othersWho? Henry Hudson, others Why? Trade; searching for NW PassageWhy? Trade; searching for NW Passage Where? Hudson River; Manhattan IslandWhere? Hudson River; Manhattan Island Important dates:Important dates:

– 1609: Hudson River1609: Hudson River– 1621: New Netherlands established1621: New Netherlands established– Kicked out by English between 1664 - 1750Kicked out by English between 1664 - 1750

Native Americans React and RevoltNative Americans React and Revolt

French and Dutch had decent relationships, French and Dutch had decent relationships, but English did notbut English did not

Various “Indian Wars” throughout 13 English Various “Indian Wars” throughout 13 English ColoniesColonies

Many fall to disease, loss of resources, Many fall to disease, loss of resources, kicked farther westkicked farther west– Small pox, othersSmall pox, others

Section 3:Section 3:The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

650 650 Muslims transport about 17 mil. Africans to Muslims transport about 17 mil. Africans to No. Africa and SW AsiaNo. Africa and SW Asia

1400-15001400-1500 Portuguese explore Africa Portuguese explore Africa 1500-16001500-1600 Spain and Portugal colonize Americas; Spain and Portugal colonize Americas;

began enslaving Africans *300,000 Africans began enslaving Africans *300,000 Africans 1600-17001600-1700 Atlantic slave trade grows dramatically Atlantic slave trade grows dramatically

under Spain and Portugal *1.3 million!under Spain and Portugal *1.3 million! 16901690 England increases Atlantic slave trade England increases Atlantic slave trade

18701870 Atlantic slave trade ends Atlantic slave trade ends

Was already an

established business in

Africa

Triangular Trade RouteTriangular Trade Routehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY

20% would die,

tossed overboard

Slavery in the AmericasSlavery in the Americas

ConditionsConditions– Horrible!Horrible!– Field, forests, rice Field, forests, rice

paddies, mines, housespaddies, mines, houses– Beatings, starvationBeatings, starvation– Lifelong and hereditaryLifelong and hereditary– Some masters okay, Some masters okay,

but others were ruthlessbut others were ruthless

Resistance, Rebellion, Resistance, Rebellion, and How to Copeand How to Cope– Keep African culture Keep African culture

alivealive– Stories, musicStories, music– Would be less Would be less

productive; sabotage productive; sabotage effortsefforts

– Ran awayRan away– Armed revolts/UprisingsArmed revolts/Uprisings

Consequences of Slave TradeConsequences of Slave Trade

In AfricaIn Africa– Lost generations of Lost generations of

peoplepeople– Families torn apartFamilies torn apart– Introduced guns, Introduced guns,

encouraged violence encouraged violence among African peoplesamong African peoples

In America (all)In America (all)– Contributed laborContributed labor– Assured some colonies Assured some colonies

would succeed and would succeed and prosperprosper

– Brought culture, which Brought culture, which mixed with natives + mixed with natives + EurosEuros

– Many nations today are Many nations today are predominantly African-predominantly African-AmericanAmerican

Section 4: The Columbian Exchange Section 4: The Columbian Exchange and Global Tradeand Global Trade

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, etc. from Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, etc. from Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New World Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New World (Americas)(Americas)– Not all good…not all bad.Not all good…not all bad.– Forever changed life for almost everyone on the whole Forever changed life for almost everyone on the whole

planet!planet!– Brought the extinction of many cultural groups of Native Brought the extinction of many cultural groups of Native

Americans.Americans. Most important (positive) exchanges?Most important (positive) exchanges?

– From East to West: livestock, bananas, wheatFrom East to West: livestock, bananas, wheat– From West to East: potato, cornFrom West to East: potato, corn

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4

Global tradeGlobal trade New sources of wealthNew sources of wealth Rise of capitalismRise of capitalism

– Economic system based on private ownership and Economic system based on private ownership and investment as a way to make moneyinvestment as a way to make money

– Profits! Reinvestment! Etc.Profits! Reinvestment! Etc.Increase in money supplyIncrease in money supplyInflationInflation

Joint-Stock CompaniesJoint-Stock Companies– Like a corporation—investors pool money (buy shares) in Like a corporation—investors pool money (buy shares) in

hopes of getting a profithopes of getting a profit– Reduces individual financial riskReduces individual financial risk– Popular way to “pay” for colonizationPopular way to “pay” for colonization

Mercantilism Mercantilism (boo! hiss!)(boo! hiss!)

““Colonies exist for the sole purpose of making Colonies exist for the sole purpose of making money for the mother country.”money for the mother country.”– Provides raw materialsProvides raw materials– Forced to buy finished products (but from factories Forced to buy finished products (but from factories

in mother country)in mother country) It’s good for the mother country, if:It’s good for the mother country, if:

– There’s lots of gold and silver, orThere’s lots of gold and silver, or– There’s a favorable balance of trade.There’s a favorable balance of trade.

Goal: Become self-sufficient (off of your Goal: Become self-sufficient (off of your colonies) to eliminate need for trade with other colonies) to eliminate need for trade with other “imperial powers”“imperial powers”

Spain

England