chapter 20 plumbing plans

461

I N T R O D U C T I O NThere are two classifications of piping: industrial and residen-tial. Industrial piping is used to carry liquids and gases used in the manufacture of products. Steel pipe with welded or threaded connections and fittings is used in heavy construction. Residential piping is called plumbing and carries fresh water, gas, or liquid and solid waste. The pipe used in plumbing is made of copper, plastic, galvanized steel, or cast iron.

Copper pipes have soldered joints and fittings and are used for carrying hot or cold water. Plastic pipes can have glued joints and fittings and are used for vents and for carrying fresh water or solid waste. Many con-tractors are replacing copper pipe with plastic piping for both hot and cold water. One example is a plastic pipe with the chemical name of polybutylene (PB), also known as poly pipe. Some concerns have been addressed about the strength and life expectancy of PB pipe in construction. Plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe has been used effectively for cold water installations. Corrosion-resistant plastic piping is available in a ther-moplastic with the chemical name postchlorinated poly-vinyl chloride (CPVC). Metal piping loses heat; CPVC pipe retains insulation and saves energy. CPVC piping lasts longer than copper pipe because it is corrosion-resistant, it maintains water purity even under severe conditions, and it does not cause condensation, as does copper. Plastic pipe is considered quieter than copper pipe, and it costs less to buy and install. Another plastic plumbing product, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, provides a flexible and durable plumbing system that can withstand high pressures and temperatures. It is also freeze-resistant because it expands and contracts to its original shape as needed to protect against freeze damage. Special fittings and tools are used for making connections when installing this product.

Steel pipe is used for large-distribution water piping and for natural gas installations. Steel pipe is joined by threaded joints and fittings or grooved joints. The steel pipe used for water is galvanized. Galvanized pipe is steel pipe that has been cleaned and dipped in a bath of

molten zinc. The steel pipe used for natural gas appli-cations is protected with a coat of varnish. This pipe is commonly referred to as black pipe because of its color. Steel pipe is strong, rugged, and fairly inexpensive. However, it is more expensive than plastic pipe, and labor costs for installation are generally higher because of the threaded joints.

Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) is also used for natural gas piping. CSST is a flexible piping system that is easier and less expensive to install than black pipe. This type of pipe comes in rolls that allow the plumbing contractor to run pipe through walls and under floors nearly as easily as electric wire. The flexible piping system is easy to cut with traditional pipe cutters and has easy-to-assemble fittings and fixtures.

Stainless steel piping is commonly used in chemical, pollution control, pharmaceutical, and food industries because of its resistance to corrosion. Stainless steel is also sometimes used for water piping in large institu-tional and commercial buildings.

Cast-iron pipe is commonly used to carry solid and liquid waste as the sewer pipe that connects a struc-ture with a local or regional sewer system. Cast-iron pipe can also be used for the drain system throughout the structure to help substantially reduce water flow noise in the pipes. It is more expensive than plastic pipe, but may be worth the price if a quiet plumbing system is desired.

Residential plans generally do not require a complete plumbing plan. The need for a complete plumbing plan should be verified with the local building code. In most cases, the plumbing requirements can be clearly provided on the floor plan in the form of symbols for fixtures and notes for specific applications or condi-tions. The plumbing fixtures are drawn in their proper locations on the floor plan at a scale of 1/4" = 1'–0" (1:50 metric). Other plumbing items to be added to the floor plan include floor drains, vent pipes, and sewer or water connections. Floor drains are shown in their approximate location, with a note identifying size, type, and slope to drain. Vent pipes are shown in the wall

CHAPTER 20Plumbing Plans

462 Architectural Drafting and Design

where they are to be located and labeled by size. Sewer and water service lines are located in relationship to the position in which these utilities enter the home. The service lines are commonly found on the site plan as described in Chapter 15. In the situation described here, where a very detailed plumbing layout is not provided, the plumbing contractor is required to install plumb-ing of a quality and in a manner that meets local code requirements and that is installed in an economical manner. Figure 20-1 shows plumbing fixture symbols in plan, frontal, and profile views.

PLUMBING TERMS AND DEFINITIONSTo understand the contents of this chapter, and to communicate effectively as an architectural designer or drafter, it is important for you to understand key plumbing terminology.

Cleanout: A fitting with a removable plug that is placed in plumbing drainage pipe lines to allow access for cleaning out the pipe.

Drain: Any pipe that carries wastewater in a building drainage system.

Fitting: A standard pipe part such as a coupling, elbow, reducer, tee, or union; used for joining together two or more sections of pipe.

Hose bibb: A faucet used to attach a hose.

Lavatory: A fixture designed for washing hands and face, usually found in a bathroom.

Main: The primary supply pipe, also called a water main or sewer main, depending on its purpose.

Plumbing fixture: A unit used to supply and contain water, and discharge waste. Examples of fixtures are sinks, lavatories, showers, tubs, and water closets.

Plumbing system: The plumbing system of a build-ing provides all the piping and fixtures and has these elements:

● Water supply pipes.

● Fixtures and fixture traps.

● Soil, waste, and vent pipes.

● Drain and sewer.● Stormwater drainage.

Plumbing wall: The walls in a building where plumb-ing pipes are installed.

Potable water: Drinking water, which is free from impurities.

Riser: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one story or more to carry water to fixtures.

Rough-in: Installation of the plumbing system before the installation of fixtures.

Run: The portion of a pipe or fitting continuing in a straight line in the direction of flow in which it is connected.

Sanitary sewer: A sewer that carries sewage without any storm, surface, or groundwater.

Sewer: A pipe, normally underground, that carries wastewater and refuse.

Soil pipe: A pipe that carries the discharge of water closets or other similar fixtures.

Soil stack: A vertical pipe that extends one or more floors and carries discharge of water closets and other similar fixtures.

Stack: A general term referring to any vertical pipe for soil waste or vent piping.

Storm sewer: A sewer used for carrying groundwater, rainwater, surface water, or other nonpolluting waste.

Trap: A U-shaped pipe below plumbing fixtures that holds water to prevent odor and sewer gas from entering the fixture.

Valve: A fitting that is used to control the flow of fluid or gas.

Vanity: A bathroom lavatory fixture that is freestand-ing or in a cabinet.

Vent pipe: The pipe installed to ventilate the building drainage system and to prevent drawing liquid out of traps and stopping back pressure.

Vent stack: See Stack.

Waste pipe: A pipe that carries only liquid waste free of fecal material.

Waste stack: A vertical pipe that runs one or more floors and carries the discharge of fixtures other than water closets and similar fixtures.

Water closet: A water-flushing plumbing fixture, such as a toilet, that is designed to receive and dis-charge human excrement. This term is sometimes used to mean the compartment where the fixture is located.

Water distributing pipe: A pipe that carries water from the service to the point of use.

Water heater: An appliance used for heating and storing hot water.

Water main: See Main.

Water meter: A device used to measure the amount of water that goes through the water service.

Water service: The pipe from the water main or other supply to the water-distributing pipes.

Chapter 20: Plumbing Plans 463

FIGURE 201 Common plumbing fixture symbols.

PLAN

WATER CLOSETS (WC, TOILETS)

BIDET (BD)

URINAL (U)

LAVATORY (LAV, BATH SINK)

FRONTAL

FLOOR OUTLET

WALL HUNG

TANK TYPE

INTEGRAL TANK

WALL HUNG TANK

STALL

WALL HUNG

PEDESTAL

WITH BACK

SLAB TYPE

PEDESTAL

PROFILE PLAN

SINK (S)

SHOWER (SH)

BATHTUB (B)

DISHWASHER (DW)

WATER HEATER (WH)

FRONTAL

IN CABINET

LAUNDRY TRAY (LT)

SAME SAME

DOUBLE LAUNDRY TRAY

SINGLE KITCHEN IN CABINET

DOUBLE KITCHENIN CABINET

SAME

PROFILE

DW

WH


SIZING OF PLUMBING PIPINGPlumbing must be large enough to allow fixtures to operate properly and for proper draining and vent-ing. The size of water supply piping is based on these conditions:

● Amount of water needed.

● Supply pressure.

● Pipe length.

● Number of stories to be supplied.

● Flow pressure needed at the farthest point from the source.

The size of drainage piping is based on standards established for the type of fixture and the average amount of waste that can be discharged through the fixture in a given amount of time. The size of vent pipes is based on the number of drainage fixture units that drain into the waste portion of the vent stack.

The following chart lists common minimum plumbing pipe sizes for residential installations. Pipe sizes are also given in the discussions and examples throughout this chapter. Actual plumbing pipe sizes should be confirmed with local, state, and national codes that apply to your area.

American National Standard taper pipe threadsare the standard thread used on pipes and pipe fittings. Depending on the intended function and materials

used, these threads are designed to provide pressure-tight joints. American pipe threads are measured by the nominal pipe size, which is the inside pipe diameter. For example, a 1/2" pipe size has an outside diameter of .840". Pipe threads are identified using a thread note such as 3/4-14NPT, where the 3/4 is the nominal inside diameter of the pipe, 14 is the number of threads per inch, and NPT stands for National Pipe Thread.

UNIVERSAL PLUMBING INSTALLATIONSPlumbing systems and fixtures can be designed to accommodate a variety of needs for people of all ages, and people with disabilities. Design considerations include the following:

Sinks. Sinks should be approximately 6" (150 mm) deep, and be easily reachable from a wheelchair. The cabinet below the sink can be recessed for easier access with a wheelchair. The drain can have an auxiliary control that is mounted in a close, conve-nient place on the countertop. More than one sink should be considered, allowing placement at different heights. Stainless steel sinks might be a consideration for durability. Bathroom sinks that are either ped-estal-based or wall-mounted can help provide easy access for wheelchairs. Wall-mounted sinks should

Minimum Fixture Trap and MinimumFixture or Pipe Size Water Size Drain Size Vent Size

Distributing pipe 3/4"

Bathroom group* 1/2"

Plus one or more fixtures 3/4"

Two fixtures 1/2"

Three fixtures 3/4"

Hose bibb 1/2"

Plus one or more fixtures 3/4"

Water closet (toilet) 3/8" 3" 2"

Bathtub 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

Shower 1/2" 2" 1 1/4"

Lavatory 3/8" 1 1/4" 1 1/4"

Kitchen sink 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

Laundry tray 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

Clothes washer 1/2" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

Bidet 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

Dishwasher 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 1/4"

*The typical bathroom group consists of a lavatory, tub with shower, and toilet.

465G O I N GG R E E N

Energy Conservation

INTRODUCTIONEnergy-conserving methods of construction can be applied to the plumbing installation. If such methods are used, they can be applied in the form of specific or general notes on detailed drawings or in construction specifications. Energy-conserving methods include:

Insulate all exposed hot water pipes. Cold water pipes • should be insulated in climates where freezing is a problem.Install water pipes in insulated spaces where possible.• Keep water pipes out of exterior walls where practical.• Place • thermosyphon traps in hot water pipes to reduce heat loss from excess hot water in the pipes. Thermosyphon is the general term for hot fluid rising and cool fluid falling.Locate the water heater in a heated space and • insulate it well.Select low-flow shower heads.• Use flow restrictors in faucets.• Completely caulk plumbing pipes where they pass • through the plates.Seal and cover drain penetrations in floors.• Seal all wall penetrations.•

HOT WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEMDepending on the distance from the hot water heater to a faucet or shower head, it can take up to a minute for hot water to reach the fixture. This time is spent running and wasting water. A hot water circulation pump can be used to circulate water through the main hot water line and the return-line back to the water heater to keep hot water in the main line and available to the fixtures

at all times. Water consumption is reduced, because hot water is available instantly when using a hot water circulation system. A timer, aquastat, or both can be used to control the pump operation. An aquastat is a device used in hydronic heating systems for controlling water temperature.

TANKLESS WATER HEATERTankless water heaters, also called instantaneous or demand water heaters, provide hot water only when needed. A tankless water heater heats water directly without the use of the storage tank found with traditional water heaters. Tankless water heaters avoid the standby heat losses associated with storage water heaters. Standby heat loss is the heat lost when water is heated and waiting for use. When a hot water faucet is turned on, cold water travels through a pipe to the fixture. In a tankless water heater, an electric element or a gas burner heats the water. As a result, tankless water heaters deliver a constant supply of hot water. Typically, tankless water heaters provide hot water at a rate of 2 to 5 gallons (7.6 to 15.2 liters) per minute. Smaller tankless water heaters cannot supply enough hot water for multiple uses at the same time, such as taking a shower and running a clothes washer. To overcome this problem, you can use two or more tankless water heaters connected in parallel, or install separate tankless water heaters for appliances, such as a clothes washer or dishwater that uses extra hot water. Tankless water heaters can also be used for hot water supply at an outdoor sink, a pool shower, a remote bathroom, or a spa. Tankless water heaters are also used as a booster, eliminating long pipe runs, for solar water heating systems, dishwashers, and sanitation.

have extra support. The height of the sink should be approximately 34" (860 mm) for convenient wheel-chair access. The water pipes should be concealed behind the sink. Single-lever or automatic faucets can be provided, which allow ease of operation and better reach. The faucets can be mounted to the side rather than in the back as with most installations. Gooseneck faucets allow for easier access than regular units. A sink can also be provided in the water closet compartment for convenience and privacy.

Water Closet. The water closet compartment should be designed to provide easy access and movement when a wheelchair is in use. A minimum of 42" (1070 mm) of clear space should be provided to the side of the toilet. A toilet designed for wheelchair

access should be wall-mounted and have an elon-gated bowl that is between 15" and 19" (380 to 480 mm) high. The toilet seat should be specified with a front opening. Some wheelchairs are designed for bathroom use and should be coordinated with the shower and toilet access. In some designs, a toilet inside the shower can be considered. Some home owners may want a toilet with warm water for wash-ing and a dryer, or a bidet for washing. The toilet flush lever should be specified on the access side and can have an extension for convenient use. Grab bars should be conveniently located at the sides.

Bathtubs. A bathtub can be specified with a height to match the wheelchair for easier access. Single-lever controls should be considered. A seat should


be designed into the length of the bathtub. This allows a person to transfer from a wheelchair to the seat before entering the tub. The tub should be at least 60" (1524 mm) long with a minimum 15" (380 mm) wide seat. The clear floor space in front of the tub should be 30" (760 mm) minimum. A slant at the back of the tub and on the seat allows for easier access to the tub and serves as a headrest. Select a bathtub or design a tub area that offers easy access and comfort, and has a slip-resistant bottom and handles for getting in and out. Grab bars should be conveniently located at the sides.

Showers. Showers are generally easier to access and use than bathtubs. The shower should be designed for wheelchair access by providing a minimum length and width of 60" × 30" (1524 × 760 mm). The shower should have rails and have a handheld faucet with temperature and surge controls to help main-tain a constant water temperature and flow rate. The shower should have a slight ramp for easy access and have a nonslip bottom. A shower should be designed with a convenient seat when the owner does not use a shower wheelchair. Shower controls should be carefully placed at the shower entrance. Controls can be specified that start the shower and maintain the temperature automatically. Grab bars should be conveniently located at the sides.

PLUMBING SCHEDULESPlumbing schedules are similar to door, window, and lighting fixture schedules. Schedules provide specific information regarding plumbing equipment, fixtures, and supplies. The information is condensed in a chart so the floor plan is not unnecessarily crowded. A plumbing fixture schedule can provide fixture type, manufacturer’s name, model number, and color columns. Figure 20-2 shows a typical plumbing fixture schedule.

Other schedules can include specific information regarding floor drains, water heaters, pumps, boilers, or radiators. These schedules generally key specific items to the floor plan with complete information describ-ing size, manufacturer, type, and other specifications as appropriate.

Description of Plumbing Fixtures and MaterialsMortgage lenders may require a complete description of materials for the structure. Part of the description often includes a plumbing section in which certain plumbing specifications are described, as shown in Table 20-1.

PLUMBING DRAWINGSPlumbing drawings are usually not on the same sheet as the complete floor plan. The only plumbing items shown on the floor plans are fixtures, as previously explained. The plumbing drawing is generally drawn separate from the floor plan, with the floor plan used as a base drawing. The base floor plan drawing is set up to display the plumbing symbols and piping layout, with specific plumbing layers used for CADD applications.

Plumbing drawings may be prepared by a drafter in an architectural office or in conjunction with a plumb-ing contractor. In some situations, when necessary, plumbing contractors or mechanical engineers create rough sketches, or use specialized CADD plumbing applications software. Plumbing drawings are made up of lines and symbols that show how liquids, gases, or solids are transported to various locations in the build-ing. Plumbing lines and features are drawn as thick as wall lines or thicker than wall lines, so they are clearly distinguishable. Lateral lines are commonly broken when they cross over other lines. Symbols identify types of pipes, fittings, valves, and other components of the system. Sizes and specifications are provided in local or general notes. Figure 20-3 shows some typical plumb-ing symbols. Abbreviations commonly used in plumb-ing drawings are shown in Table 20-2.

WATER SYSTEMSWater supply to a structure begins at a water meter for public systems or at a water storage tank for private well systems. The water supply to the home or business, known as the main line, is generally 1" plastic pipe. This size may vary in relation to the service needed. The plastic main line joins a plastic or copper line within a few feet of the building. The rest of the water system FIGURE 202 Plumbing fixture schedule.


piping is also plastic or copper pipe as described earlier in this chapter. The 1" main supply often changes to 3/4" pipe where a junction is made to distribute water to various specific locations. From the 3/4" distribu-tion lines, 1/2" pipe usually supplies water to specific

fixtures, such as the kitchen sink. Figure 20-4 shows a typical installation from the water meter of a house with distribution to a kitchen. The water meter loca-tion and main line representation are generally shown on the site plan. Verify local codes regarding the use of plastic pipe and the water meter location.

There is an advantage to placing plumbing fixtures back-to-back in a common plumbing wall when possi-ble. A common plumbing wall is a wall between rooms where plumbing fixtures are placed back-to-back. The common plumbing wall can require 2 × 6 (50 × 150 mm)stud framing for extra width to accommodate the piping. This practice saves materials and labor costs. Also, in designing a two-story building, placing plumbing fix-tures one above the other is economical. If the functional design of the floor plan clearly does not allow for such economy measures, then good judgment should be used in the placement of plumbing fixtures so the installation of the plumbing is physically possible. Figure 20-5 shows

PLUMBING

FIXTURE NUMBER LOCATION MAKE MANUFACTURER’S FIXTURE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SIZE COLOR

Sink

Lavatory

Water closet

Bathtub

Shower over tub�

Stall shower�

Laundry trays

� □ Curtain rod � □ Door □ Shower pan: material

Water Supply: □ public; □ community system; □ individual (private) system. ★

Sewage disposal: □ public; □ community system; □ individual (private) system. ★

❁ Show and describe individual system in complete detail in separate drawings and specifications according to requirements.

House drain (inside): □ cast iron; □ tile; □ other House sewer (outside): □ cast iron; □ tile; □ other

Water piping: □ galvanized steel; □ copper tubing; □ other Sill cocks, number

Domestic water heater: type ; make and model ; heating capacity

gph 100° rise. Storage tank: material ; capacity gallons.

Gas service: □ utility company; □ liq. pet. gas; other Gas piping: □ cooking: □ house heating.

Footing drains connected to : □ storm sewer; □ sanitary sewer; □ dry well Sump pump; make and model

; capacity ; discharges into

TABLE 201 Form for Description of Plumbing Materials.

CURRENT MCS

CW Cold water supply WC Water closet (toilet)HW Hot water supply LA Lavatory (bath sink)HWR Hot water return B BathtubHB Hose bibb S SinkCO Cleanout U UrinalDS Downspout SH ShowerRD Rain drain DF Drinking fountainFD Floor drain WH Water heaterSD Shower drain DW DishwasherCB Catch basin BD BidetMH Manhole GD Garbage disposalVTR Vent thru roof CW Clothes washer

TABLE 202 Some Typical Plumbing Abbreviations.


CWV

SDS

SW

ICW

DWS

F

G

T

M

FLANGED SCREWED BELLSPIGOT

WELDED SOLDERED

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

GATE VALVE CHECK VALVE

TEE DOWN ELBOW DOWN

TEE UP ELBOW UP

HOT WATER RETURN

HOT WATER SUPPLY

COLD WATER SUPPLY

VENT PIPE

SOIL WASTE PIPE

90° ELBOW 45° ELBOW

LATERAL TEE

UNION

REDUCER

TEMPERED WATER

GAS LINE

SPRINKLER LINE

FIRE SERVICE

CHILLED DRINKING WATER

SOFT COLD WATER

STORM DRAIN OR SEWER

COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT

INDUSTRIALIZED COLD WATEROR IHW, HOT WATER

COUPLING

WATER METER

FIGURE 203 Typical plumbing pipe symbols.

UNION

1" PVC

VALVE

METER

VALVE

1/2" HOT WATERLINE

WATER HEATER

3/4" COPPER

HB 3/8"

1/2" COLDWATERLINE

M

NOTE: PROVIDE SHUT-OFF VALVESAT ALL FIXTURES HOT AND COLD

METER TO BE INSIDEIN COLD CLIMATESCHECK WITH LOCAL CODES

DW

DW

FIGURE 204 Partial water supply system.

NOTE: PROVIDE VALVES ONHOT AND COLD FOR ALLFIXTURES

FIGURE 205 Common plumbing wall with back-to-back bathrooms.


a back-to-back bath design. If the design allows, another common installation can be a bath and laundry room next to each other, to provide a common plumbing wall (see Figure 20-6). If a specific water temperature is required, that specification can be applied to the hot water line, as shown in Figure 20-7.

Water HeatersWater heaters should be placed on a platform with an overflow tray. Water heaters with nonrigid water con-nections and those over 4" (1200 mm) in height must be anchored or strapped to the building. If the water heater is located in the garage, it should be protected from impact by automobiles with a steel pipe placed in front and embedded in concrete. Fuel-combustion water heaters cannot be installed in sleeping rooms, bathrooms, clothes closets, or closets or other confined spaces opening into a bedroom or bathroom.

Recommended water heater sizes vary, depending on the number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, and type of water heater, such as electric, gas, or oil-fired. Size specifications for water heaters can also vary, depending on the fuel type and manufacturer, but the following chart gives some basic size guidelines:

WD

NOTE: PROVIDE VALVES ONHOT AND COLD FOR ALLFIXTURES

FIGURE 206 Common plumbing wall with a bath and laundry room back-to-back.

120°

FIGURE 207 Hot water temperature.

Hose BibbsHose bibbs are faucets used to attach a hose. Outside hose bibbs require a separate valve that allows the owner to turn off the water to the hose bibb during freezing weather. The separate valve must be located inside a heated area and is generally under a cabinetwhere a sink is located, such as in the kitchen or bath-room. This provides easy access to the valve. Frost-proofhose bibbs do not require a separate inside valve, but

the stem must extend through the building insulation into an open heated or semi-conditioned space to avoid freezing.

DRAINAGE AND VENT SYSTEMSThe drainage system provides for the distribution of solid and liquid waste to the sewer line. Drainage pipes are required to have a minimum slope of 1/4" per foot (6 mm per 300 mm). The vent system allows for a

Water Heater Size (gallons)Number of Number of Bathrooms Bedrooms Gas Oil Electric

1 to 1 1/2 1 20 30 20

2 30 30 30

3 30 30 40

2 to 2 1/2 2 30 30 40

3 40 30 50

4 40 30 50

5 50 30 66

3 to 3 1/2 3 40 30 50

4 50 30 66

5 50 30 66

6 50 40 80


continuous flow of air through the system so that gases and odors can dissipate and bacteria do not have an opportunity to develop. The vent system also protects drawing liquid out of the traps and stops back pres-sure. These pipes throughout the house are generally made of PVC plastic, although the pipe from the house to the concrete sewer pipe is commonly 3" or 4" cast iron. Drainage and vent systems, like water systems, are drawn with thick lines using symbols, abbreviations, and notes. Figure 20-8 shows a sample drainage vent system. Figure 20-9 shows a house plumbing plan.

ISOMETRIC PLUMBING DRAWINGSIsometric drawings can be used to provide a three-dimensional representation of a plumbing layout, sometimes called a plumbing riser diagram. Especially FIGURE 208 Drainage and vent drawing.

WH

HB

HBC.O.

4" C.I.

3" PVC

3/4"

1" PVC

METER

1/2"

M

NOTE: METER TO BEINSIDE IN COLDCLIMATES (CHECKWITH LOCAL CODES)

FIGURE 209 Single-line isometric drawing of a drainage and vent system.


for a two-story structure, an isometric drawing pro-vides an easy-to-understand pictorial representation. Figure 20-10 is an isometric drawing of the system shown in plan view in Figure 20-8. Figure 20-11 shows a detailed isometric drawing of a typical drain, waste, and vent system. Figure 20-12 shows a single-line isometric drawing of the detailed isometric draw-ing in Figure 20-11. Figure 20-13 shows a detailed isometric drawing of a hot and cold water supply system. Figure 20-14 shows a single-line isometric drawing of that same system.

AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMSBased on the acceptance of the 2009 International Resi-dential Code (IRC) automatic fire sprinkler systemsthat meet Section P2904 of the International Plumbing Code (IPC) are required for all new townhouse con-struction. A townhouse, also called a townhome, is one of a row of homes sharing common walls. Generally, the difference between a townhouse and a condo-minium is that townhouse ownership usually includes

4"

VTR

TUB 2" CO

LAV.

1 1/2"

1 1/4"

W.C.

4"3"

FIGURE 2010 Residential plumbing plan.

ROOF VENT

VENT FLASHING

VENT LOOP VANITY

VENT LOOP

VENT

TO CITY SEWER

3" COPPER PIPE

WASHERSTAND PIPE

CLEANOUT

DRAIN

VENT

FIGURE 2011 Detailed isometric drawing of drain, waste, and vent system.

3" STACK

ROOFLINE

LAVWC

3" TUB

3"

LAV

SINKS

W

11/2" VENT

11/2" VENT 11/2"

11/2"

11/2"11/2"

C.O.

3" TO STREET

WC

FIGURE 2012 Single-line isometric drawing of drain, waste, and vent system.


individual ownership of the land. A sprinkler system is not required to additions or alterations made to existing townhomes. As part of the 2009 IRC, effective January 1, 2009, automatic residential fire sprinklers must be installed in all new one- and two-family dwell-ings. The fire sprinkler systems must be installed to meet Section P2904 of the IPC or NFPA13D (National Fire Protection Association).

SEWAGE DISPOSALA sanitary sewer system is a system of underground pipes designed for the collection and transfer of waste-water from domestic residences, businesses, and indus-tries to a wastewater treatment plant, or private sewage treatment such as a septic tank or cesspool. The domes-tic sewage is from the bathroom, kitchen, and laundry drains. Sanitary sewers are usually not designed to handle stormwater. Stormwater is carried in a separate stormwater system. Septic tanks are used primarily for individual residences outside of public sewage districts. A septic tank is an on-site treatment system for domes-tic sewage, in which the sewage is held to go through a process of liquefaction and decomposition by bacterial organisms. The flow continues to be safely disposed in a subsurface facility such as a tile field, leaching pools, or buried sand filter. A cesspool is a cistern that receives untreated sewage that goes through a process of lique-faction and decomposition by bacterial organisms. The flow continues through an open bottom and perforated sides into porous soil.

Public SewersPublic sewers are available in and near most cities and towns. Public sewers are generally located under the street or an easement next to the construction site. In some situations the sewer line may have to be extended to accommodate the addition of another home or business in a newly developed area. The cost of this extension may be the responsibility of the developer. Usually the public sewer line is under the street, so the new construction has a line from the structure to the sewer. The cost of this con-struction usually includes installation, street repair, sewer tap, and permit fees. Figure 20-16 shows a sewer connec-tion and the plan view usually found on the site plan.

Private Sewage Disposal: A Septic SystemA septic system consists of a storage tank and an absorption field and operates as follows. Solid and liquid waste enters the septic tank, where it is stored and begins to decompose into sludge. Liquid material, or effluent, flows from the tank outlet and is dispersed into a soil absorption field, or drain field (also known as leach lines). When the solid waste has effectively decomposed, it also dissipates into the soil absorption field. The owner should use a recommended chemical to work as a catalyst for complete decomposition of solid waste. Septic tanks can become overloaded in a period of up to 10 years and may require pumping.

STOP VALVE

STOP VALVEHOSE BIBB

RELIEFVALVE

WATERHEATER

DRAIN

AIRCHAMBERS

SHUT-OFFVALVE

WASHINGMACHINE

WATERMETER

FROMWATER SUPPLY

COLD WATERHOT WATER

AIR CHAMBERS

MAINSHUT-OFFVALVE

AIRCHAMBERS

FIGURE 2013 Detailed isometric drawing of a hot and cold water system.

HW

FIGURE 2014 Single-line isometric drawing of a hot and cold water system.


Solar hot water collectors are available for new or existing residential, commercial, or industrial installations. Solar collectors can be located on a roof, on a wall, or on the ground near the building. Figure 20-15 shows a typical application of solar collectors. Solar systems vary in efficiency. The number of collectors needed to provide heat to a home depends on the size of the home and the volume of heat needed.

The flat-plate collector is the heart of a solar system. Its main parts are the transparent glass cover, absorber plate, flow tubes, and insulated enclosure. Piping and wiring drawings for a complete solar hot water heating system are available through the manufacturer.

Solar Hot Water

The characteristics of the soil must be verified for suitability for a septic system by a soil feasibility test, also known as a percolation test. This test, performed by a soil scientist or someone from the local govern-ment, determines if the soil will accommodate a septic system. The test should also identify certain specifi-cations that should be followed for installation. The

Veterans Administration (VA) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) require a minimum of 240' of field line, or more if the soil feasibility test shows it is necessary. Verify these dimensions with local building officials. When the soil characteristics do not allow a conventional system, there are some alternatives such as a sand filter system, which filters the effluent through

FIGURE 2015 Typical application of solar hot water collectors. Courtesy Lennox Industries, Inc.

CLEAN OUT (CO)

3" OR 4" PLASTIC (PVC)OR CAST IRON (CI)

3" OR 4"CASTIRON

SECTION VIEW

4" CONCRETE PIPEPUBLICSEWERMAIN

CONCRETE"Y" TAP

CURB

MAINFLOOR

THRUFOUNDATIONWALL

STREET

STR

UC

TURE

PLAN VIEW

LSTR

EET

C

MH

SSSSSSSSS

FIGURE 2016 Public sewer system.


a specially designed sand filter before it enters the soil absorption field. Check with your local code officials before calling for such a system. Figure 20-17 shows a typical serial septic system. The serial system allows for one drain field line to fill before the next line is used. The drain field lines must be level and must follow the contour of the land perpendicular to the slope. The drain field should be at least 100' from a water well, but verify the distance with local codes. There is usually no minimum distance to a public water supply. A septic system generally has gravity feed of solid and liquid waste to the septic tank. However, if gravity feed is not possible a pump system can be installed. The pump system has a chamber with an automatic pump that receives waste from the home and sends it to the septic tank located at a higher elevation.

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMSFire sprinkler systems are commonly used in commer-cial buildings, and are becoming a consideration in resi-dential design. In some cases, residential fire sprinkler systems are required. The requirement is determined by the local governing agency, and may be determined by the square footage or location. Some remote loca-tions require fire sprinkler systems due to the logistics for fighting a fire. Even if a fire sprinkler system is not required, it should be a consideration when design-ing a home. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), properly installed and maintained automatic fire sprinkler systems help save lives. Because fire sprinkler systems react so quickly, they can dramati-cally reduce the heat, flames, and smoke produced in a fire. Some of the advantages of an automated home fire sprinkler system are:

● Losses are 90% lower than can be expected from a home fire without a sprinkler system.

● Fire sprinkler systems provide added security.

● Each sprinkler is individually activated by heat. A single sprinkler controls 90% of all fires.

● A fire can easily spread throughout the home without a fire sprinkler system, and traditional firefighting generally takes over eight times the amount of water to fight a fire when compared to a home protected with a fire sprinkler system.

Fire sprinklers activate by a water plug that releases water when the heat reaches a certain temperature. Designers and architects can create a fire sprinkler system design, or send a base floor plan drawing to a fire sprinkler consultant or a qualified plumbing contractor to complete the design. Some plumbing contractors are able to design and install fire sprinkler systems; however, a fire sprinkler specialist is used in most locations.

METRICS IN PLUMBINGPipe is made of a wide variety of materials identified by trade names, with nominal sizes related only loosely to actual dimensions. For example, a 2" galvanized pipe has an inside diameter of about 2 1/8" but is called 2" pipe for convenience. Because few pipe products have even inch dimensions that match their specifications, there is no reason to establish even metric sizes. Metric values established by the International Organization for Standardization relate nominal pipe sizes (NPS) in inches to metric equivalents, referred to as diameter nominal (DN). The following equivalents relate to all plumbing, natural gas, heating, oil, drainage, and miscellaneous piping used in buildings and civil engineering projects:

CLEAN OUT (CO)

3" OR 4"PLASTIC (PVC)OR CAST IRON (CI)

INLET

SECTION VIEW

DISTRIBUTIONBOX

PERFORATEDPIPE

GRAVELSLOPE

2"/100'

SLUDGE

STEEL OR CONCRETE TANK

TANK COVEREFFLUENT

MAINFLOOR

OUTLET

12

5' M

AX

10'

STR

UC

TURE

LSTR

EET

C

10'

1000 GAL.SEPTIC TANK

5' MIN.

PLAN VIEW

FIGURE 2017 Septic sewer system.


on 1/2" pipe reads 1/2–14NPT, where 14 is threads per inch. The metric conversion affects only the nominal pipe size—1/2 in this case. The conversion of the 1/2–14NPT pipe thread to metric is DN15–14NPT.

ADDING PLUMBING INFORMATION TO THE FLOOR PLANMost residential floor plan drawings prepared by the architect or designer place the plumbing symbols and notes with all other floor plan content. Plumbing sym-bols such as the sinks and water closets aid in reading and understanding the drawing. Plumbing notes are generally minimal. The plumbing symbols and notes can also be placed on a separate drawing. Figure 20-18 shows the base floor plan drawing with the plumbing symbols and notes displayed in color.

COMMERCIAL PLUMBING DRAWINGSIn most cases, plumbing drawings are found as an individual component of the complete set of plans for a commercial building. The architect or mechanical engineer prepares the plumbing drawings over the base floor plan. This method keeps the drawing clear of any unwanted information and makes it easier for the plumbing contractor to read the print. An example is shown in Figure 20-19. Notice the floor plan outline

HB

HB

HB

DW GD

D

W

LT

UP

14

R

32

" RAIL

DN 1

4 R

FIGURE 2018 Base floor plan with plumbing layer shown in color.

NPS (IN.) DN (MM) NPS (IN.) DN (MM)

1/8 6 8 200

3/16 7 10 250

1/4 8 12 300

3/8 10 14 350

1/2 15 16 400

5/8 20 20 450

3/4 20 20 500

1 25 24 600

1 1/4 32 28 700

1 1/2 40 30 750

2 50 42 800

2 1/2 65 36 900

3 80 40 1000

3 1/2 90 44 1100

4 100 48 1200

4 1/2 115 52 1300

5 125 56 1400

6 150 60 1500

In giving a metric pipe size, it is recommended that DN precede the metric value. For example, the conver-sion of a 2 1/2" pipe to metric is DN65.

Standard threads for thread pipe are given in the National Standard Taper Pipe Threads (NPT). The thread

476 A

rchitectural Drafting and D

esign

FIGURE 2019 Architectural floor plan with the plumbing layout shown on a color CADD layer. Courtesy System Design Consultants.


with unnecessary detail and information has been omit-ted. The plumbing plan shown in color is the only other information provided. As you can see by this example, the plumbing drawing can be fairly complex.

Common Commercial Plumbing SymbolsDisplaying the fixture is the most important aspect of a residential plumbing drawing. The actual piping is usually left off the residential floor plan. Commercial plumbing drawings are different, because they must clearly show the pipe lines and fittings as symbols, with related information given in specific and general notes. Some common plumbing symbols are shown in Figure 20-20. A variety of valve symbols can be used in a plumbing drawing. For example, a valve is a device used to regulate the flow of a gas or liquid. The symbols for common valves are shown in Figure 20-21. The direction in which the pipe is running is also important

to plumbing drawings. When a pipe is rising, the end of the pipe is shown as if it is cut through, and the inside is crosshatched with section lines. When a pipe is turned down, or running away from you, the symbol

GD LSTCDW

S&PCLOSET

PANTR

Y UP 1'-2"

UP 1'-6"

UP 1'-6"

DN 7 1/2"

DN 7 1/2"

FAMILY17'-0" X 11'-5" DINING

17'-4" X 11'-5"

UTILITY9'-5" X 7'-1"

SHOP12'-6" X 11'-5"

GARAGE22'-5" X 23'-4"

KITCHEN12'-9" X 15'-4"

ENTRY

BATH

COVERED PORCH

LIVING12'-11" X 15'-4"

MAIN FLOOR PLUMBINGSCALE: 1/4" = 1'-0"

UP

14

R

HB

HB

HB

FIGURE 2020 Some common plumbing symbols, a schedule, and general notes. Courtesy System Design Consultants.

SYMBOL SYMBOL NAME

GATE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

RELIEF VALVE

FIGURE 2021 Common valve symbols.


PIPE FITTING FITTING SYMBOL

PIPERISING

90° ELBOW

SIDEVIEW

PIPETURNING

DOWN

LATERAL

45° ELBOW

TEE

CROSS

UNION

REDUCER

CAP

FIGURE 2022 Several common piping symbols in side view, in a rising pipe view, and in a view with the pipe turning down.

BOP EL. 24'-6"

C EL. 23'-8" L

1 1/2"

1 1/2"

FIGURE 2023 Specifying the pipe size and elevation.

appears as if you are looking at the outside of the pipe. Figure 20-22 shows several common symbols in side view, in a rising pipe view, and in a view with the pipe turning down.

Pipe Size and Elevation Shown on the DrawingThe size of the pipe can be shown with a leader and a note, or with an area of the pipe expanded to provide room for the size to be given, as shown in Figure 20-23.

Some plumbing installations provide the eleva-tion of a run of pipe or the elevation of a pipe fixture when a specific location is required. Elevation is the height of a feature from a known base, which is usually given as 0 (zero elevation). The elevation of a pipe or fitting is given in feet and inches from the base. For example, EL 24'–6", where EL is the abbreviation for elevation and 24'–6" is the height from the zero-elevation base reference. Elevation can be noted on the drawing in relationship to a

construction member such as TOC (top of concrete) or TOS (top of steel). Elevation can also be related to a location on the pipe, such as BOP (bottom of pipe) or CL (center line of pipe).

Special Symbols, Schedules, and Notes on a Plumbing DrawingAs with any other drawing, plumbing information can be provided in the form of special symbols, schedules, and general notes. Figure 20-20 shows special symbols in a legend, and an example of a plumbing connection schedule and general notes. Architectural and mechani-cal engineering offices often place a legend on the draw-ing for reference. The legend displays and identifies symbols used on the drawing. The legend and many general notes are often saved as a block for insertion in any drawing when needed.

PLUMBING PLAN DRAWING CHECKLISTCheck off the items in the following plumbing

plan checklist as you work on the plumbing plan to be sure you included all of the necessary items.

❑ Sinks: Kitchen sink, laundry tray, and vanity sinks.

❑ Dishwasher.

❑ Clothes washer.


In residential architecture, plumbing drawings usually involve placing symbols such as sinks, water closets, and tubs on the floor plan. With commercial architecture applications, a separate plumbing drawing shows the complete plumbing layout with symbols and pipes in relation to the floor plans. Generally, a floor plan is used as a base drawing, and then piping lines and symbols are drawn over the plan. This creates a composite plumbing sheet in the construction documents.

Many companies show two separate drawings for commercial projects. One drawing is a floor plan completely dimensioned, and the other drawing is a floor plan with walls, doors, windows, and the plumbing layout. Figure 20-24 shows an example plumbing plan for a waste treatment plant. For single-family residence projects, a plumbing diagram showing supply and waste lines is generally not required.

The various CADD programs include menus, palettes, dialog boxes, and libraries with symbols for use in plumbing applications. Typically, you select the desired symbol from a menu or palette and then drag or insert the

symbol into position on the drawing. The use of parametric programs plays an important role in applications as entire supply and wastewater piping systems can be generated by automatically adjusting pipe fittings and valves, and specifying pipe sizes. Parametric tools can also be used by architects when designing multiple water closet stalls in a commercial building restroom, for example. The distance between walls or the width of each stall, the number of stalls, the stall length, and the door-swing direction are specified; then the program automatically draws the entire series of restroom stalls.

AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, and AutoCAD MEP have a powerful drafting information manager called DesignCenter. Several symbol libraries are available as drawing (.dwg) files within these programs. Also included are a number of different files containing architectural plumbing symbols and piping symbols such as those for valves and fittings. These symbols can be accessed in DesignCenter and dragged and dropped into your drawing. Figure 20-25 displays an example of the DesignCenter with some piping content.

Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD

CADD APPLICATIONS

WASTEWWTREATMENT

RET. WALL

1)Fill line2)Lime3)Ferric

4)Filter Press pumps feedff

1)Liquids2)Powder3)Filter Press #14)DE Slurry5)Aerosol6)Filter Press sump7)Filter Press #2

1)Micro Filters2)Lime(4" conduit)3)Ferric(1"PVC)4)Fill Line (3"PVC ins.)5)Decant6)Micro Filters

Blower line

Over Flow

EQPPump Fill

LIME

FERRIC CHLC C OR.

SOLIDSFILTER PRESSLL

1)Blower2)Aerosol3)Powders4)Liquids5)Filter Press sump6)Acid7)Recirc.

NEW EQ

OLD EQ

SOLIDSHOLDING

FILTERSLLTANKTT

CLAR.

FT 2

FT 1

1)Filter Press #12)Lime conduit3)Ferric4)Fill5)Micro Filters

Fill Line

Filter Press1 & 2NIS-

-

Micro c Filters

Blower

Blower 2 on ea. pump

5 control valves

Water

Caustic Bleachc

Acid

PuP mp ShedSh dSh d

1)Fill line/Solids holding from eq.2)Solids holding deca3)Clarifier

5)Solids fill line

nt/recirc.

PVC Valve

Control Panels&

Disconne &

cts

Platform

below platformto pressurizeplate lines.

ControorotrolPanelsls

Decking

Filter Plates

From water tank

90 dayhaz. wast

ye

acc. area

to solids holding

D.E. hopper

D.E. feed tank

RAMP

Water feed hoses to bottom of ff

feed pumpff

FP 2

FP 1

FIGURE 2024 Example of a plumbing plan for a waste treatment plant. Courtesy Ron Palma, 3D-DZYN.


The Autodesk, Inc., products Revit and Revit MEP are examples of programs that can be used when creating a parametric model. These types of programs apply smart symbols that are used in the model as in the examples noted previously.

As drawings are created for plumbing and piping plans, the information is grouped together for ease of management. Depending on the CADD application, plumbing layers or model groups can be created to sort and manage the graphics. According to the American Institute of Architects (AIA), these layers have a P designation representing the Architectural Engineering or Construction (AEC) discipline that created the plumbing or piping documents. The P designates the plumbing discipline, followed by a four-letter abbreviation for the major layer description. The following list provides a few of the recommended layer names for CADD geometry: ■

Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD (Continued)

CADD APPLICATIONS

Layer Name Layer Description

P-ACID Acid, alkaline, and oil waste systems

P-DETL Plumbing details

P-DOMW Domestic hot and cold water systems

P-ELEV Plumbing elevations

P-EQPM Miscellaneous plumbing equipment

P-FIXT Plumbing fixtures

P-PPLM Plumbing plan

P-SANR Sanitary drainage

P-SCHD Plumbing schedules

P-SECT Plumbing sections

P-STRM Storm drainage system

FIGURE 2025 AutoCAD’s DesignCenter is a symbol manager that can be used to import plumbing symbols into your drawings.


The content for this Going Green feature is taken in part from Mascord Efficient Living, Building a Sustainable Lifestyle.

INTRODUCTIONHaving a continuous supply of fresh, clean water is a worldwide need. Other than using water for irrigation, the majority of the water used in the home is indoors. Paying careful attention to the systems we use to deliver potable water can aid in efforts to be efficient without impacting lifestyles.

EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS An efficient water distribution system minimizes plumbing requirements between the water source and destination. Design considerations include centrally located water heat sources, water need areas close together, and central manifold or recirculating plumbing systems. These design options reduce the time needed for hot water to appear at the faucet, the amount of water wasted waiting for hot water, and the amount of energy lost in transition.

REDUCING WATER LEAKS Surprisingly, leaks can be a significant portion of indoor water use. According to a study conducted by the American Water Works Association (AWWA), leaks make up about 14% of all indoor water use. Fixing leaks is an easy and highly effective way to save water. Check your utility bill to see if your water consumption seems realistic. If water use is high, you may have a leak. One of the most common leaks is found in the toilet. A faulty flapper can cause water loss even if there are no visible sign of water leaking from the tank to the bowl. To check for a faulty flapper, pour food coloring into the tank and wait a couple of hours to see if the water in the bowl changes color. If it does, you have a leak and need to change the flapper.

REDUCING WATER CONSUMPTIONAfter checking that your plumbing distribution system is effective and that there are no leaks, the primary way to reduce indoor water consumption is to select efficient faucets and appliances. Selecting low-flow sink faucets and shower heads, and installing efficient toilets can reduce indoor water use by 30% to 40%. Dual-flush toilets allow occupants to select a suitable amount of water for the task. Low-flow shower heads are available that reduce the amount of water consumed

while maintaining a desired comfort level and adequate flow. Reducing the amount of hot water used in the shower also leads to significant energy savings. Low-flow shower heads alone can save 300 pounds of CO2 per year for electrically heated water, or 80 pounds for gas-heated water. For household chores, make sure you select Energy Star–rated appliances that promote water efficiency.

WATER COLLECTION AND REUSEAfter you have reduced your consumption of water as much as possible, the next step is to modify the source of water. This means acquiring an alternate source of water, which can be accomplished in these ways:

Collecting rainwater, which is called • rainwater harvesting.Reusing indoor wash water, called gray water. •

Rainwater HarvestingRainwater harvesting is the capture of rainwater from the roofs of residential buildings. Harvested rainwater can be used for indoor needs and irrigation. Rainwater harvesting systems can be as simple as a barrel on the end of a downspout that collects water for lawn and garden irrigation. Systems can also be as involved as collection tanks above- or below-ground that store runoff from rooftops and other collection surfaces and filter the water before directing it indoors for use with your washing machine, dishwasher, or toilets. More complex systems additionally incorporate filtration elements to make harvested water potable.

When collecting rainwater for use indoors, make sure you follow the guidelines set by the local building department. Some municipalities rely on the water in your toilet tank as an emergency drinking source and require it to be potable.

Gray WaterRecycling gray water can be an effective way to save water and help protect the environment. Gray water is the wastewater from sources such as baths, basins, sinks, washing machines, and dishwashers; contains no human waste; and is considered to be only mildly dirty. Redirecting gray water to a storage tank makes it available for use outdoors. However, avoid using untreated, detergent-filled water on your vegetable garden. Consider using eco-friendly cleaning materials, soaps, and detergents when using a gray water system for irrigation. Using compatible systems help keep you and the environment safe and healthy.

Indoor Water Use

482 G O I N GG R E E N

STORMWATER MANAGEMENTWith increased population and urban expansion, older stormwater sewer systems are often flooded with water during and after a heavy rainfall. When city-wide sewer systems flood, sewers quickly reach maximum capacity and can overflow and cause flooding with human waste and contaminated water. Stormwater management systems can help reduce the possibility of city storm sewer overflow during heavy rainfall.

Pervious SurfacesRainwater runoff from driveways and walkways can be a big source of runoff. These surfaces are generally made out of impervious materials such as concrete or mortared stonework. To prevent runoff from hard surfaces, many products have been developed to be pervious to water while also retaining the original surface so that it continues to be suitable for driving and walking. Appropriately installed paving stones can be used to allow water to soak into the ground between stone sections, or special concrete mixes can be used to provide a path for water through the material. Figure 20-26 shows pervious surfaces

Indoor Water Use (Continued)

FIGURE 2026 Pervious surfaces to allow rainwater to be absorbed into the ground rather than runoff. A planter is also used to collect rainwater. Courtesy Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc. Photography by Bob Greenspan.

FIGURE 2027 A planter used in formal landscaping. Incor-porating features from both vegetative swales and rain gardens, planters are a popular way of slowing down rainwater before it enters a sewer system. Courtesy Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc.

designed to allow rainwater to be absorbed into the ground rather than runoff.

Vegetative SwalesA swale is a trough or trench that is dug and filled with drainage material and plant life to slowly absorb rainwater into the ground during and after a heavy rainfall. Water can also be moved from one location to another by installing a perforated pipe at the bottom of the trench. Using a swale on your site reduces the impact on stormwater systems.

Rain GardensRain gardens are designed to collect rainwater and let the ground absorb it slowly. Rain gardens displace the rain by using it in appropriate areas within the landscaping. Rain gardens can have water features, such as ponds with plants that incorporate ornamental features, or even original sculptures.

PlantersPlanters can add a botanical element to your landscape while managing stormwater. Figure 20-26 and Figure 20-27 show planters used in formal landscaping. Incorporating features from both vegetative swales and rain gardens, planters are a popular way of slowing down rainwater before it enters a sewer system.


The following Web sites can be used as a resource to help you research available products and floor plan design options.

These Web site links are also provided on the Student CD where you can select a link and go automatically to the specified Web site.

Company, Product, Address or Servicewww.kitchenaid.com Appliances

www.aquaglass.com Bath fixtures

www.uponor-usa.com Cross-linked polyethylene plumbing systems

www.nibco.com Flow controls

www.caddepot.com For use in assembling symbol libraries

www.catalog.com For use in assembling symbol libraries

www.homefiresprinkler.org Home Fire Sprinkler Coalition

www.nfpa.org National Fire Protection Association

www.flowguardgold.com Pipe and pipe fittingswww.americanstandard.com Plumbing fixtureswww.homedepot.com Plumbing fixtureswww.kohler.com Plumbing fixtureswww.lowes.com Plumbing fixtures

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES See CD for more information

Plumbing Plans Test

QUESTIONS

See CDfor more

information

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions with short, com-plete statements or drawings as needed on an 8 1/2" × 11" sheet of notebook paper, or complete the electronic chapter test on the Student CD.

1. Letter your name, Chapter 20 Test, and the date at the top of the sheet.

2. Letter the question number and provide the answer. You do not need to write the question. Answers can be

prepared on a word processor if approved by your course guidelines.

Question 20–1 Floor plan plumbing symbols are generally drawn at what scale?

Question 20–2 Identify at least four methods that can contribute to energy-efficient plumbing.

❑ Garbage disposal.

❑ Toilets (bidet and urinal when used).

❑ Hose bibbs.

❑ Plumbing schedules completed as needed.

❑ All specific notes reviewed.

❑ General notes reviewed.

❑ Drawing title and scale.

❑ Title block information.

The following items are part of the water supply system checklist:

❑ Proper symbols used.

❑ All pipe sizes specified.

❑ Waterline from main with valve, meter, valve union to a house or building.

❑ Hot water line.

❑ Cold water line.

❑ All valves shown.

❑ Break lines that cross over other lines.

The following items are for the drainage and vent system checklist:

❑ All pipe sizes specified.

❑ Drainage and vent lines drawn.

❑ Fixtures labeled or symbols shown.

www.kitchenaid.com

www.aquaglass.com

www.uponor-usa.com

www.nibco.com

www.caddepot.com

www.catalog.com

www.homefiresprinkler.org

www.nfpa.org

www.flowguardgold.com

www.americanstandard.com

www.homedepot.com

www.kohler.com

www.lowes.com


Question 20–3 Define the following plumbing abbreviations:

a. CO

b. FD

c. VTR

d. WC

e. WH

f. SH

Question 20–4 What information is required on a plumbing schedule?

Question 20–5 Are plumbing drawings required by all contractors? Why or why not?

Question 20–6 List at least one advantage and one disadvantage of solar hot water systems.

Question 20–7 Briefly explain how public sewer and private septic systems differ.

Question 20–8 What is the name for steel pipe that has been cleaned and dipped in molten zinc?

Question 20–9 Give the name of a steel pipe, protected with a coat of varnish, that is used for natural gas.

Question 20–10 Briefly describe CSST.

Question 20–11 Why is stainless steel pipe often used in chemical, pollution control, pharmaceutical, and food industries?

Question 20–12 Define soil pipe.

Question 20–13 Give the proper term for a vented fitting that provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of sewer gases without affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater.

Question 20–14 Define vent pipe.

Question 20–15 List at least four factors that influence the sizing of water supply pipes.

PROBLEMS

Problem 20–1 Draw the following plumbing fixture symbols in plan view:

a. Water closet

b. Bathtub 5'–0" long × 2'–6" wide

c. Shower 3'–0" × 3'–0"

d. Urinal

Problem 20–2 Draw the following plumbing piping symbols:

a. Hot water supply

b. Cold water supply

c. Soil waste pipe

d. Gate valve

e. 90° elbow

f. Tee

Problem 20–3 Make a single-line isometric drawing of a typical kitchen sink piping diagram.

Problem 20–4 Make a single-line isometric drawing of a typical drain, waste, and vent system.

Problem 20–5 Make a floor plan plumbing drawing of a typical back-to-back bath arrangement.

Problem 20–6 Draw a partial single-line water supply system (see Figure 20-6).

Problem 20–7 Draw a typical bathroom drainage and vent system (see Figure 20-10).

Problem 20–8 Continue the floor plan or floor plans that you started in Chapter 18 by adding any additional symbols and notes related to the plumbing, such as hose bibbs, clothes washer, laundry trays, sinks, and water heater.

chapter 20 plumbing plans

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