chapter 2 origins and development of law enforcement
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2
Origins and Development of Law
Enforcement
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Introduction
Development of formal policing systems
Changes when Industrial Revolution
arrived
Emergence of modern professional
police
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Early Origins of Social Control
Lex Talionis
Code of Hammurabi
Vigiles (Vigilante)
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.4
Development of Formal Policing
2200 BC Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon
1340 BC Nile River Police established in Egypt 510 BC Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court 27 BC Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus 400-800 Law enforcement in England is based on traditional
notions of individual justice and punishment 899 System of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by
Alfred the Great 1285 Statute of Winchester establishes the watch-and-ward
system in England 1326 Justices of the peace first appointed by the king in England 1748 Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London 1829 Creation of the London Metropolitan Police
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Development of Formal PolicingEngland—From Tithing to Posse Comitatus The King’s Peace
King’s subjects are his property
Shires and tithes
Constables and posses
Bow Street Runners
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.6
Development of Formal PolicingEngland—The Formal System of Policing Sir Robert Peel
Metropolitan Police Act—1829
Peel’s Principles of Policing
Bobbies—1856
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.7
Development of Formal PolicingPeel’s Principles
Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing (1829)
1. The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines.2. The police must be under governmental control.3. The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of the police.4. The distribution of crime new is essential.5. The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential.6. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet determined manner has more effect than violent action.7. Good appearance commands respect.8. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency.9. Public security demands that every police officer be given a number. 10. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people.11. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. 12. Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength.
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Development of Formal PolicingUnited States—Early Watch Systems
Justice of the Peace
Sheriff
Constables
Night Watch
Vigilante Committees
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Slave Codes
Slave Patrols established mid-1740s
Precursors to modern police forces
Jim Crow Laws enacted 1880s
Development of Formal PolicingUnited States—Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
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Eras of American PolicingThe Political Era (1840–1930)
Spoils System
Pendleton Act of 1883 Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance
Wickersham Commission 1929
Women and Minorities
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
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Eras of American PolicingOrigins of the Reform Era
Faces of Reform: Early Leaders August Vollmer—Father of Police
Professionalism
O.W. Wilson—The Protégé
J. Edgar Hoover—The FBI
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
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Policing as a Profession
Replacement of patronage systems
Job security for administrators and
leaders
Centralized policing and
recordkeeping
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Profession Criteria Organized body of knowledge
Advanced study
Code of ethics
Prestige
Standards of admissions
Professional association
Service ideal
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Advanced Study
1960s—High School degree required
1964 Law Enforcement Education
Program
National Institute of Justice
American Society of Criminology
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Code of Ethics
Organizational value system
Accountability mechanisms
1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of
Ethics and Police Code of Conduct
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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Prestige
“Prestige refers to which
profession is seen as
desirable for employment
or worthy of respect.”
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.17
Standards of Admission
Character and background
checks
Psychological testing
Requirements modified over
time
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.18
Professional Associations
1893 International Association of Chiefs of Police
1915 International Association of Policewomen
Currently Police Executive Forum Police Foundation Commission for the Accreditation of Law
Enforcement Agencies
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.19
A Service Ideal
Crime control
Community service
Speed of response time
Incident handling efficiency
Police community relations
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.20
Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing
Traditional strategies
Police-community relations
Rising crime rates
Uniform Crime Reports
Dark Figure of Crime
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.21
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Structure Part I: Violent personal crimes
Part II: Property crimes
Cleared crimes
Exceptional clearance
Crime Indices
Limitations
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.22
Dark Figure of Crime
Underreported crime
National Crime Victimization Survey
Only about 39% of crime reported to
police
Limitations of NCVS
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3eHeath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry
© 2012 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.23
ReflectionsOn Chapter Two
1. What are the similarities between our current policing system and the watch system? The Code of Hammarabi?
2. In what way can policing be a political issue?3. Why were there so few women and minority police officers at the turn
of the century? Why are they still so underrepresented?
4. Is there a political/police figure today as groundbreaking as Robert Peel?
5. Would the U.S. system of policing work in England? Why or why not?
6. Compared to professions such as law, medicine, and accounting, do you consider policing to be a profession? Why or why not? What criteria do you use to make your determination?
7. How can police officers improve their relationship with the public while avoiding the corruption that was rampant during the Political Era?