Funerary mask of King Tutankhamen. c. 1340 BCE.

Gold inlaid with enamel and semiprecious stones. Height 21" (54 cm).Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 2-1]

Stonehenge. Salisbury Plain, England.Stone settings. c. 2100–2000 BCE. © Ocean/Corbis. [Fig. 2-2]

The Ancient World[Map 2.1]

Sound box of a lyre from a royal tomb at Ur, Iraq. c. 2550–2400 BCE.Wood with gold, lapis lazuli, and shell inlay. Height 17" (43 cm).

University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. [Fig. 2-3]

The Standard of Ur. c. 2600 BCE.Double-paneled wood frame inlaid with mosaic of shell, limestone, lapis lazuli, set

in bitumen. Each approx. 8" × 19" (20.3 × 48.3 cm).British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 2-4]

Reconstruction drawing of the ziggurat of Ur-Nammu at Ur, Iraq. c. 2100 BCE.[Fig. 2-5]

Ceremonial Lion Hunt, from the Palace of Assurnasipal II, Nimrud, Iraq. c. 875–860 BCE.Alabaster relief. Height approx. 39" (99.1 cm).

British Museum, London. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 2-6]

Ruins of Persepolis, Iran. c. 500 BCE. Corbis/ZEFA/Maroon. [Fig. 2-7]

Pyramids of Mycerinus, Chefren, and Cheops at Giza, Egypt. c. 2525–2460 BCE. Dr. E. Strouhal/Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 2-8]

Mycerinus (or Menkaure) and Queen Khamerernebty, Giza. c. 2515 BCE.Graywacke. Height 54-1∕2" (139 cm).

Harvard University—Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photo © 2003. [Fig. 2-9]

Akhenaten and his family receive the blessing of the sun god Aten, Tell el-Amarna. Eighteenth dynasty. c. 1353–1336 BCE.

Painted limestone relief. Approx. 12” × 15” (31 × 38 cm).Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Agyptisches Museum. Scala,

Florence. [Fig. 2-10]

Painting from the tomb of Queen Nefertari at Thebes, Egypt. 1290–1224 BCE.Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich. [Fig. 2-11]

Seal impression of an ecstatic yogi in seated meditation.Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley (modern Pakistan). c. 2500–1500 BCE. National Museum, Karachi. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-12]

Figure of a young dancer. Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley. c. 2500 BCE.Cast bronze. Height 3-7∕8" (10.8 cm).

National Museum of India, New Delhi. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-13]

Torso of a “Priest King.” From Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization. c. 2600–1900 BCE.Soapstone. Height 6-7∕8" (17.5 cm).

National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 2-14]

Ox bone inscribed with written characters. Shang dynasty.LKP Archive photo. [Fig. 2-15]

Covered ritual wine vessel or fang-yi. Shang dynasty. c. 1300–1100 BCE.Bronze. Height 12" (30.2 cm).

Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museums. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 2-16]

Set of bells. From the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. Suixian, Hubei, Zhou dynasty, 433 BCE. Bronze with bronze and timber frame. Frame height 9' (2.74 m), length 25’ (7.62 m).

Hubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan. Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc./Corbis. [Fig. 2-17]

Colossal head. From San Lorenzo, La Venta, Mexico. Middle Formative period. c. 900 BCE. Basalt. Height 7' 5" (226 cm).

La Venta Park, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Richard Hewitt Stewart/National Geographic Stock. [Fig. 2-18]

Archaeologist Richard Hansen in 2009, displaying a newly discovered frieze representing the twin heroes of the Popol Vuh, Hunapú and Ixbalanqué. c. 300 BCE.

El Mirador, Guatemala. EDUARDO GONZALES/AFP/Getty Images. [Fig. 2-19]

Stirrup-spout bottle of hammered sheet gold, decorated with a geometric design, Chavín style. Huarmey Valley, Peru. 900–200 BCE.

AMNH/John Bigelow Taylor,, Anthropology 41.0/369. [Fig. 2-20]