chapter 2- biology f4 (cell)
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7/23/2019 Chapter 2- Biology F4 (Cell)
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CHAPTER 2.0CHAPTER 2.0
CELL STRUCTURE ANDCELL STRUCTURE AND
CELL ORGANISATIONCELL ORGANISATION
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2.1 Cell structure and function2.1 Cell structure and function
- Living organisms are made of basic unitsLiving organisms are made of basic units
calledcalled cellscells..- The living component of a cell is called theThe living component of a cell is called the
protoplasmprotoplasm. It consists of the. It consists of the cytoplasmcytoplasm
and theand the nucleusnucleus..- Protoplasm is surrounded byProtoplasm is surrounded by plasmaplasma
membranemembrane..
- Cytoplasm contains structures calledCytoplasm contains structures calledorganellesorganelles..
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LysosomeSmooth
RoughEndoplasmic
Reticulum
B
C
D
Centriole
E
F
G
H
I
Chromosomes
Ribosome
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Chromosomes Ribosome
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
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Cell structure and functionCell structure and function
Name of structuresName of structures organelles organelles
Characteristics Characteristics structuresstructures
!unctions!unctions
Cell "allCell "allPlasma membranePlasma membrane
CytoplasmCytoplasm
NucleusNucleus
#ibosomes#ibosomes
$acoules$acoules
%ndoplasmic #ec.%ndoplasmic #ec.
&itochondrion&itochondrion'olgi apparatus'olgi apparatus
ChloroplastChloroplast
LysosomesLysosomes
CentriolesCentrioles
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COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
Plas"a "e"#rane
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COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!COMPARISON BETWEEN TE STRUCTURE O!
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
CentriolesWit$out centrioles Wit$ centrioles
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TE DENSIT% O! ORGANELLES IN SPECI!ICTE DENSIT% O! ORGANELLES IN SPECI!ICCELLSCELLS
The density or abundance of certain organelles isThe density or abundance of certain organelles is
related to the functions of specific cells.related to the functions of specific cells.
(o the )ctivity 2.*+ pg. 21 ,Tetboo/.(o the )ctivity 2.*+ pg. 21 ,Tetboo/.
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&'& CELL ORGANISATION&'& CELL ORGANISATION
Living processes in unicellular organismsLiving processes in unicellular organisms
- 0nicellular organisms0nicellular organisms small and simple small and simple
organisms.organisms.
- They can carry out vital functions "ithin aThey can carry out vital functions "ithin a
single cell.single cell.
- o" does a unicellular organism performo" does a unicellular organism perform
these living process3these living process3
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Amoeba Amoeba s('s('
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Amoeba Amoeba s('s('
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4reathing4reathing- The echange of gases occur through theThe echange of gases occur through the
plasma membrane by diffusion.plasma membrane by diffusion. %cretion%cretion- The "aste substances are ecreted fromThe "aste substances are ecreted from
amoeba by diffusion.amoeba by diffusion.- )s amoeba lives in fresh"ater+ "ater )s amoeba lives in fresh"ater+ "aterdiffuses into cell by osmosis and fills thediffuses into cell by osmosis and fills thecontractile vacoulecontractile vacoule..
- 5hen the vacoule is filled to a maimum5hen the vacoule is filled to a maimumsi6e+ it contracts to epel its contents. Thissi6e+ it contracts to epel its contents. Thisprocess is calledprocess is called osmoregulation.osmoregulation.
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CELL SPECIALISATION INCELL SPECIALISATION IN
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMSMULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
#efer your tetboo+ Pg 27+ Photograph 2.17#efer your tetboo+ Pg 27+ Photograph 2.17
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CELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALSCELL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
&a8or systems in
human
#efer tetboo Pg.
29+ !ig. 2.:
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ANIMAL TISSUESANIMAL TISSUESTissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample
1. %pithelial tissue1. %pithelial tissue
,Pg. 2;+ !ig. 2.;/,Pg. 2;+ !ig. 2.;/
-!orms thin sheets that-!orms thin sheets that
line < cover bodyline < cover bodystructure.structure.
- The function depends- The function dependson its location in anon its location in anorganorgan
-on the sin- form a-on the sin- form a
protective barrier protective barrier -in the lining of human-in the lining of humanintestine form mucusintestine form mucussecreting goblet cellssecreting goblet cells
2. &uscle tissue2. &uscle tissue
,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1;/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1;/
-Contract < rela to-Contract < rela toproduce movementproduce movement
* types>* types>
a.a. ?mooth muscle?mooth muscle
-!ound in intestine-!ound in intestine
b.b. ?eletal muscle?eletal muscle
-!ound in our-!ound in ourarmslegsarmslegs
c.c. Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
-!ound in the "alls of-!ound in the "alls of
heart.heart.
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TissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample
*.*. Nerve tissueNerve tissue
,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1=/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1=/
-conduct nerve-conduct nerveimpulsesimpulses
-control <-control <
coordinate activitiescoordinate activitiesof the bodyof the body
(ensely paced(ensely pacednerve cellsnerve cells,neurones/,neurones/
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TissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample
7. Connective7. Connective
tissuetissue
olds theolds thebodybody
together together
; types>; types>
a.a. Loose connective tissueLoose connective tissue
,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/-binds epithelia to underlying tissue-binds epithelia to underlying tissue
-holds organ in place-holds organ in place
b.b. (ense fibrous connective tissue(ense fibrous connective tissue
,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.1:/-contains a large no. of collagenous fibres-contains a large no. of collagenous fibres
-can be found in tendons ,connect muscle-can be found in tendons ,connect muscleto bone/ < ligament ,8oin bonesto bone/ < ligament ,8oin bonestogether at 8oints/together at 8oints/
c.c. CartilageCartilage
,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.19/,Pg. 2=+ Photo. 2.19/
-support nose+ ears < covers the end of-support nose+ ears < covers the end ofbone at 8ointsbone at 8oints
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TissueTissue !unction!unction %ample%ample
d.d. 4one4one
,Pg. 2:+ Photo 2.2@/,Pg. 2:+ Photo 2.2@/
-provides protection to organs and support-provides protection to organs and supportthe bodythe body
e.e. 4lood cells4lood cells
,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.21/,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.21/
-has regulating+ transporting < protective-has regulating+ transporting < protectivefunctionfunction
f.f. )dipose tissues )dipose tissues
,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.22/,Pg. 2:+ Photo. 2.22/
-stores fat+ an energy reserve < provides-stores fat+ an energy reserve < providesinsulation < protectioninsulation < protection
-found in the dermis of the sin < around-found in the dermis of the sin < aroundma8or organsma8or organs
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CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMSCELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
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PLANT TISSUESPLANT TISSUES
Plant tissues 2 main typesPlant tissues 2 main types
a. &eristematic tissuesa. &eristematic tissues b. Permanent tissuesb. Permanent tissues
Permanent TissuePermanent Tissue !unction!unction %ample%ample
1. %pidermal tissue1. %pidermal tissue
,Pg. *@+ Photo 2.27,Pg. *@+ Photo 2.27< 2.2A/< 2.2A/
-covers < protects-covers < protectsunderlying tissue fromunderlying tissue fromdrying out < fromdrying out < frommechanical abrasionsmechanical abrasions
-epidermis of leaves+-epidermis of leaves+cor layers of stems <cor layers of stems <roots.roots.
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PermanentPermanentTissueTissue
!unction!unction %ample%ample
2.2. 'round'round
tissuetissue ,Pg. *@+,Pg. *@+
PhotoPhoto2.2;/2.2;/
-chief-chief
functions arefunctions areto store food <to store food <to provideto providesupportsupport
* types>* types>
a.a. Parenchyma tissueParenchyma tissue-have thin primary "alls < large-have thin primary "alls < large
vacoulesvacoules
-store starch and sugar -store starch and sugar
-give support < shape to herbaceous-give support < shape to herbaceousplantsplants
b.b. Collenchyma tissuesCollenchyma tissues
-supports herbaceous plants young-supports herbaceous plants youngstems and petiolesstems and petioles
c.c. ?clerenchyma tissues?clerenchyma tissues-have cell "alls "hich thicened by-have cell "alls "hich thicened by
lignin < may be deadlignin < may be dead
-give support < mechanical strength-give support < mechanical strengthto mature plantto mature plant
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PermanentPermanentTissueTissue
!unction!unction %ample%ample
*.*. $ascular$ascular
tissuetissue
-(istributes-(istributes
"ater+ mineral"ater+ mineralsalts <salts <photosyntheticphotosyntheticproductsproductsthroughout thethroughout the
plantplant
2 types>2 types>
a.a. BylemBylem
,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=a/,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=a/
-consist mainly of ylem vessel-consist mainly of ylem vessel 8oined together end to end 8oined together end to end
-the cell "alls are thicened "ith-the cell "alls are thicened "ithligninlignin
-provide support-provide support
b.b. PhloemPhloem
,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=b/,Pg. *1+ Photo 2.2=b/-consist mainly sieve tubes-consist mainly sieve tubes
"hich are arranged end to"hich are arranged end toend to form long continuousend to form long continuoustube-lie structuretube-lie structure
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REGULATING TE INTERNAL EN)IRONMENTREGULATING TE INTERNAL EN)IRONMENT
The internal environment of multicellular organismThe internal environment of multicellular organism
Internal environmentInternal environment consist of consist of i. interstitial fluid i. interstitial fluid
ii. blood plasmaii. blood plasma
Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid fills the place bet"een the cells and fills the place bet"een the cells andconstantly bathes the cells.constantly bathes the cells.cells
Blood
ca(illar*
Interstitial
fluid
Blood
(las"a
A B
CD
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TE NECESSIT% !OR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMALTE NECESSIT% !OR MAINTAINING AN OPTIMAL
INTERNAL EN)IRONMENTINTERNAL EN)IRONMENT
The physical factors < chemical factors of the internalThe physical factors < chemical factors of the internal
environment must be maintained regardless of theenvironment must be maintained regardless of theconditions outside the cells in order for the cells toconditions outside the cells in order for the cells to
function optimally.function optimally.
omeostasisomeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively is the maintenance of a relativelyconstant internal environment for the cells to functionconstant internal environment for the cells to function
optimally.optimally.
The factors "hich should be maintained in internalThe factors "hich should be maintained in internal
environmentenvironment>>
Physical factorsPhysical factors temperature+ blood pressure and temperature+ blood pressure and
osmotic pressureosmotic pressure
Chemical factorsChemical factors salt < sugar content and p value salt < sugar content and p value
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)ny increase or decrease in the value of a physical )ny increase or decrease in the value of a physical
chemical factor "ill trigger the homeostaticchemical factor "ill trigger the homeostatic
mechanism to bring it bac to normal.mechanism to bring it bac to normal.
The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called theThe mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the
negative feedbac mechanism.negative feedbac mechanism.
T% IN$DL$%&%NT D! $)#ID0? ?E?T%&? IN &)INT)ININ'T% IN$DL$%&%NT D! $)#ID0? ?E?T%&? IN &)INT)ININ'
)N DPTI&)L INT%#N)L %N$I#DN&%NT )N DPTI&)L INT%#N)L %N$I#DN&%NT
,#efer tetboo Pg *7+ !ig. 2.11/,#efer tetboo Pg *7+ !ig. 2.11/
TEMPERATURE REGULATIONTEMPERATURE REGULATION
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TEMPERATURE REGULATIONTEMPERATURE REGULATION
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2.* )PP#%CI)TIN' T% 0NIF0IN%?? D! T% C%LL2.* )PP#%CI)TIN' T% 0NIF0IN%?? D! T% C%LL
#ead by yourself #ead by yourself