chapter 2 a partial listing of kentucky’s wildflowers...soil. these plants will not live in the...

Chapter 2 A Partial Listing of Kentucky’s

Wildflowers

A publication of the Louisville Water Company Wellhead Protection Plan, Phase III

Source Reduction Grant # X9-96479407-0

Chapter 2 A Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers

What is a native plant? For the purposes of this study, native wildflowers are defined as being herbaceous flowering plants, excluding sedges and grasses. A native species is one that was growing in Kentucky prior to European settlement and has adapted to certain habitats in response to specific climatic, geologic, and topographic variables. Using this definition, certain plants have been excluded from this guide, including trees, shrubs, and woody vines, (See Chapter 4). Sedges, ferns, grasses, and rushes have also been excluded, (See Chapter 3). Weeds, non-native, exotic, or alien species, (See Chapter 6), were also omitted. In order to make it easier for the amateur to identify and select plants for garden planning purposes, only the showy wildflowers were selected. In addition, to further narrow the list, (as this guide is not intended to be used as a reference book for professionals), the wildflowers selected were listed by various nurseries as readily available live plants in the Louisville, Kentucky area. By selecting native plants that flourish in the Louisville/Jefferson County area, native plants that do not thrive in this environment were omitted.

Queen Anne’s Lace is a non-native, invasive plant introduced by the early European settlers for

medicinal and other uses.

During the study, weeds, non-native, exotic, or invasive species were found, and have been discussed at length in Chapter 6. Many wildflowers have the word “weed” as a part of their name, but are not considered to be a pest to the wildflower/wildlife enthusiast. For example, ironweed, a very showy, native wildflower is considered a weed by agriculturalists, because livestock will not eat it, and the plant may become invasive in plowed or otherwise disturbed fields. However, for the wildflower/wildlife enthusiast, the plant is showy, fairly easy to cultivate, and therefore a desirable wildflower. Other plants may have medicinal or herbal uses. The medicinal value of the selected native plants was not discussed as this was outside the scope of the project.

From the perspective of this study, the real issue is the impact that exotic, invasive, non-native plants have on the native plant community, and, by the use of chemicals, on the groundwater. Exotic plants can alter ecosystems, displace native species, support populations of non-native animals, fungi, or microbes. The exotic or non-native plants can hybridize with the native plants and alter gene pools. Exotic or non-native plants can be very invasive, and literally displace entire communities of wildflowers.

Why use Native Plants? Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions where they naturally occur. These important species provide nectar, pollen, and seeds that serve as food for native butterflies, insects, birds, and other animals. Unlike native plants, common horticultural plants used in landscaping, do not provide nutritious meals for wildlife and often require pest control and fertilizers to survive.

Chapter 2 Page 1 Partial Listing of KY Wildflowers

If you enjoy observing nature, are concerned about the environment, or wish to make a long-term contribution to your community’s ecosystem, then using native plants is a responsible, money-saving, long-term, positive investment to both your property and your community. Native plants are advantageous, because:

♦ Native plants to do not require fertilizers and require fewer pesticides than lawns; ♦ Native plants require less water than lawns and help prevent erosion of the soils. The deep root

capacity of many native Midwestern plants increase the ability of the soil to store water. Once established, native plants can significantly reduce water runoff, and, consequently pollution and flooding;

♦ Native plants help reduce air pollution. Native plantscapes do not require mowing. Excessive carbon from the burning of fossil fuels contributes to global warming. Native plants sequester, or remove, carbon from the atmosphere;

♦ Native plants provide shelter and food for wildlilfe, or, based on your selection of plants, repel some types of wildlife that you may consider to be a nuisance;

♦ Native plants provide biodiversity and stewardship of our national heritage; ♦ Native plants are often more cost effective to purchase in the long run, as the plants are hardier

and more likely to survive in our community’s ecosystem; and ♦ Native plants are beautiful and increase scenic value.

If you enjoy observing nature, then you will probably want to attract more wildlife to your yard. To an bird-watcher, this may mean cardinals, nuthatches, or hummingbirds. To a gardener, it may bean butterflies. To a general nature lover, it may mean deer, chipmonks, squirrels, or other wildlife.

Wildlife do not just randomly appear in a given area. It is there because of a favorable habitat. To attract more wildlife, you need to apply specific wildlife management practices. To reach your wildlife goals, you must manipulate the habitat, the animal population, or manage the landowners. Keep these needs in mind when designing our backyard wildlife habitat:

♦ Food; ♦ Water; ♦ Cover; and ♦ Space for wildlife to raise their offspring.

Butterfly sipping nectar from a backyard lily. Photo by T. Barnes, University of Kentucky.

For further information about designing backyard habitats, see Chapter 8.

Kentucky’s Plant Diversity Kentucky has over 3000 species of plants growing within its borders. The diversity of plant life is due to the state being a mixing ground on North, South, East, and West. We share many Appalachian species with adjacent states. Some Southern Appalachian species extend into our southern most Appalachian regions, and some Northern Appalachian species survive only at the highest elevations of the mountains. Other northern species that are relics of the glaciation of the Pleistocene Epoch may be found in isolated pockets. At the other extreme, we share many plants with the coastal plain found in the Jackson Purchase area, and a large number of species from the mid-western tall prairie grass region. Finally, we have species that are commonly found throughout Eastern North America.


Another factor of diversification is the underlying geologic rocks, that develop a variety and unique characteristic soils. The physiography of the state, from the mountains in the east to the coast plains in the west, determines many of the types of plants that have naturally grown within the state. While there is still a great store of wildflowers within the state, many species are becoming rare, and many are not as abundant as they were in the past. All plants have habitat needs, like animals, and we are destroying the habitats for the native wildflowers at a phenomenal rate. It is reported that Kentucky loses more than 160 acres of rural land each day to development. Other factors, including modern road construction, development of agricultural areas, development of industrial properties, improper collecting, and the introduction of more exotic and non-native, invasive species, have all had an impact on this decline.

Conserving Wildflowers Collecting wildflowers from their native habitat is harmful by eliminating plants from their natural habitat, where the population falls below the minimum required to sustain the plant. With the introduction of non-native species, which are less edible, wild animals eat or trample the wildflowers until the population is diminished to where it can not continue to survive in its natural habitat. This also increases the likelihood that the area will be invaded by a non-native plant. In addition, there is no assurance that moving a plant from its natural environment will enable it to survive in other areas. For example, most orchids have a special relationship with fungi in the soil. When these plants are dug up and removed from their native soil, and transplanted into a different soil, the fungi does not exist that enable the plant to survive. Other plants may have exacting soil, acidic, basic, or other requirements that a different area may not meet. For example, azaleas and native rhododendrons require a sandy, well-drained, acid soil. These plants will not live in the limestone regions unless the soil environment is modified to meet their needs. Lastly, by adding wildflowers or other plants collected from the wild to your yard, you can bring in diseases, fungi, and other pathogens that could harm other plants in your landscape.

The Ginseng plant has become very rare in Eastern Kentucky due to over collecting, and

replacement by invasive non-native plants that are less nutritious for wildlife. Using native plants in

your home garden can help preserve native species that are endangered.

Purchase native plants from a reputable nursery or greenhouse that grows their own plants from seed. Or, you may order the seed and grow the plants from seed yourself. Either way, you can make sure that the native plant you wish to use has not been improperly collected, and will not add unwanted elements to your yard.

Taxonomy For the amateur, taxonomy of plants can be a nightmare of unfamiliar latin names that almost, but not quite, make sense. In addition, there are several different classification systems currently in use, that do not always agree on the species name. Taxonomically, plants are named according to genus and species, with specific variations within the species defined. For the amateur, determining the correct taxonomic classification can be confusing and frustrating. For example, the cat family has many different types of cats that appear to be closely related, but an examination of their genus and species names shows some surprising relationships between the species. The table below lists a few well-known wild cats and their taxonomic classification.



Taxonomic Relationships in Big Cats Common Name Genus and Species

Leopard Panthera pardus Tiger Panthera tigris Snow Leopard Uncia uncial Cougar, (Panther or Wild Cat) Puma concolor Lion Panthera leo

The table above shows that the leopard, (Panthera pardus), is more closely related to the tiger, (Panthera tigris), and the lion, (Panthera leo), rather than the snow leopard, or the cougar, which is also called a panther, because all three cats belong to the same genus, only the species varies. As an amateur, they are all wild cats, with different common names that call to mind different animals. The common names do not represent the relationships of the different breeds. To the unitiated, the same taxonomic confusion also exists in plants. In general, common names vary from region to region and are not accurate. For this reason, it is always wise to order plants and/or seeds by their taxonomic name, i.e. the genus and species. Many guides exist that show garden designs, with the various plants used in the design listed by genus and species. When comparing the genus and species of the plants used in the pre-designed gardens, it is likely that the plants listed will not be readily available to someone living outside the particular region for which the garden was designed. No doubt, this guide will offer the same degree of confusion, as there are so many species available. However, in designing your own garden, you can use the design presented, and research the taxonomic classification and the plant’s particular characteristics, substituting plants available in your region that have the same genus, if not the same species. Be sure to note the characteristics of the plants you are using as substitutes, so that they more closely match the original design. You can always ask your local Cooperative Extension Agent or university for more help. In designing your own garden, there are many available resources on-line that will make your search easier, if you live outside the Louisville area. Many of these sources are listed in the bibliography included within this chapter. Another alternative is to contact a nursery specializing in native plants in your area, and request a listing of the plants they have available for sale. These companies are usually very careful to include within their listing the taxonomic classification of the plants sold, and the plants are usually hardy for the particular region in which you reside. Or, if you find this too difficult or time-consuming, you can contact the Native Plant Department at your state government agency for help in plants that are suitable for your particular region. Native Plant garden design is discussed more fully in Chapter 8. The guide offered within this chapter was written by an amateur, who is also learning, and has experienced the same degree of humiliation, confusion, and frustration that most amateurs experience when confronted with a new field of study. However, the taxonomic names and plant characteristics have been checked by professional horticulturists and botanists, and are as accurate as possible, given the many variables within the Plant Kingdom. In many ways, a guide written for amateurs by an amateur is likely the best way to anticipate potential problems, and answer potential questions.

Sources of Information A variety of sources were used to determine the types of native flowering plants to list in this selection, to confirm plant characteristics, and to check taxonomic classification. First, to select the plants to be spotlighted, the listings from several “local” companies, (as well as state and local agencies), of native plants available for sale as live plants were used. This provided a base for the general guide. There are many companies in Kentucky that sell native plants to the general public, as live plants or as seed. Some of the companies will deliver live plants, or the customer may visit the green house and choose live plants from the nursery for use in native plant gardens. Other areas of the state and other states also have companies that specialize in the sale of native plants, either as seeds or live plants, that


specialize in plants for that particular region. The plants listed here are readily available as live plants to the population of Louisville, Kentucky and the surrounding area. They may also be available in other states, or other regions of Kentucky. A bibliography listing the sources of information used to prepare this chapter may befound at the end. Location maps were found on the USDA plant finder website, (listed in the bibliography). Pictures used in the body of the guide were indicated as copywrite free.

Explanation of Table Abbreviations The key listed below shows the various abbreviations used to condense data for inclusion on data tables. A removable copy has been provided within the booklet to facilitate table use. This key may be used for all tables within this chapter

♦ Type – “P” means general herbaceous plant. S = shrub, T = tree. ♦ Height -– Height of plant, in feet – varies from state to state, depending on soil types,

growing season, sunlight, and other factors. H1 – Smallest average height, H2 – Largest average height

Quick Conversion, Inches to Decimal 1” .08’ 2” .16’ 3” .25’ 4” .33’ 6” .5’ 8” .66’ 9” .75’ 10” .83’

♦ Spread – Diameter of the entire plant from side to side, listed in feet. This varies a bit from site to site depending on conditions at the site. Use of this number helps to determine spacing needs while planting. See Quick Conversion table above for conversion from inches to feet. Spr1 – Smallest average spread, Spr2 – Largest average spread

♦ Sunlight – The amount of sunlight preferred by the plant during the day. Plants may have a range of sunlight requirements. Follow requirements carefully. Usually, plants preferring Partial Sun prefer morning shade and afternoon sun. Plants preferring Partial Shade prefer morning sun and afternoon shade. S – Sunlight preference.

Sunlight Preference FS Full Sun PS Partial Sun, (afternoon sun) PSh Partial Shade, (morning sun) FSh Full Shade

♦ Bloomtime – Usual time that plant blooms, may vary from state to state or site conditions, listed by month


♦ Soil Type – General type of soil preferred by plant.

Soil Type

A Average soil D Dry soil, average type Cl Clay soil, poorly drained M Moist soil, average type W Wet soil, average type Wa Water’s edge or in water Wd Well-drained soil

♦ Tolerance – Listed for plants that are able to withstand times of more extreme dry or wet conditions T – Tolerance, DT – Drought Tolerant, WT – Wet Tolerant

♦ Color – Color of bloom or flower, additional descriptive colors may be seen on Comments section of tables.

Color A All colors, see description B Blue Br Brown G Green O Orange Pn Pink Pr Purple R Red Y Yellow W White

♦ Attraction – Attraction to wildlife, Y = yes B – Birds, H – Hummingbirds, Bt – Butterflies, (Y = Butterflies, Y1= Moths), GW – General Wildlife, (Y = attracts general wildlife, N = may actually repel wildlife)

The following table is a parital listing of the wildflowers found in Kentucky. Primarily, the wildflowers shown are those that are best suited for the Louisville, Kentucky area, but may also be found in other parts of the state as well as the surrounding states. Nearly every wildflower has a map showing the states where the wildflower may also be found. Data from this section may be used in Chapter 8, which discusses the design of native plant gardens. A partial listing of the native grasses found within the State of Kentucky are listed within Chapter 3. These grasses are native to the state of Kentucky and other surrounding states and may be used in decorative landscaping, meadow settings, prairie settings, and other settings.

Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name

Scientific Name Description Picture

American Aloe, False Aloe

Agave virginica

Type: P Height: 4' to 6' Spread: 1'-2'

Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to

Soil Requirements: A-D Tolerance: DT

Color: G, Y Attraction – Birds:

Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: fragrant

Alumroot, Coral Bells

Heuchera americana

Type: P Height: .75' to 2'

Spread: 1'-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M

Tolerance: DT Color: G, W

Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds:

Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife:

Comment: many varieties, needs constant moisture in FS, good ground

cover

Anenome, Canada, Meadow Anenome

Anemone canadensis

Type: P Height: 1’ to 1.5'

Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: FS/FSh

Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: W


Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N

Comment: favors locations near water




Anenome, Rue

Anemone thalictroides

Type: P Height: 2" to 6" Spread: 05-.75'

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: may have slug predation when young

Arrowhead, Duck Potato

Sagittaria latifolia

Type: P Height: 1' to 4'

Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep

Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: needs full sun to flower best, does well near ponds, edible

tuber, may have mites, aphids

Aster, Aromatic

Aster oblongifolius

Type: P Height: 1.5' to Spread: 1-3'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct

Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT

Color: Pr/B Attraction – Birds: Y

Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y

General Wildlife: Comment: may need staking,

ingrequent to powdery mildew, tolerant to poor soils and drought




Aster, Arrow-leaved

Aster sagittifolius


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep

Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: DT

Color: B, W Attraction – Birds: Y


General Wildlife: Comment: found in wet woods

Aster, Calico, Lady in Black

Aster laterifolius


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: DT Color: W

Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds: Y

Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife:

Comment: may need staking

Aster, Crooked Stemmed

Aster prenanthoides


Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct

Soil Requirements: M, We Tolerance: DT

Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Y


General Wildlife: Comment: small flowers




Aster, Golden

Chrysopsis mariana

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 2'-3'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: G

Attraction – Birds: Y Hummingbirds:


Comment: not a true aster, just looks like one

Aster, New England

Aster novae-angliae



Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: DT Color: Pr



Comment: may need staking, ingrequent to powdery mildew, critical

late season nectar for Monarch B.

Aster, Short's

Aster shortii


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh

Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: B







Aster, Silky

Aster sericeus

Type: P Height: 1.5' to 2.5'

Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn/Pr



Comment: more common in other states than KY

Aster, Sky Blue

Aster azureus

Type: P Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 1.5-2.5'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D. Cl




Comment: leaves feel like sandpaper

Aster, Smooth, Blue A., Stoke's A.

Aster laevis


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: D. Cl








Aster, Stiff

Aster linarifolius, Ionactus linariifolius


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct

Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: DT

Color: B, Pr Attraction – Birds:



Aster, Swamp

Aster puniceus


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: M, A




Comment: glossy leaved

Aster, White Wood

Aster divaricata, Eurybia divaricata

Type: P Height: 1' to 2.5' Spread: 1.5-2.5'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: D. Cl




Comment: good for wooded areas, (PS)




Aster, Willow

Aster praealtus


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M




Comment: infrequent leaf spot

Baneberry, White

Actaea pachypoda


Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: white berries slightly toxic

Beardtongue, Foxglove

Penstemon digitalis

Type: P Height: 3' to 4' Spread: 1.5-2'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: may have root rot in poorly drained soils, may have Leaf Spot




Beardtongue, Hairy

Penstemon hirsutus

Type: P Height: 2' to 3' Spread: 1-1.5'

Sun Requirements: Fsh/Psh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: B, W



Comment: deer resistant

Beardtongue, Purple, Dewflower

Penstemon cobaea purpureus


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: W, R/Pr



Comment: may have root rot in poorly drained soils

Beardtongue, Showy,

Penstemon cobaea


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun

Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT

Color: Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y


Comment: very showy flowers




Beardtongue, Small's

Penstemon smallii


Spread: .75' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr



Comment: deer resistant, must self-seed, easy to grow, good border

Bell Flower, American

Campanula americana


Sun Requirements: PS Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: consistantly moist soil, may be invasive, milky sap, annual or

bi-annual

Bellwort, Large-flowered

Uvularia grandiflora

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5'

Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: Apr to Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: young plants susceptible to slugs




Bergamot, Wild

Monarda fistulosa


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: PS

Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: WT Color: Pr, R

Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y

Butterflies/Moths: Y1 General Wildlife:

Comment: deadhead to promote blooms, may have powdery mildew

Bishop's Cap, Miterwort

Mitella diphylla

Type: P Height: 8" to 18" Spread: 2-2.5'

Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Bloom Time: Apr to May

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: resembels white Coral Bells

Black Cohosh, Snakeroot, Bugbane

Cimicifuga racemosa


Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT, WT Color: W


Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: drought tolerant, young/slugs, powdery mildew, semi

invasive, foul odor




Black-eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: Y


Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y

Comment: slightly smaller center, short-lived, deadhead, profuse

blooms

Blazing Star, Dense, Spiked

Liatris spicata

Type: P Height: 2' to 4' Spread: .75-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pr



Comment: heat, humidity tolerant, slow to establish, spikes require

staking

Blazing Star, Dwarf, Grayfeather

Liatris cylindracea

Type: P Height: 1.5' to 2'

Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-D

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn



Comment: heat, humidity tolerant, slow to establish




Blazing Star, Prairie

Liatris pycnostachya


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-M

Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr



Comment: flowers open top to bottom, spikes need staking

Blazing Star, Rough

Liatris aspera


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A-D




Comment: may need staking, stalks bloom all together

Blazing Star, Southern

Liatris squarosa


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: D

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr



Comment: showy flowers




Blazing Star, Tiny-headed, Button Snakeroot

Liatris microcephala

Type: P Height: .5' to 2' Spread: .75-1'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to

Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, Pr



Comment: drought tolerant, heat and humidity tolerant

Blood Root

Sanguinaria canadensis

Type: P Height: 8" to 10" Spread: .25-.5'

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May

Soil Requirements: A Tolerance:

Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds:


Comment: each plant has one flower, bright reddish-orange sap, toxic root,

dormant in summer

Blue Star, Eastern

Amsonia tabernaemontana

Type: P Height: 3' to 4' Spread: .75-1'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd, M

Tolerance: DT,WT Color: B



Comment: low maintenance




Bluebells, Virginia

Mertensia virginica



Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M, Wd

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: found in moist shady woodlands, dormant in summer

Bluets, Canadian Summer Bluet,

Houstonia canadensis

Type: P Height: 6" to 8"


Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: D

Tolerance: Color: B, W



Comment: aka Long Leaf Bluet, may be susceptible to fungus

Bluets, Purple, Venus'

Pride

Houstonia purpurea, cerulea


Spread: Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pr, W



Comment: small flowers




Boltonia, False Aster

Boltonia asteroides



Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: W, Pn, B



Comment: profuse bloom, susceptible to powder mildew

Boneset, Thoroughwort

Eupatorium perfoliatum


Spread: 3-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: needs constant moisture, all parts of plant very toxic and

bitter

Bradbury's Monarda

Monarda bradburnia, M. bradburniana


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh

Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: A-D

Tolerance: Color: Pn, W, Pr


Butterflies/Moths: Y, Y1 General Wildlife:

Comment: deer resistant, foliage has scent of oregano, may have powdery

mildew




Bundleflower, Illinois, Prairie B.

Desmanthus illinoensis



Bloom Time: Jun to Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: drought tolerant, high protein content of seeds, (good for

birds)

Cactus, Prickly Pear

Opuntia humifusa

Type: P Height: 2' to Spread: 2-3'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: to

Soil Requirements: D Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: over 200 species, milk from succulent leaves tastes like watermelon, sweet edible fruit

Cardinal Flower


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Lobelia cardinalis

Bloom Time: Jul to Sep

Soil Requirements: A-M Tolerance: Color: R



Comment: likes PSh in Ky area, needs constant moisture




Clover, Purple Prairie

Dalea purpurea






Comment: drought tolerant, nitrogen-fixing plant

Clover, Round-headed Bush

Lespedeza capitata



Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: D, A




Comment: well-drained soil is necessary, drought tolerant

Columbine, Wild


Aquilegia canadensis


Sun Requirements: FS/FSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: R, Y



Comment: freely self seeds, disease resistant



Compass Plant

Silphium laciniatum


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: flower to 5" wide, gummy sap, leave seeds for birds, slow to

establish, bloom year 2-3

Coneflower, Glade

Echinacea simulata



Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, D




Comment: goldfinches eat seed in winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle,

powdery mildew problems

Coneflower, Orange,


Rudbeckia fulgida


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: tolerates hot, dry summers, deadhead



Coneflower, Pale Purple

Echinacea pallida


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul

Soil Requirements: Wd, D Tolerance: DT

Color: Pn Attraction – Birds: Y


General Wildlife: Comment: goldfinches eat seed in

winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle, powdery mildew problems

Coneflower, Purple

Echinacea purpurea


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn-Pr



Comment: goldfinches eat seed in winter, infrequent Japanese Beetle,

powdery mildew problems

Coneflower, Sweet


Rudbeckia subtomentosa



Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: may need staking, fragrant flowers, tolerates hot, humid summers, save seeds for birds



Coneflower, Yellow

Ratibida pinnata



Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: tolerates poor dry soils, may need staking, leave seeds for

birds

Coreopsis, Eared C., Mouse-eared C.

Coreopsis auriculata

Type: P Height: .5' to 1.5'

Spread: .5-.75' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: DT Color: Y, O



Comment: deadhead for additional bloom, will stop blooming if too dry

Coreopsis, Lanceleaf C., Tickseed C.


Coreopsis lanceolata


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Jul


Color: Y Attraction – Birds: Y

Hummingbirds: Y Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: N

Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought, may be invasive



Coreopsis, Tall

Coreopsis tripteris






Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought

Crossvine

Bignonia capreolata

Type: V Height: 3.5' to 50'

Spread: 6-9' Sun Requirements: Sh

Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: R, Y



Comment: grows shorter in cultivation, loves to climb trees,

related to trumpet vine

Culver's Root


Veronicastrum virginicum


Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: A-W

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: tolerates light shade, may need staking



Cup Plant

Silphium perfoliatum



Soil Requirements: A, W Tolerance: DT


Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y

General Wildlife: Comment: easy to grow, tolerates

some drought once established, gummie sap

Dock, Cut Leaf Prairie, Tansy Rosinweed

Silphium pinnatifidum


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: not common in KY, do not disturb soil near plant


Dock, Prairie

Silphium terebinthinaceum


Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: tolerates poor soils, slow to establish, flowers year 2-3, may

need staking



Dutchman's Breeches

Dicentra cucullaria


Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: same genus as cultivated Bleeded Hearts

Early Saxifrage

Saxifraga virginiana


Spread: .5" Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh

Bloom Time: Mar to May Soil Requirements: M, W

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: flowers on tall stems

Type: P Fameflower, or Limestone

F.

Talinum calcaricum

Height: 8" to 10" Spread: .75-1'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to

Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: Pn



Comment: good drainaige essential, succelent leaves, flowers from noon

to mid-afternoon




Fire Pink, Catchfly

Silene virginica

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jul

Soil Requirements: D, Wd Tolerance: DT

Color: R Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y


Comment: best in rock gardens

Foamflower

Tiarella cordifolia



Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: WT Color: W



Comment: wet soil in winter fatal, may be invasive, marginal ornamental

Galax

Galax aphylla


Spread: 1' Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: W/R



Comment: prefers cool sites, can tolerate acidic soils, likes pine needle

mulch




Gaura

Gaura biennis



Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: M-D

Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, W


Butterflies/Moths: Y1 General Wildlife:

Comment: fragrant biennial, susceptibility to Japanese Beetles,

deer favorite,

Gentian, Bottle, Closed G.

Gentiana andrewsii


Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: normal yellow leaves in summer

Gentian, White

Gentiana alba


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep

Soil Requirements: M, Wd Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: some susceptibility to beetles




Geranium, Wild

Geranium maculatum



Bloom Time: Apr to June Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: yellow leaves if soil too dry in summer

Ginger, Wild

Asarum canadense

Type: P Height: 6" to Spread: 1-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: R, Br


Butterflies/Moths: Y

General Wildlife: Comment: ground cover or edging,

small blooms

Ginseng, American Ginseng

Panax quinquefolia


Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: fragrant leaves, endangered, do not collect from wild, reported in small areas of Eastern KY




Goatsbeard

Aruncus dioicus


Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: similar in appearance to Astilbe, infrequent leaf spot

Golden Ragwort

Senecio aureus

Type: P Height: 0.5 to 1' Spread: .75-2'

Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Apr to

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: daisy-shaped flowers w/yellow centers, big basal leaves,

semi-evergreen

Goldenrod, Elm-leaved

Solidago ulmifolia


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D

Tolerance: Color: Y


Butterflies/Moths: Y, Y1 General Wildlife: N

Comment: may need to be staked




Goldenrod, Fragrant, Sweet G.

Solidago odora



Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: anise-scented leaves, infrequent Rust, powdery mildew,

Leaf Spot

Goldenrod, Gray

Solidago nemoralis


Spread: .75-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS

Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd, D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: tolerates poor soils, one of the smallest goldenrods

Goldenrod, Rigid

Solidago rigida


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: deadhead, infrequent Rust, may need division 2-3 years, may need

staking




Goldenrod, Rough-leaved

Solidago rugosa


Spread: 2.5-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Oct Soil Requirements: A, M

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: tolerates moister soils, infrequent Rust, divide every 2-3

years

Goldenrod, Showy

Solidago speciosa


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: deadhead, club-shaped flower clusters, infrequent Rust,

divide every 2-3 years

Goldenrod, Woodland, Bluestem G.

Solidago caesia


Spread: 1.5-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh

Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: non-invasive, infrequent Rust




Green and Gold, Golden Star

Chrysogonum virginianum

Type: P Height: .3' to .5' Spread: .75-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: bloom stops in heat of summer, some susceptibility to

powdery mildew

Green Dragon

Arisaema dracontium


Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to June

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: Color: G



Comment: dormant in summer, red berries, roots toxic

Hairy Alumroot

Heuchera villosa


Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh


Tolerance: DT Color: G



Comment: several varieties, full morning sun, late shade, drought

tolerant




Hairy Angelica

Angelica venosa


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS

Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, D

Tolerance: Color: W


Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y

Comment: can be easily confused with Water Hemlock which is highly

poisonous

Hepatica, Round-lobed

Hepatica americana

Type: P Height: .25' to .75'

Spread: .5-.75' Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Mar to Apr

Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: Pn, B, W



Comment: needs moist soils

Hepatica, Sharp-lobed, Liverwort

Hepatica acutiloba


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: Mar to Apr Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W, Pr



Comment: leaves must be left over winter, chipmonk favorite




Horsemint

Monarda punctata


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul

Soil Requirements: Wd-D Tolerance:

Color: Y, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y


Comment: fragrant leaves, deadhead, may have powdery mildew, found in

southern KY

Hyancinth, Wild

Camassia scilloides

Type: P Height: 3' to



Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: short bloom time

Indian Hemp, Dogbane

Apocynum cannabinum


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: G



Comment: can be invasive, do not use in landscaped gardens




Indian Psychic, American Ipecac

Gillenia stipulata


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A-M

Tolerance: Color: W, Pn



Comment: requires shade during the hottest part of the day, young

susceptible to slugs Indigo, Cream False,

Buffalo Pea

Baptisia leucophaea



Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: D




Comment: 5 fingered leaves

Indigo, White False

Baptisia lactea



Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: M




Comment: may take 2 years to mature


Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name


Indigo, Wild Blue/False

Baptisia australis


Spread: 3-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to June

Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: DT

Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y


Comment: seeds rattle in blackened pods, may need staking

Indigo, Wild White

Baptisia alba


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to Jun

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: DT

Color: W Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y


Comment: forms decorative blackened seed pods

Iris, Blue Flag

Iris virginica


Spread: 2-2.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh

Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: M, W

Tolerance: WT Color: B



Comment: may grow in shallow-standing waters, various colors,

susceptible to insects



Iris, Blue-eyed Grass

Sisyrinchium angustifolium


Spread: .5-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: B, Pr



Comment: tolerates light shade, small flowers

Iris, Copper

Iris fulva



Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: W, M

Tolerance: Color: O



Comment: leaves, roots slightly toxic, needs moist soil

Iris, Dwarf Crested

Iris cristata


Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh


Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: best in partial shade, susceptible to snails & slugs




Ironweed, Tall

Vernonia altissima


Spread: 3-6' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A-W

Tolerance: WT Color: Pn, Pr



Comment: tolerance for flooding, 15-30 flowers per cluster

Ironweed, Giant

Vernonia gigantea


Spread: 3-6' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: A-W




Comment: taller than regular ironweed, may be weedy or aggressive

Jack-in-the-Pulpit

Arisaema triphyllum


Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance:

Color: G. Pr Attraction – Birds:


Comment: 5 years to mature, dormant in summer, red berries,

roots toxic




Jacob's Ladder, Greek Valerian

Polemonium reptans


Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh

Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: WT Color: B



Comment: weak stems

Jersulem Artichoke, Sunflower A.

Helianthus tuberosus




Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: "Canadian Potato" for edible tuberous root, may be invasive,

good for fence lines

Joe-Pye Weed

Eupatorium purpureum


Spread: 2-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS

Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: WT Color: Pn



Comment: vanilla scented, birds love winter seed heads, leaf scorch w/dry

soil




Lady's Slipper, Kentucky

Cypripedium kentuckiense


Spread: Sun Requirements: FShPSh

Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: may be endangered in some areas, do not harvest wild plants

Lady's Slipper, Large Yellow

Cypripedium pubescens


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh

Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: Pn



Comment: may be endangered in some areas, do not harvest wild

plants, easy to grow

Leaf Cup, Bearsfoot

Polymnia uvedalia



Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A, Cl

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: grows easily from seed, poisonous in large quantities




Lespedeza, Virginia

Lespedeza virginica


Spread: Sun Requirements: PS/FSh

Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: A




Comment: Pea-like flowers, deer favorite

Lily, Turkscap

Lilium superbum

Type: P Height: 4' to 7' Spread: .5-.75'

Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to

Soil Requirements: A-W Tolerance: Color: O



Comment: soils must be moist

Lizard Tail

Saururus cernuus


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: PSh

Bloom Time: Sep to Soil Requirements: W, Wa




Comment: good in ponds, fragrant flowers, leaves and roots have citrus

aroma




Lobelia, Great Blue

Lobelia siphilitica


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-M

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: needs constant moisture, likes PSh in KY

Lobelia, Spiked

Lobelia spicata


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PSh

Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: A-Wd

Tolerance: Color: B, W



Comment: variable colors, potentially poisonous as nicotine, requires moist

soil

Lobelia, White

Lobelia siphilitica, var. alba


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A-M

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: needs constant moisture, likes PSh in KY




Marigold, Marsh

Caltha palustrus


Spread: 1-1.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to June

Soil Requirements: W, Wa Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: plant near ponds, streams, susceptible to powdery mildew

Mayapple

Podophyllum peltatum



Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: roots, leaves are toxic, dormant in summer, flowers "hidden",

fleshy fruit

Meadow Rue, Tall

Thalictrum polygamum


Spread: Sun Requirements: FSPSh

Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: W-M

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: hardy, wide variation in height, prefers swampy soils




Meehania, Meehan's Mint

Meehania cordata

Type: P Height: .33' to .5' Spread: .25-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to Jun


Color: B, Pn Attraction – Birds:


Comment: prefers PSh, tolerates FSh, some susceptibility to slugs,

good ground cover

Milkvetch Type: P, V

Height: 2' to 4' Spread: 2-4'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug

Astragalus canadensis

Soil Requirements: Wd Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: rounded leaves in long fronds

Milkweed, Butterfly, Pleurisy Root

Asclepias tuberosa


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Sep Soil Requirements: D, Cl

Tolerance: DT Color: O



Comment: drought tolerant




Milkweed, Common

Asclepias syriaca


Spread: 3-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pn/Pr



Comment: toxic if ingested

Milkweed, Ozark, Green M., Spider M.


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Asclepias viridis Bloom Time: May to Jul

Soil Requirements: D, Cl Tolerance:

Color: G, W, Pr Attraction – Birds: Hummingbirds: Y



Milkweed, Purple

Asclepias purpurea


Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M




Comment: can be invasive




Milkweed, Swamp, Marsh M.

Asclepias incarnata


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: M




Comment: fragrant flowers, slow to emerge in spring, sap is toxic

Milkweed, Whorled


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Asclepias verticillata

Bloom Time: May to Sep

Soil Requirements: x Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: toxic if ingested

Mint, Downy Wood, Ohio Horsemint

Blephilia ciliata

Type: P Height: 1' to 1.5' Spread: .75-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: square stems, susceptible to powder mildew, insects may eat

foliage w/ 'ratty' look




Mint, Hairy Wood, Hairy Pagoda

Blephilia hirsuta


Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: May to Sep


Color: W, Pr Attraction – Birds:

Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: Y

Comment: susceptible to powder mildew, insects may eat foliage w/

'ratty' look

Mint, Short Tooth Mountain


Pycnanthemum muticum



Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: W, Pr



Comment: decorative whitish leaves, deer resistant, best with Bee Balm &

Obedient Plant

Mint, Slender Mountain

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium



Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: sometimes aggressive, profuse small flowers, all parts smell

like mint



Mistflower, Blue M.

Eupatorium coelestinum

Type: P Height: 3' to


Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: M-W




Comment: similar to Azuratum

Monkeyflower


Mimulus alatus


Spread: Sun Requirements: PSh/FSh

Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: M-W

Tolerance: Color: Pr, W, Pn



Comment: more foliage than flower, no stems, good pondside plant

Nodding Wild Onion

Allium cernuum

Type: P Height: 1' to 2' Spread: .25-.5'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pn, Wh






Obedient Plant

Physotegia virginiana


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: may need staking, may be invasive, "obedient" to shaping

(temporarily)

Partridge Berry


Mitchella repens



Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: fragrant, red berries, may be hard to establish, some

susceptibility powdery mildew

Passionflower Vine, Maypop

Passiflora incarnata

Type: V Height: 6' to 8'


Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: DT Color: W/Pr



Comment: fragrant flowers, drought tolerant, flower 2.5" across, edible

fruit matures in fall



Petunia, Wild

Ruellia strepens, R. humilis


Sun Requirements: PSh Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: tolerates close to full shade

Phacelia


Phacelia bipinnafida

Type: P Height: 18" to



Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: mottled purplish leaves, small flowers, bi-annual

Phlox, Carolina

Phlox caroliniana



Bloom Time: Jul to Soil Requirements: M




Comment: showy flowers on thin, smooth stems



Phlox, Creeping Moss

Phlox subulata


Spread: .5-2' Sun Requirements: FS


Tolerance: Color: Pn, Pr, W



Comment: mat forming, may have spider mites, good ground cover


Phlox, Downy

Phlox pilosa


Spread: 1-.75' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: more drought tolerant, large colonies over time, may have

spider mites

Phlox, Garden

Phlox paniculata


Spread: .75-1' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh


Tolerance: Color: Pn, R, W



Comment: Many varieies, may have powdery mildew, spider mites, root

rot in dry conditions



Phlox, Meadow, Wild Sweet William

Phlox maculata


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: A, M

Tolerance: Color: Pn, W



Comment: avoid overhead watering, deadhead, may have powdery mildew,

spider mites, root rot

Type: P Phlox, Smooth

Phlox amoena

Height: 2' to 3' Spread:

Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, M

Tolerance: Color: R, Pn



Comment: tall flowers on thin, smooth stems

Phlox, Wild Blue, Wild Sweet William

Phlox divaricata



Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: A-M




Comment: may have powdery mildew, spider mites, rabbit favorite




Pickerel Rush, Pickeral Weed

Pontederia cordata


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Oct

Soil Requirements: W/Wa Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: may have spider mites, best by ponds

Plantain, Water

Alisma subcordatum

Type: A Height: 1' to 2'


Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W, Wa

Tolerance: Color: Wh



Comment: flowers eaten by waterfowl

Poppy Mallow

Callirhoe papaver

Type: V Height: 6" to


Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: D




Comment: drought tolerant




Poppy, Celandine

Stylophorum diphyllum



Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A, M

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: dormant when dry, sap used as dye, may be invasive

Prairie Clover, White, Dove White P.C.

Dalea candidum


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd




General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant,

nitrogen-fixing plant

Primrose, Large-flowered, Evening

Oenothera grandiflora


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug

Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: blooms only during the evening

Primrose, Missouri

Oenothera missouriense


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: found in Eastern highlands of KY




Primrose, Showy, Pink Ladies

Oenothera speciosa


Spread: 1.5' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: May to June Soil Requirements: D, Wd




General Wildlife: Comment: open in evening to early

morning

Quinine, Wild, Feverfew

Parthenium integrifolium


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: fragrant, good as a dried flower

Rattlesnake Master

Eryngium yuccifolium



Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: may need support, best to use mass that is self-supporting




Rose Mallow

Hibiscus moscheutos


Spread: 1.5-2' Sun Requirements: FS

Bloom Time: Aug to Sep Soil Requirements: M-W

Tolerance: WT Color: W, Pn



Comment: several varieties, needs constant moisture, deadhead, some

susceptibility disease, insects

Rosinweed

Silphium integrifolium


Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A




Comment: tolerates some drought once established, may have downy

mildew, Leaf Spots, Rust

Rosinweed, Whorled

Silphium trifoliatum



Bloom Time: Jun to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: Y, G



Comment: usually less than 5' tall, flowers 3" across




Royal Catchfly

Silene regia



Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: R, Pn



Comment: bright, star-shaped blooms, good in rock gardens

Rush, Winter Scouring

Equisetum hyemale

Type: P Height: 3' to Spread: 1-6'

Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Jul

Soil Requirements: M, Wa Tolerance: Color: G



Comment: non-flowering, plant from Mid-Devonian period, very invasive

Sage, Blue

Salvia azurea


Spread: 2-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct


Color: B Attraction – Birds: Y


General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant,

deadhead, cut back after flowering




Sedum, Stonecrop

Sedum ternatum


Spread: .5' Sun Requirements: PSh/FS


Tolerance: DT Color: Pn, W



Comment: not an invasive ground cover

Senna, Wild

Cassia marilandica







Comment: long fronds, silvery foliage, shrub-like, drought tolerant

Shooting Star

Dodecatheon meadia







Comment: goes dormant in summer




Skullcap, Downy

Skutellaria incana


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: endangered, mint family, ornamental value marginal

Sneeze-weed, Autumn

Helenium autumnale



Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A-W

Tolerance: Color: Y, G



Comment: cut back in June to promote branching, used as snuff, powdery mildew, Leaf Spot, Rust

Sneeze-weed, Purple

Headed

Helenium nudiflorum, H flexuosum

Type: P Height: 1.5' to 3' Spread: 1.25-1.5'

Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: used as snuff, all parts poisonous, deer resistant




Solomon's Seal

Smilacina racemosa


Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: M, D

Tolerance: WT Color: G-W



Comment: small, bell-shaped, greenish flowers, "wound seal"

properties, edible root

Solomon's Seal, False

Maianthemum racemosa




Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: small flowers, red berries, drought tolerant, need several plants

for berries

Southern Harebell, Appalachia Bellflower

Campanula divaricata







Comment:




Spiderwort, Ohio

Tradescantia ohiensis


Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Bloom Time: May to Jul

Soil Requirements: A, Wd Tolerance:

Color: B, Pn Attraction – Birds:


Comment: divide clumps when overcrowded, cut back for fall bloom,

snail damage to young, acid soil

Spiderwort, Virginia, V. Spiderlily

Tradescantia virginiana



Bloom Time: May to Jul Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pr, B




Comment: prefers acidic soil

Spurge, Flowering

Euphorbia corollata



Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd, D



Butterflies/Moths: General Wildlife: N Comment: milky sap



Squirrel Corn, Turkey Corn

Dicentra canadensis




Tolerance: Color: W



Comment:

St. John's Wort, Goatweed

Hypericum perferatum

Type: P Height: 2.5' to

Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: 370 species, all parts of plant are toxic, invasive, odd smell

Strawberry, Wild

Fragaria virginiana

Type: P Height: 6" to

Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to May

Soil Requirements: A Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: good taste, (edible), very small berry, may be invasive

Sundrops

Oenothera fruiticosa



Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: A-D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: blooms only during the day




Sunflower, Downy, Ashy S.

Helianthus mollis



Bloom Time: Jun to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Y, O



Comment: single flower head on stem, may need staking, may be

invasive

Sunflower, Giant, Toothleaved S.

Helianthus giganteus


Spread: 1-3' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: deer resistant, may be invasive

Sunflower, Narrow-leaved S., Swamp S.

Helanthus

angustifolius


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Sep to Nov

Soil Requirements: M Tolerance: WT


Hummingbirds: Butterflies/Moths: Y General Wildlife: Y

Comment: may need support, can tolerate water-logged soils, may be

invasive




Sunflower, Oxeye, False S.

Heliopsis helianthoides



Bloom Time: Jun to Aug Soil Requirements: Wd-D




Comment: drought tolerant, deadhead, susceptible to aphids, may

need staking

Sunflower, Rough-leaved, Hairy S.

Helianthus hirsutus


Spread: 3' Sun Requirements: FS/PS

Bloom Time: Jul to Aug Soil Requirements: A-D




Comment: drought resistant

Sunflower, Tickseed

Bidens aristosa



Bloom Time: Aug to Oct Soil Requirements: A, D

Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: flowerheads 2" across, annual




Sunflower, Western

Helianthus occidentalis


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Aug to Sep

Soil Requirements: Wd-D Tolerance: DT



General Wildlife: Comment: drought tolerant, few leaves on stems, will need staking

Susan, Brown-eyed

Rudbeckia triloba


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: ozone sensitive, short-lived but re-seeds, edible tubers, may

have spider mites, aphids

Sweet Flag

Acorus calamus

Type: A Height: 3' to 4'


Bloom Time: May to Aug Soil Requirements: W, Wa

Tolerance: Color: G



Comment: sweet smell




Thimbleflower, Thimbleweed

Anemone virginiana


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: D, Cl

Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: tolerates FSh, seeds stay on stalk through winter

Tickseed, Wood

Coreopsis major


Spread: 1-2' Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Jun to Jul Soil Requirements: A, D




Comment: tolerant of heat, humidity, and drought

Trillium, Bent

Trillium flexipes




Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: needs regular watering, flowers have lemon scent, leave alone

in the wild




Trillium, Erect Red, Wake Robin

Trillium erectum



Bloom Time: Apr to Jun Soil Requirements: A

Tolerance: Color: R



Comment: flowers 2-3" across, tolerates extreme cold, flowers smell

like rotting meat, toxic

Trillium, Erect Yellow, Wood Lily

Trillium erectum f. luteum




Tolerance: Color: G, Y



Comment: needs regular watering, flowers have lemon scent, does not

transplant well

Trillium, Large White

Trillium grandiflorum







Comment: should be protected from deer, does not transplant well, do not

collect wild flower




Trillium, Prairie

Trillium recurvatum




Tolerance: Color: R



Comment: leaved purple mottled, needs regular watering

Trillium, Toad Shade, Sweet Betsey

Trillium cuneatum


Spread: .5-1' Sun Requirements: FSh Bloom Time: Apr to Jun


Color: R, Pr Attraction – Birds:


Comment: mottled leaves

Trillium, Yellow

Trillium luteum




Tolerance: Color: Y



Comment: leaves often mottled, flowers may have faint lemon scent,

needs regular watering




Trumpet Vine, Trumpet Creeper

Campsis radicans



Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: M

Tolerance: Color: R/O



Comment: may be invasive

Turtlehead

Chelone glabra


Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh Bloom Time: Aug to Oct

Soil Requirements: A-Wd Tolerance: WT

Color: W, Pn Attraction – Birds: Y


Comment: low maintenance, some susceptibility to powdery mildew if

soil is too dry

Twinleaf

Jeffersonia diphylla


Spread: .5-.75' Sun Requirements: FSh/PSh


Tolerance: Color: W



Comment: needs good shade in summer, susceptible to snails & slugs,

good ground cover




Vase Vine, Bluebill, Yellowflower


Clematis virginica


Spread: 3-4' Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: May to Jun Soil Requirements: M-A




Comment: may be invasive

Verbena, Rose, Vervain

Verbena canadensis


Spread: Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Apr to Oct Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: Pr, Pn



Comment: fragrant flowers, winter hardy, drought tolerant, tolerates

poor soil

Vervain, Blue

Verbena hastata


Sun Requirements: FS/PS Bloom Time: Jul to Sep Soil Requirements: W




Comment: flowers on spikes



Violet, Birdfoot


Viola pedata


Sun Requirements: FS Bloom Time: Mar to May

Soil Requirements: D, Wd Tolerance: Color: Pr



Comment: uniform light blue color, good ground cover, foliage may die

back in summer

Violet, Blue, Johnny Jumpup

Viola papilionacea


Sun Requirements: FSh/FS Bloom Time: Mar to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: common blue violet

Violet, Canadian

Viola candensis


Sun Requirements: FSh/FS Bloom Time: Mar to Jun Soil Requirements: Wd

Tolerance: Color: B



Comment: common blue violet

Table I Partial Listing of Kentucky’s Wildflowers Common Name Description Picture Scientific Name

Type: P Height: 3" to 6" Violet, Labrador

Spread: .25-.5' Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Viola labradorica

Bloom Time: May to Soil Requirements: A




Comment: found in moist woods, may be invasive

Type: P Height: 4" to 6" Wild Pink Spread: .75-1'

Sun Requirements: FS/PSh Silene caroliniana Bloom Time: Apr to May Soil Requirements: Wd




Comment: leave undisturbed after established

Kentucky Native Grasses Other decorative or useful plants to use in the native plantings, including meadows, rain gardens, or in dramatic groupings, are the native grasses found in Kentucky. These plants are being crowded out by many invasive grasses listed in Chapter 6, or are being eaten by the wildlife to endangerment because these plants are more nutritious and filling than the invasive species. Many of the grasses are used in native meadow or prairie seed mixes, but may also be used as decorative plots in the homeowner’s lawn, or as single plants or groupings to add variety to a native plant garden. A parital list of the native grasses found in Kentucky may be seen in Chapter 3.

Frequently Asked Questions: Replacing Your Lawn

1. Proper soil preparation is the most important factor in the success of a native planting. 2. Use a sod cutter, (which can be rented), to remove sections of your existing lawn. 3. Do not turn over the exposed soil. Disturbing the soil will expose weed seeds and encourage their

growth. The weeds will compete with new native seedlings for nutrients, water, and sunlight. 4. If you choose to use herbicides to remove existing vegetation, use a low-toxicity, non-persistent

herbicide, such as glyphosate, which is sold under various name brands. Read the label and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.



Seeding vs. Transplants 1. Sowing seeds is less expensive than landscaping with transplants. However, native plants grow

slowly from seed, often not blooming until the third year. The first few years are spent growing long, extensive root systems. Weeds grow quickly, so don’t be discouraged.

2. Transplants grow more quickly than seeds, often blooming in the first year. Make sure your transplants come from a reputable nursery and not from the wild. Keep your costs down by buying the smallest plants available, but remember to be patient. Larger plants will bloom more quickly, as a rule.

Questions to Ask When Buying Native Plants 1. Are the native plants locally grown or shipped in? Native plants that are locally grown are best

suited to the regional climatic conditions 2. Have the seeds been propagated in a nursery or collected from the wild? Seeds from the wild

need to be protected so that we do not deplete our natural areas. 3. Will the native plants grow best in sun, shade, or a combination? Survey your plot carefully. 4. What soil type is required? Is it sandy, loamy, wet or dry? 5. Which native plants grow well together? Call your local nature center or Heritage Program Office

to find out about plant communities. 6. How long will it take seeds to germinate or plants to mature? The key to growing native plants is

patience. Will Native Plants Aggravate Allergies?

Many native flowers, such as asters, goldenrods, and milkweeds, are insect-pollinated, not wind-pollinated, and do not cause allergies. It is the pollen in the air that triggers allergic reactions. The plants responsible for many pollen allergens are not native to the Midwest, (e.g. Kentucky Bluegrass, Bermuda Grass, Orchard Grass, Redtop Grass, and Timothy Grass). Native ragweed is one native plant which is highly allergic.

Will Native Plants Attract Pests? Unsecured garbage is the main attraction for most pests, such as rodents and raccoons. Native landscaping is not. Native plants will attract butterflies and dragonflies, birds, bats, frogs and salamanders, as well as insects that provide shelter and food for the wildlife. In return, the wildlife will help control pesky bugs such as mosquitoes. Canada Geese, considered to be a pest in some areas, prefer short turf grass to taller native grasses.

References – Books, Pamphlets, and Publications used to prepare chapter. Barnes, Thomas G., and Francis, S. Wilson, “Wildflowers and Ferns of Kentucky”, The University Press of

Kentucky, 2004, 344 pages. Brill, Steve, and Dean, Evelyn, “Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild and Not So

Wild Places”, a Harper Resource Book, 1994, 317 pages. Glassberg, Jeffrey, “Butterflies through Binoculars, The East”, Oxford University Press, Inc., 1999, 242

pages. Haragan, Patricia Dalton, “Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, A Field Guide”, The University Press

of Kentucky, 1991, 278 pages. Henderson, Carrol L., “Landscaping for Wildlife”, Minnesota Department of Administration, Minnesota’s

Bookstore, 1987, 149 pages.


Horn, Dennis, and Catcart, Tavia, “Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians”, Lone Pine Publishing, 2005, 406 pages.

Peterson, Roger Tory, and McKenny, Margaret, “Wildflowers – Northeastern/Northcentral North America”, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968, 420 pages.

Phillips, Harry R., “Growing and Propagating Wild Flowers, An Easy-to-use Guide For All Gardiners”, The University of North Carolina Press, 1985, 331 pages.

Wharton, Mary E., and Barbour, Roger W., “Trees and Shrubs of Kentucky”, University Press of Kentucky, 1973, 582 pages.

References – Website Pages used to prepare chapter. About.com Landscaping, http://landscaping.about.com/Arthur Lee Jacobson, Plant Expert, http://www.arthurleej.com/Botanical.com, http://botanical.com/Brooklyn Botanical Garden, http://www.bbg.org/gar2/Bunton’s Seed, http://www.buntonseed.comCelebrating Wildflowers, http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/index.shtmlConnecticut Botanical Society, http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Department of Agriculture, USDA, National Agriculture Library, http://plants.usda.gov/Dropseed Native Plant Nursery, http://www.dropseednursery.com/index.htmlEasy Wildflowers, http://www.easywildflowers.com/Forestry Images, http://www.forestryimages.org/Gallery of Connecticut Wildflowers, http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/galleryindex.htmlGourmet Sleuth, http://gourmetsleuth.com/Grow Native, http://www.grownative.orgHort.net, http://www.hort.netIllinois Wildflowers, http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/Iowa State University, Department of Horticulture, Extension and Outreach, http://www.weedsbc.ca/Jefferson County Cooperative Extension, http://ces.ca.uky.edu/JeffersonKansas Wildflowers and Grasses, http://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/Kemper Center PlantFinder, http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Alpha.aspLouisville Green Fertilizer, http://www.louisvillegreen.com/index.htmMaine Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry,

http://www.maine.gov/agriculture/pi/pestsurvey/index.htmMissouri Department of Conservation, Missouri Plants, http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/plantpage/Missouri Native Plant Society, http://herbarium.missouri.edu/monps/Montana Plant Life, http://montana.plant-life.org/Missouri Plants, http://www.missouriplants.com/National Wildlife Federation, http//nwf.org/backyard/food.cfmNeartica, Eastern Wildflowers, http://www.nearctica.com/flowers/index.htmNorth Dakota State University Cooperative Extension, http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/Ohio Public Library Information Network, What Tree Is It?, http://oplin.org/tree/

http://landscaping.about.com/

http://www.arthurleej.com/

http://botanical.com/

http://www.bbg.org/gar2/

http://www.buntonseed.com/

http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/index.shtml

http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/

http://plants.usda.gov/

http://www.dropseednursery.com/index.html

http://www.forestryimages.org/

http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/galleryindex.html

http://gourmetsleuth.com/

http://www.grownative.org/

http://www.hort.net/

http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/

http://www.weedsbc.ca/

http://ces.ca.uky.edu/Jefferson

http://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/

http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Alpha.asp

http://www.louisvillegreen.com/index.htm

http://www.maine.gov/agriculture/pi/pestsurvey/index.htm

http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/plantpage/

http://herbarium.missouri.edu/monps/

http://montana.plant-life.org/

http://www.missouriplants.com/

http://www.nearctica.com/flowers/index.htm

http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/

http://oplin.org/tree/


Ohio State University Pocket Gardener, http://hcs.osu.edu/pocketgardener/Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs,

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/index.htmlOregon State University, Integrated Plant Protection Center, http://www.ipmnet.org/Plant Answers, Texas, http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/web.htmlPlant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/Plant Identification, U.K., http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/index.htmPlants for the Future, http://www.pfaf.org/Shooting Star Nursery, http://www.shootingstarnursery.com/Texas Cooperative Extension, http://texasextension.tamu.edu/United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Common Plants of the Eastern Shore,

http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htmUniversity of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, Home and Garden,

http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/University of California, Davis, Plant Identification, http://www-aes.tamu.edu/mary/Wdid.htmUniversity of California, Integrated Pest Management Program,

http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htmUniversity of Connecticut, Integrated Pest Management, http://www.turf.uconn.edu/submission.shtmlUniversity of Florida, Cooperative Extension, Lawn and Gardens,

http://extension.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/University of Kentucky Agricultural Information Center, http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/lib.php?lib_id=1University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Common Turf Weeds,

www.uky.edu/Ag/ukturf/weed_id_index.htmUniversity of Minnesota Cooperative Extension, Yard and Garden,

http://www3.extension.umn.edu/projects/yardandgarden/University of Missouri Extension, http://extension.missouri.edu/University of Vermont, Integrated Pest Management, http://www.uvm.edu/pss/vtcrops/?Page=pest.htmlUSDA Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers,

http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nataivegardening/landscapingforwildlife.shtmlWildflower Farm, http://www.wildflowerfarm.com/index.php?p=page&page_id=WSGWildflowers of Alabama, http://www.auburn.edu/~deancar/index.htmlWildflowers of the Southeast US, http://2bnthewild.com/

http://hcs.osu.edu/pocketgardener/

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/index.html

http://www.ipmnet.org/

http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/web.html

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/

http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/index.htm

http://www.pfaf.org/

http://www.shootingstarnursery.com/

http://texasextension.tamu.edu/

http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htm

http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/

http://www-aes.tamu.edu/mary/Wdid.htm

http://www.fws.gov/northeast/easternshore/Biology/Plant%20Fact%20Sheets/plant%20list.htm

http://www.turf.uconn.edu/submission.shtml

http://extension.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/

http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/lib.php?lib_id=1

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/ukturf/weed_id_index.htm

http://www3.extension.umn.edu/projects/yardandgarden/

http://extension.missouri.edu/

http://www.uvm.edu/pss/vtcrops/?Page=pest.html

http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nataivegardening/landscapingforwildlife.shtml

http://www.wildflowerfarm.com/index.php?p=page&page_id=WSG

http://www.auburn.edu/%7Edeancar/index.html

http://2bnthewild.com/

chapter 2 a partial listing of kentucky’s wildflowers...soil. these plants will not live in the...

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