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The Emergence of Mass Societyin the Western World

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The Industrial Regions of Europe at

the End of the Nineteenth Century


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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products and New Patterns

Substitution of steel for iron

Electricity

Internal combustion engine Increased industrial production

Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader

Europes two economic zones

Toward a World Economy

Products from all over the world Europe dominates

The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities


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Organizing the Working Class Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895),The Communist Manifesto

History is that of class struggles

Overthrow the bourgeoisie

Eventually there would be a classless society

German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875 In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the

conditions of the worker

4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany

Second International

Revisionists Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform

Trade Unions

Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s

4 million members by 1914 in Britain


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Population Growth in Europe,

1820-1900


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The Emergence of Mass Society New Urban Environment

Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the populationin Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45

percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent inGermany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent ineastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)

Migration from rural to urban

Improving living conditions

Boards of health set up

Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage

Housing needs

V.A. Huber

British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct

cheap housing for workers


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The Social Structure of Mass Society The Elite

5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent ofwealth

Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy The Middle Classes

Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class

Professionals

White-collar workers

Middle class values in the Victorian period

The Lower classes

80 percent of the European population

Agriculture

Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers


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The Experiences of Women Marriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living

Most women married

Birth control

Female control of family size Middle-class family

Men provided income and women focused on household andchild care

Fostered the idea of togetherness

Victorian ideas

Working-class families Daughters work until married

1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on thehusbands wages

Material consumption


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Movement for Womens Rights Fight to own property Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle

class women

Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing

Demand for equal political rights Most vocal was the British movement

Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Womens Social andPolitical Union, 1903

Suffragettes Support of peace movements

The New Woman

Bertha von Suttner


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Education in an Age of Mass

Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier

middle class

Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments beganto offer at least primary education to both boys and girls

between 6 and 12 State teacher training schools

Reasons:

Needs of industrialization

Need for an educated electorate

To instill patriotism

Compulsory elementary education created a demand forteachers, most were women

Natural role of women


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Leisure in an Age of Mass

Society Created by the industrial system

Transportation systems meant:

Working class could go to amusement parks,

dance halls, beaches, and team sporting

activities


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The National State Tradition and Change in Latin America

Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the UnitedStates

Importation of finished goods

Overall situation:

Largely rural

Former slaves and Indians on the bottom

Growth in the middle sectors of society

Looked to the United States Working class expanded

Growth of the working class led to industrialization

Industrialization led to the growth of unions

Elites still had the political influence


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Political Change in Latin

America Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics

Land owners might support dictators to ensure their

interests Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 18761910

Francisco Madero came to power

Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano Zapata

The United States becomes the power in the west.


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Rise of the United States Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914

By 1900 out produced Britain in steel

Urbanization

By 1900, the US was the worlds richest nation, but:

9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth

Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and cycles of highunemployment led to unions

The American Federation of Unions formed

Progressive Era

Reform

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) United States as a World Power

Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands and from theSpanish-American War acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,and the Philippines


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Growth of Canada

Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

1870

Manitoba, British Columbia1871

William Laurier, 1896


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Battleship Maine in Havana

Harbor, 1898


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Canada, 1871


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Western Europe: The Growth of

Political Democracy Britain

Two-party parliamentary system

By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30

By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party Social Reforms that followed

National Insurance Act, 1911

France

Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed

Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president, premierthe leader of government

Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power

Italy

Industrial north and poverty-stricken south

Turmoil of labor and industry


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Russia

Assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a mistake

Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with absolute

power

Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party

Revolt in 1905

Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905

Results of antigovernment rebellions


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Europe in 1871


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International Rivalries and the

Winds of War Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new German state

Bismarck removed by William II in 1890

Resulting alliance system Triple AllianceGermany, Austria, Italy

Triple Entente, 1907Britain, France, Russia

Crisis in the Balkans

By 1878, Greece, Serbia, and Romania were independent

Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian protectorate

Bulgaria under Russian protectorate

Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908

Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia

Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913


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The Balkans in 1878


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The Balkans in 1913


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Toward the Modern Consciousness:

Intellectual and Cultural Developments A New Physics

Westerners and the mechanical conception of theuniverse

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Theory of relativity

Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square ofthe velocity of light

Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Human behavior determined by the unconscious, pastexperience, and internal forces

Repression begins in childhood


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The Impact of Darwin: Social

Darwinism and Racism Darwins ideas applied to human society

Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)

Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the

Aryans Anti-Semitism

In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto andbecame assimilated into the cultures around them

Anti-Jewish parties 72 percent of worlds Jewish population lived in eastern

Europe

Movement to the United States and Palestine

Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)

Zionism


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Palestine


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Culture of Modernity Symbolists

Poetry, influenced by the ideas of Freud

Views

Art

Impressionism

Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)

Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)

Post-Impressionsim

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Photography George Eastman

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Visual reality

Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)


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