Chapter 18

The Progressive Movement

How did reformers of the past make changes that impact our lives today?

I. The Roots of ProgressivismA. The Rise of Progressivism

1. Who were the progressivesa. Had many different views to correct problems

in societyb. Believed that industrialization and

urbanization caused problemsc. Agreed government should take a bigger role

in trying to solve the problems

2. Beginnings of Progressivisma. Reaction to laissez-faire economicsb. Progressives did not feel the free-market

could address the problems of the working class

c. Government had to be fixed firstd. Strong faith in science and technology

Pragmatism

Social Gospel

Who were the progressives and what did they want to do?

3. The Muckrakersa. Journalists that investigated social

conditionsb. Got the name muckrakers from President T.

Roosevelt:“Now it is very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile and debasing. There is filth on the floor and it must be scraped up with the muck-rack; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed of all the services that can be performed….”

~Washington, D.C., April 14, 1906

c. Ida Tarbell exposed the Standard Oil Company in a series of articles for McClure’s Magazine

d. Charles Edward Russell attacked the beef industry in Everybody’s Magazine

e. Jacob Riis wrote about living conditions and poverty in How the Other Half Lives

f. Upton Sinclair's The Jungleg. the Jungle Excerpt

http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=12&chapter=4&page=2

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=Charles+Edward+Russell

When are “muckrakers” beneficial to society?

Identify what you would consider present day “muckrakers” and discuss the topics they explore.

Why is it important to have an efficient government? Identify recent events to support your

answer.

B. Making Government Efficient1. Some progressives felt government

should be run like a business – scientific management

2. Frederick Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management

3. Commission Plan: the government would be divided into departments run by experts American Government

C. Democracy and Progressivism1. “Laboratory of Democracy”

a. Robert La Follette, Governor of Wisconsin1. Pushed for direct primary

2. Three New Reformsa. Initiative- petitionb. Referendum- question by leg.c. Recall- removal vote

3. Direct election of Senatorsa. 17th Amendment-1913

http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=clip+art+%2B+elections

The progressives wanted to make the government more efficient – what would make the government more efficient today?

D. The Suffrage Movement1. Suffrage – is the right to vote2. Early Problems

a) Weak – concentration on equal rights for blacks and whites

b) Two separate organizations1) National Woman Suffrage Association – Elizabeth

Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony – wanted constitutional amendment

2) American Woman Suffrage Association – Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe – wanted to change state law

http://z.about.com/d/womenshistory/1/0/y/A/opposed_suffrage.jpg

3. The Movement Builds Supporta) 1890 – unite – National American Woman

Suffrage Association (NAWSA)b) No significant gains until 1910c) States start changing laws – 1912d) Alice Paul – Quaker, Washington marche) Carrie Chapman Catt – “Winning Plan” –

supported Wilson for president

4. 19th Amendmenta) 1920 – women gain the right to voteMary poppins

E. Social Welfare Progressivism 1. The Campaign Against Child Labor

a) 1.7 million children under 16 worked outside the home

b) National Child Labor Committee – abolish child labor

c) John Spargo – muckraker – told about coal mines

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/hughestown2.jpg

a) Poor working conditionsb) Triangle Shirtwaist Company – 150 died

in fire 3/25/1911c) Building codes for fire hazards

a) Fire doors, escape ladders,fire ladders

d) Compensation laws

http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/mar25_triangle_fire.jpg

2. Health and Safety Codes

3. Prohibitiona) Alcohol was responsible for many

problemsb) Effects of drinking on the familyc) Many Christians opposed itd) Temperance Movement – elimination of

alcohol e) Women’s Christian Temperance Union

http://www.seattlest.com/attachments/seattle_courtney/abe-prohibition-poster.jpg

There has been a law enacted in New York City to prohibit the use of Trans fats in any foods – do you think it would be possible to pass a prohibition law again?

F. Progressives vs. Big Business1. Regulation2. Wealth in the hands of too few people3. Socialism – Eugene Debs – 1 million votes

for the socialist party for president in 1912

White House Reformers

Theodore Roosevelt

Square Deal

“Every individual is entitled to no more or no less”

The Trustbuster

Northern Securities- 1904 Supreme Court ruled that the company

was a monopoly and had to be broken up.

Expedition Act- gave anti-trust suits precedent in federal courts

Department of Commerce and Labor- investigate interstate commerce

Coal Strike of 1902

Eastern Pennsylvania- 150,000 miners Terrible Conditions: low wages, layoffs,

cheap living situations John Mitchell- rep. of UMWA –asked for

3rd party arbitration TR called both parties together in Oct.

using the power of presidency and influence resolved issue b/c it is the best for nation

TR the Conservationists

Newlands Act 1902- irrigation to dry states

Tripled land set aside for national parks Gathered States for a National

Conservation Commission

William Howard Taft

Wanted to lower tariffs, lower cost of living.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff- ended up with high taxes on some items, but presidential power to investigate rates

Taft signed because party was starting to split “Old Guard” vs. “Insurgents”

Taft did what he could to keep the party together

Ballinger- Pinchot Affair

Secretary of Interior- Ballinger opened conservation land for private purchase.

Pinchot chief forester accused Ballinger of Fraud.

Taft sided with Ballinger and had Pinchot fired for insubordination.

Ballinger was found innocent but Taft was seen as anti-conservation

Siding with “Uncle Joe”

Joe Cannon-speaker of the House used his power to control the Congress and run it the way he wanted.

Cannon was conservative and didn’t put through many progressive bills and conservation laws.

“Insurgents” wanted to take Cannon out, they were able to take away much of his power but Taft stuck by him, weakening his support

Taft did some good!

Busted more trusts that TR Created a Federal budget and

investigated tariffs 16th Amendment- collect income taxes 17th Amendment- Direct election of

Senators

Progressive Party- New Nationalism

TR was disgusted with Taft’s display in office He decided to throw his hat in with a new

platform TR called for a more active role by states to

change laws and help people. Inheritance tax- pay for being left money Bull Moose Party- “ I am as strong as a bull

moose”

New Nationalism As we read the speech we will underline the places where Roosevelt talks about the benefits or good aspects

of business, and circle the places where Roosevelt talks about the problems with trusts in America.

Wilson Wins!1912 New Freedom

Due to the split in the Rep. Party and a socialists surge. The Dems. Walked away with a small victory

First act as pres. Reduce tariffs for a stronger US

Underwood Tariff- equal tax on foreign and domestic goods. Gov. main source of money income tax

1908 bank crisis led to change Aldrich Commission had to find a way

to fix banking in America 1.Not enough money in banks in time of

crisis2.There was no flexibility in backing, can

not just put more money in circulation3.No central control of banks4.Too much money center in NYC

Federal Reserve Act

12 Federal Reserve Banks “Bank for Bankers” Funds to move money Privately owned but elected by member

banks

Federal Reserve Board- appointed by the President in DC

Federal Reserve Notes could be used for cash

The Fed could then print money based on the notes issued, once paid off money is retired

Raising rates discredits spending where as lowering encourages

Federal Trade Commission

Investigate and regulate business practices Clayton Anti-Trust Act- could not price cutprice cut to

run out other businesses. Tying Tying of contracts, business could trade

freely. Incorporate investmentIncorporate investment- part owner in rival

business Interlocking directorates-Interlocking directorates- could not be a

director on business and bank Helped protect unions no more injunctions on

peaceful demonstrations.

Legislation at Home

Federal Farm Loan Banks- loans to farmers using gov. money

Federal Highways Act- road construction to help farmers get goods to market.

Keating-Owen Child labor- under 14 no job for interstate commerce goods

Adamson Act- 8 hour work day for railroads

Bad side of Wilson

Segregated D.C.- brought Jim Crow to the capitol

At first opposed women’s rights

In the end what changes were made?

Ok now that the chapter is over let’s look back.

How did the Presidents help in: Working Conditions Safety and health Women Business Tariffs

Was this truly a Progressive Era?Was this truly a Progressive Era?

Reforms of the Era

You will divide up into 9 groups Each group will research a reform of the time

and create a poster answering the following questions

1. What was the problem that needed reform?

2. What specific people and actions brought about this reform?

3. How did this reform movement changed America?

This is your REVIEW FOR THE TEST!