P R O G R E S S I V E P O L I T I C I A N S

AMERICAN CULTURES II

GOALS

• Summarize the reforms which made U.S. voting procedures more democratic.

• Describe how reformers sought to improve city governments.

• Identify the goals of progressive state leaders.

GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

• U.S. $enate• Aid corporations• Receive contributions

• Special Interests• Railroads• Lumber• Anyone seeking tax breaks

ELECTION REFORMS

• Election Reforms = Greater Voter RightsDirect Primary – 17th Amendment – Secret Ballot – Initiative – Referendum – Recall –

REFORMING CITY GOVERNMENT

• Samuel M. Jones• “Golden Rule”• Mayor of Toledo, Ohio• Improved• Police force• Municipal services• Minimum Wage

• Tom Johnson• Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio• Improved• Police force• Supported fair, single tax

system

Samuel M. Jones

Tom Johnson

GALVESTON, TEXAS, 1900

• In 1900, a devastating hurricane struck Galveston, Texas• Ensuing tidal wave killed at least 6,000 people

and destroyed the city• As a result:• 5 person city commission established• Experts in their fields • Efficient• Modeled by other cities soon after

REFORMING STATE GOVERNMENT

• Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin Governor, Reformer• Wisconsin Idea

Called for a direct primaryIncrease taxes on railroads and public

utilitiesCreate commission to regulate utilitiesSupported labor reformsSupported conservation of natural resources

• Influenced other state leaders

GOALS

• Describe President Theodore Roosevelt’s governing style.

• Summarize why the government tried to regulate trusts and the food and drug industry.

• Explain the position of Roosevelt and Pinchot on the environment.

ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT

• “Only one life between this madman and the Presidency.” ~ Senator Mark Hanna (OH)

• Death of William McKinley• McKinley Facts• From Niles, Ohio • Attended Allegheny College• Monument at the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)

• Roosevelt Takes Office• “Bully Pulpit”• Fight Class Distinctions

THE UNITED MINE WORKERS STRIKE

• 1902 – around 150,000 miners went on strike• Wanted higher wages• Recognition of their union• Owners refused to negotiate• Washington Gladden, a minister, requested help from

Teddy

• Roosevelt suggested arbitration

• Outcome: miners received a shorter work day and higher wages, while owners did not have to recognize the union or bargain with it

THE SQUARE DEAL

• 1904 Campaign Slogan① Limit the power of trusts② Promote public health & safety③ Improve working conditions

• Easily won the election of 1904 by defeating Democrat Judge Alton Parker (NY)

REGULATING BUSINESS

• “We don’t wish to destroy corporations…but we do wish to make them subserve the public good.” ~ Roosevelt

• Elkins Act (1903) – Prevented shipping companies from accepting rebates (money in return for business)

• Hepburn Act (1906) – authorized the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) to set railroad rates and regulate other companies conducting interstate commerce

PRACTICES OF FOOD & DRUG COMPANIES

• Spoiled and rotten food

• Medicines sold – contained harmful drugs

• Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle, chronicled the meatpacking industry

• 1906 – Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act…government inspections of meat and medicine without harmful ingredients plus have labels

PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

• Gifford Pinchot (former PA Governor)• Friend of Roosevelt• Pushed for conservation of natural

resources• 1st Chief of the United States Forest

Service

• Roosevelt doubled number of national parks, established 16 national monuments, founded 51 wildlife refuges

• National Park Service established in 1916

GOALS

• Identify progressive reforms during President Taft’s Administration.

• Explain how the Progressive Party formed.

• Explain how Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 presidential election.

TAFT TAKES OFFICE

• 1908 Election• Taft, Roosevelt’s Sec. of War• Easily defeated William Jennings

Bryan (in Electoral College, close in popular vote)

• “I don’t like the limelight”• 90 antitrust suits…continues

trust busting campaign• Created Department of Labor• Mann-Elkins Act (1910) –

extended regulatory powers• 16th Amendment ratified

TAFT ANGERS THE PROGRESSIVES

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff – Increased tariffs on imports, Taft “betrayed” the Progressives

• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair – Dispute of selling public land to private individuals• Painted Taft as weak on conservation• Theodore Roosevelt became an enemy

• Congressional Elections of 1910• Teddy campaigned for Progressives Republicans who opposed Taft• New Nationalism – laws to protect workers, improve public health,

and regulate business• Republicans took a beating by the Democrats

THE REPUBLICAN PARTY DIVIDES

• Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon, conservative Republican blocked much reform legislation

• George Norris, progressive from Nebraska, led the charge to change rules in Congress to weaken Cannon’s powers.

• Taft did not support their approach; angered the progressives

• Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) – born when Roosevelt sought Republican nomination

A DEMOCRATIC VICTORY

• Effects of 3rd Parties in National Elections

• Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ)- Tariff Reduction- Banking Reform- Laws to help farmers- Antitrust Legislation

THE WILSON PROGRAM

• 1912 Campaign “New Freedom”• Return to an America free from heavy of business and

government• Careful about the size of government and relation to

freedom

• Eugene Debs – Socialist Party• Public ownership

• Wilson crushed the competition for the presidency!

GOALS

• Describe how Woodrow Wilson’s proposals affected big business and U.S. citizens.

• Explain how Wilson attempted to help farmers and laborers, and how successful his efforts were.

• Discuss how American women gained the right to vote.

REFORM ON MANY FRONTS

• Tariffs• Debate over high / low tariffs…who benefits?• Wilson speaks before Congress!!!• Influence of lobbyists

• Result:• Underwood Tariff Act (1913)• Offset by a graduated income tax

REFORM ON MANY FRONTS

• Banking• No Central bank fund…danger is a “run” on banks• Debate between Private Banks & Govt. control

• Result:• Federal Reserve Act of 1913• Three-tier System• Federal Reserve Board• 12 Federal Reserve Banks• Private Banks

REFORM ON MANY FRONTS

• Big Business• Limit the power of monopolies• Sell gods below cost• Buy competitors stock

• Government must be able to prove acts intentional

• Result:• Passed Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) to clarify and extend

the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)• Federal Trade Commission (1914) to investigate

corporations

WILSON AND WORKERS

• Farm and Labor Acts• Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)• Help provide low-interest loans to

farmers

• Adamson Act (1916)• Reduce workday for railroad workers

(10 hrs to 8 hrs) without a cut in pay

• Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act• Provide benefits to federal workers

injured on the job

THE STRUGGLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)• Founded in 1890• Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony – 1st two presidents• Carrie Chapman Catt, organizer• State approach

• National Woman’s Party• Formed in 1914 by Alice Paul• Constitutional amendment approach

• 19th Amendment (ratified in 1920) – Women receive full voting rights