chapter 17: organizing life’s diversity i. classification ii. scientific names iii. what is a...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity
I. Classification
II. Scientific Names
III. What is a Species
IV. The Six Kingdoms
The Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, eats over 10,000,000 ants or termites a year.
How Classification Began
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)First widely used
2 groups• Plants and animals
.Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature: scientific name. (of an individual species)• (bi=2; nomen=name)• Genus, species
Developed in 1770Presently usedBased on physical and structural similaritiesIncorporates evolutionary relationships2-word naming systemIdentifies a species
I. Scientific Name:
Latin International language—even though there may be several “common names”Each is uniqueOften Descriptive
Can you tell where you will find this sea lion?
Part of its scientific name refers to the coast it lives along - Zalophus californianus.
Rank Fruit fly Human Pea Fly Agaric E. coli
Domain Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Eukaryota Bacteria
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Fungi Monera
Phylum or Division Arthropoda Chordata Magnoliophyta Basidiomycota Proteobacteria
Subphylum or subdivision Hexapoda Vertebrata Magnoliophytina Hymenomycotina
Class Insecta Mammalia Magnoliopsida Homobasidiomycetae Proteobacteria
Subclass Pterygota Eutheria Magnoliidae Hymenomycetes Gammaproteobacteria
Order Diptera Primates Fabales Agaricales Enterobacteriales
Suborder Brachycera Haplorrhini Fabineae Agaricineae
Family Drosophilidae Hominidae Fabaceae Amanitaceae Enterobacteriaceae
Subfamily Drosophilinae Homininae Faboideae Amanitoideae
Genus Drosophila Homo Pisum Amanita Escherichia
Species D. melanogaster H. sapiens P. sativum A. muscaria E. coli
ExamplesThe usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well.
Writing Scientific Names:First mention in a paper:
Genus species
orGenus species
After this, may abbreviate one of these 2 ways:
G. species
or G. species
Prehistoric mammal, Irish Elk Megaloceros giganteus largest antlers ever. A specimen found in an Irish peat bog had antlers 4.3 m or 14 ft across& 100+ lbs.
Taxonomy• The science & process of classifying living things.• Categorized into groups; subdivide these into smaller
subgroups, etc.• Each group ( and subgroup) : Taxon• Grouped from very broad to very specific• Smallet taxon is “species”
• Based upon: physical, biochemical, genetic, behavorial characteristics Categories demonstrate relationships. 7 different levels
.
The Classif. Process
The 3 Domains
The 6 Kingdoms: A Hierarchical SystemKingdom P hlyum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification & Evolution
The more categories shared--the more closely related.
These similarities are due to descent from recent common ancestor
III. What is a Species?
Basic Unit of Evolution
Species change and give rise to new species
SpeciesInterbreed to produce fertile offspring.
At least one unique inherited characteristic
Hybrids-cross of 2 close species
Usually sterile
(horse + zebra = zebroid)
Phylogenic ClassificationPhylogeny: evolutionary history
Cladistics: one typeAssume a group of organisms diverge & evolve from a common ancestral group.
They retain a unique characteristic (derived characteristics)
Cladogram: A branching diagram illustrates (model).
2 organisms near one another share a _____recent common ancestor
Show probable evolution from a group
IV. The Six KingdomsArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtista
FungiPlantaeAnimalia
1. ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteExtremophylesAncestors of all eukaryotes
2. Eubacteria
Prokaryotes
Most common bacteria
Ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria
3. Protista
Much diversityMost single celled; some multicelled; mainly aquatic
Some animal-likeSome Plant-likeSome Bacteria- like
4. Fungi
Earth’s decomposersMushrooms, yeast, moldsHeterotrophs Extracellular Digestion
5. PlantaeMulticellular
Photosynthesis/Autotrophs
Cell walls of cellulose
Descended from green algae
6.AnimaliaMulticellularMovementHeterotrophsNo cell walls
Largest # of phyla found in seas
Weekend Assignment: Due TuesdayResearch the meaning of and evidence which supports Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiont Theory. How did chloroplasts and mitochondria originate?
Include illustrations or pictures.
2 paragraphs minimum
Other writing format option—may write a short story or poem with all of the pertinent information incorporated within.