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Organizing Life’s Diversity
Section 1: The History of Classification
Section 2: Modern Classification
Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms
Early Systems of Classification
Biologists use a system of * to organize information about the diversity of living things.
The History of Classification
Organizing Life’s DiversitySection 1
Aristotle’s System
More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Aristotle classified organisms as *.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of *.”
Animals were further grouped according to their *.
Plants were classified by *.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Linnaeus’s System
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Linnaeus’s system of classification was the first formal system of *.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Binomial Nomenclature
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called *.
The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet, or specific name, that identifies the species.
The History of Classification
Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use.
Section 1
When writing a scientific name, scientists use these rules:
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The first letter of the genus name always is capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all letters of the specific epithet are lowercase.
If a scientific name is written in a printed book or magazine, it should be italicized.
When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined.
After the scientific name has been written completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).
The History of Classification
Section 1
Taxonomic Categories
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system.
Each category is contained within another, and theyare arranged from broadest to most specific.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Species and Genus
Organizing Life’s Diversity
*called a taxa.
A genus (plural, genera) is *.
The History of Classification
Section 1
A family is the next higher taxon, consisting of similar, related genera.
Family
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The History of Classification
Section 1
Higher Taxa
Organizing Life’s Diversity
An order contains *.
A class contains *.
A phylum or division contains *.
The taxon of related phyla or divisions is a *.
The * is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms.
The History of Classification
Section 1
Typological Species Concept
Modern Classification
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Aristotle and Linnaeus thought of each species as a distinctly different group of organisms based on physical similarities.
Based on the idea that species are unchanging, distinct, and natural types.
Section 2
Biological Species Concept
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The biological species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that is able to *.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Phylogenic Species Concept
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Phylogeny is the *.
The phylogenic species concept defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Modern Classification
Section 2
Characters
To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of descent by using characters.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Characters *.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Morphological Characters
Shared morphological characters suggest that species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Analogous characters are those that have the *.
Homologous characters might perform different functions, but show *.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Birds and Dinosaurs
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Compare birds and dinosaurs:
Hollow bones
Theropods have leg, wrist, hip, and shoulder structures similar to birds.
Some theropods may have had feathers.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Biochemical Characters
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Scientists use biochemical characters, such as *, to help them determine evolutionary relationships among species.
*.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The similar appearance of chromosomes among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans suggests a shared ancestry.
Modern Classification
Section 2
*
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Scientists use * to compare the DNA sequences or amino acid sequences of genes that are shared by different species.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The differences between the genes indicate the *.
The *, the more time that has passed since divergence.
Modern Classification
Section 2
The Rate of Mutation is Affected
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Modern Classification
Type of mutation
Where the mutation is in the genome
Type of protein that the mutation affects
Population in which the mutation occurs
Section 2
Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Cladistics *.
Scientists consider two main types of characters when doing cladistic analysis.
An ancestral character is found within the *.
Derived characters are present members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Cladograms
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The greater the number of derived characters shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a common ancestor.
Modern Classification
Section 2
Grouping Species
The broadest category in the classification used by most biologists is the domain.
Domains and Kingdoms
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The most widely used biological classification system has *.
The three domains are *
The six kingdoms are *.
Section 3
Domain Bacteria
Eubacteria are *.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Eubacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many different environments.
Domains and Kingdoms
Classifying Using Biotechnology
Section 3
Domain Archaea
Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements.
They are called * because they can live in extreme environments.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
Domain Eukarya
All eukaryotes are classified in Domain Eukarya.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Domain Eukarya contains Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
Kingdom Protista
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike, animal-like, and funguslike.
Domains and Kingdoms
Protists are *.
Section 3
Kingdom Fungi
Organizing Life’s Diversity
A fungus is a unicellular or multicellulareukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment.
Members of Kingdom Fungi are*.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
Kingdom Plantae
Members of Kingdom Plantae form the base of all terrestrial habitats.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
All plants are multicellular and have cell walls composed of cellulose.
Most plants are autotrophs, but some are heterotrophic.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are *.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Animal organs often are organized into complex organ systems.
They live in the water, on land, and in the air.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
Viruses—An Exception
A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Viruses *.
Because they are *, they usually are not placed in the biological classification system.
Domains and Kingdoms
Section 3
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 1
On what characteristics did Linnaeus base his system of classification?
A. red blood and bloodless
B. evolutionary history
C. behavior and habitat
D. body structure
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 2
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is the term for a named group of organisms?
A. genus
B. family
C. phylum
D. taxon
Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 3
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Determine which scientific specialist studies classifications and identifies new species.
A. ecologist
B. evolutionary geneticist
C. systematist
D. biologist
Chapter