Chapter 15 Vocabulary 1. Dorothea Dix 2. Horace Mann 3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 4. Unitarianism 5. Second great Awakening 6. Womens Rights Convention 7. Declaration of Sentiments 8. Transcendentalism 9. Oneida Community 10. Mormons Chapter Intro There was a deeply felt commitment to improve the character of ordinary Americans to make them more upstanding, God-fearing, and literate. Desire for: Better education Womens rights Religious revival Crusade against slavery Anti-alcohol, tobacco, profanity Many draw from religious beliefs Reviving Religion 17,250,000 Americans (3/4 of 23 million) attend regular church services in Churches are turning from Calvinistic roots Thomas Paine The Age of Reason (1794) says all churches were set up to terrify and enslave mankind and monopolize power and profit. Deism Increase in Deism- rely on reason rather than revelation, science rather than the Bible Early deists: Jefferson, Franklin, Paine Reject concept of original sin Deny Christs divinity Helped inspire Unitarian faith Unitarianism Mainly in New England God is only 1 person not the trinity Deny Jesus deity Stressed essential goodness of human nature Salvation through works and freewill View God as a loving father Appeals to most intellectuals Ralph Waldo Emerson Revivals Begin on the Southern frontier Target to counteract growing liberalism of religion Moves into Northeast Called Second Great Awakening Impacts prison reform, temperance movement, womens movement, abolition of slavery Second Great Awakening Spreads through camp meetings- outdoor meetings that lasted for days with preaching Some filled with the spirit rolled, barked, danced Some backslide after their revival experience Stimulated humanitarian reforms Boosted church memberships Methodists and Baptists Largest harvest of souls Stress personal conversion (rather than predestination) Democratic control of church affairs Rousing Emotionalism Peter Cartwright was one of the most famous traveling preachers Knocked out people who disrupted his meetings Preachers Peter Cartwright- best known Methodist circuit rider Charles Grandison Finney- greatest of the revival preachers Trained as a lawyer Led massive revivals in New York and Rochester ( ) anxious bench- repentant sinners sit in full view of Congregation Encouraged women to pray out loud Denounces alcohol and slavery Serves as head of Oberlin College in Ohio Second Great Awakening Feminization of religion Wives and daughters of business men are most enthusiastic Majority of church members Most likely to stay within church after camp meetings moved on female spiritual worth had been preached Offers women an active role in bringing husbands and families to God Many women turned to save society after they saved their families Turned to charitable organizations and crusades for the cause of reform Denominational Diversity The revival splits religious faiths Puritans in NY preached hellfire and damnation and became known as the Burned-Over District. Millerites (Adventists) predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, Named after William Miller When it doesnt happen movement loses credibility In 1857 the Presbyterians, North and South, parted company over the issue of slavery forshadowing Mormonism Joseph Smith claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. Founds Mormon faith, officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints antagonism emerges because of polygamy, drilling militia, and voting as a unit Mormonism Joseph smith Brigham young Smith was killed, but was succeeded by Brigham Young, who led followers to Utah they grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe they had a federal governor and marched to Utah when Young became governor Antipolygamy laws passed in Congress in 1862 and 1882 polygamy prevented Utahs entrance to U.S. until 1896 Education Tax supported schools not supported widely Seen as a handout to the poor support rose because uneducated brats might grow up to be rabble with voting rights Free public education, triumphed in 1828 with voting power in the Jackson election Teachers were largely ill-taught and ill-trained school was too expensive for many communities; blacks were mostly left out of education Noah Webster (dictionary and Blueback Speller); William H. McGuffey McGuffeys Readers) Horace Mann Father of Public Education Campaigns for: Better schoolhouses Longer school terms Higher pay for teachers Expanded curriculum Higher Education Desire for higher education increasing Small denominational liberal arts colleges especially in the West and South Often not strong enough in academics 1 st state supported universities begin in the South University of Virginia (1819) Thomas Jefferson helped found Womens education frowned on in the early 1800s Higher Education Cult of domesticity - common thinking 1820s womens schools begin to gain respectability Emma Willard founded Troy Female Seminary in (New York) Oberlin College (Ohio) opened to women in 1837 Mary Lyon- Holyoke Seminary (Mass.) Culture of learning Libraries begin to be federally funded Circuit lyceums of public speaking on science, literature, moral philosophy Ralph Waldo Emerson Magazines begin to thrive Godeys Ladys Book, North American Reader Age of Reform Women were prominent in reform crusades Bring back the puritan view of society No cruelty, war, slavery, alcohol Desire to reaffirm traditional values drove Christians to reform Middle-class highly involved Prison Reform Debt imprisonment still problem eventually wins the battle in the state legislatures Brutal punishments like whipping slowly eliminated Prisons should reform as well as punish hence reformatories, houses of corrections and penitentiaries (for penance) Insane people still treated harshly Medieval people believed the insane to be unclean spirits In the 1800s they were believed to be willfully perverse and depraved should be treated as beasts Dorthea Dix petitions Massachusetts legislature; described horrible cell conditions Through her persistent prodding conditions improved Peaceful Reform American Peace Society 1828 Led by William Ladd Spoke of warring against war Temperance movement Drinking increased the danger of accidents at work and threatened spiritual welfare of the home American Temperance Society (1826) Encouraged drinkers to sign a temperance pledge Two major forms of attack: Stiffen the will of the individual to drink Removal with legislation Promoted temperance not teetotalism- the total elimination of the drink Neal S. Dow- Father of Prohibition Maine Law of prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor Other northern states followed suit. Most of these law would be removed within a decade As a result: women tended to drink less, and less consumption per capita Womens Revolt Women were to submit to their masters (husband) With marriage came the loss of property rights Women began to avoid marriage (10% remained spinsters) Gender differences emphasized by market economy Women were seen as physically/emotionally weak, but artistic and refined Keepers of societys conscience cult of domesticity- women belong in the home Suffrage leaders Advocated suffrage: Catherine Beecher Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony- leader of womens rights Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 1 st female graduate of a medical college Seneca Falls Seneca Falls, NY Womans Rights Convention (1848) Stanton read Declaration of Sentiments declaring men AND women equal Purposely modeled after the Declaration of Independence Formally demanded women be able to vote Launched the modern womens rights movement Utopias Communitarian societies established Sought human betterment Robert Owen 1825 founds communal society in New Harmony, Indiana unsuccessful Brook Farm- Mass committed to philosophy of transcendentalism Fire in 1846 destroys farm Oneida Community- NY 1848 Free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents Flourished because of silver products it produced Lasted more than 30 years Scientific Achievement Benjamin Silliman- most influential American scientists of the 1 st half of the 19 th century John Audubon- painted wildlife illustrated Birds of America Audubon Society named after him Medical changes included anesthetics and laughing gas Artistic Achievements Monticello- Jeffersons home Literature Received a strong boost of nationalism after War of 1812 Knickerbocker Group Washington Irving Knickerbockers History of New York The Sketch Book Rip Van Winkle Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales William Cullen Bryant Edited New York Evening Post Transcendentalism 1830s liberated Puritan Theology Reject theory that all knowledge comes to mind through the senses Truth transcends the senses Cant be found by observation alone Inner light illuminates the highest truth Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau On the Call of Civil Disobedience Authors Louisa May Alcott Walt Whitman John Greenleaf Whittier Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe Herman Melville Nathaniel Hawthorne Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) The American Scholar (1837) R3-1/3/4/5