factory- a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured.

Textile- a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Mass production- the production of large quantities that are a standardized article.

Interchangeable parts- Identical parts that are used for practical purposes.

Cotton gin- a machine used for separating cotton from its seeds.

Planter- a manager or owner of a plantation.

Spiritual- pertaining to, or consisting of spirit.

Underground Railroad- a secret network for helping slaves escape from the south to the north and Canada in the years before the American Civil War.

Main Idea A: The Industrial Revolution Main Idea A: The Industrial Revolution changed the way Americans changed the way Americans manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

American colonists earned their living by farming before the Revolutionary War. Some workers were blacksmiths and storekeepers, that lived in towns. They sold goods that farmers couldn’t produce for themselves.

There were no factories, but then the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 1700s. Special machines were invented for the textile industry, which allowed the British factories to spin and weave at fast speeds. Britain wanted to keep these methods a secret, which made them pass laws to prevent the export of their machines and to stop textile workers from leaving.

However, the New England states were developing their own textile industry by the 1790s and the American investors offered rewards to people that would help them build textile factories.

In 1789, a man named Samuel Slater slipped out of Great Britain and came to the United States. He worked for Moses Brown and used his memory to make a cotton-spinning machine and helped Moses Brown build a textile factory. This started the American Industrial Revolution and helped make New England the first manufacturing region in the U.S.

The factories increased during the war of 1812, which kept British imports from entering the U.S. It also increased because of the Tariff of 1816 and the Americans began making more of their own goods.

A Boston merchant named Francis Lowell had an idea that one factory could include all the steps needed to make a product and would increase time and profits. He then built a textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Lowell also established a new labor systems, which included women. The women worked in the factory to wove clothing and made more money than they earned in farm labor. They lived together in dormitories and the company offered religious instruction, education, and entertainment. The new labor systems also allowed women to produce their own magazine.

Main Idea B: Eli Whitney’s Main Idea B: Eli Whitney’s inventions improved inventions improved manufacturingmanufacturing During the undeclared war between the U.S and France in the 1790s, there

was not enough muskets in the U.S. The muskets weren't alike and if one broke, it would have to be repaired by a skilled worker. Eli Whitney designed a machine to make the musket parts identical and could fit in any gun. Therefore, the parts wouldn’t have to be made by skilled workers and made it cheaper, faster, and easier to produce. Whitney’s idea was soon applied to other objects.

The reasons for Northern Industrial Growths:

1. The southern economy was based on agriculture which they sold to northern states and other countries

2. The North had a larger population and more factory workers

3. The North had better transportation systems

4. The banking system in the North was more advanced

5. Immigrants from Europe came to the North and fueled the labor supplies

Main Idea C: The early Main Idea C: The early 1800s was a time of 1800s was a time of improvements in improvements in transportation, daily transportation, daily life, and life, and communicationcommunication

The industry required raw materials to be shipped to different places, which resulted as a better need for transportation. Henry Clay’s American System created new canals, roads, and railroads. This made costs for moving goods decline and in the 1800s, there were new roads and turnpikes that made moving goods easier. The first steam-operated railway for passengers and freight, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, began operating in 1830. Canals were also built.

In 1807, Robert Fulton sailed the Clermont, which was the first successful steamboat, on the Hudson River from N.Y.C. to Albany. His trip was less time than a horse drawn wagon. In the 1840s, more advanced ships were created and were quicker.

The Industrial Revolution was fueled by many new inventions, which helped farmers. The mechanical reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831, a lightweight steel plow was invented by John Deer in 1837, and the first telegraph was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse and completed in 1844.

mechanical reaper

I. ELI WHITNEY’S INVENTION A. Cotton was grown as a cash crop during the 1600’s. Cotton had both positive and negative aspect.

The positive aspect was it was made into comfortable clothing. The negative aspect was sticky green seeds were attached to the cotton and had to be removed before it was used.

B. BEGINNINGS OF COTTON FARMING IN THE UNITED

STATES

The first American cotton crops were harvested on farms located on southern islands off the Atlantic coast.

Inland cotton (formally known as short staple cotton) contained sticky green seeds that had to be removed.

An abundant amount of labor was required to removed the sticky green seeds. As a result, the cost of cotton grew and it became more expensive

COTTON IS KINGI.C. ELI WHITNEY MAKES A DIFFERENCE

Eli Whitney, the inventor who came up with *interchangeable parts, learned of the cotton cleaning problem in 1792.

Whitney studied older machines designed to clean cotton. He realized they did not work well because they grounded the seeds into the cotton fibers.

In 1793, Whitney improved the machines by placing a wooden cylinder covered in metal spikes into a box full of cotton. A hand crank was used to turn the cylinder. The spikes hooked onto the fibers and pulled them through narrow slots where the seeds could not pass.

This machine was called the *cotton gin. The average machine cleaned 10 lbs. of cotton per day; larger models

produced over half a ton of cotton a day (1,000+)

*interchangeable parts-identical parts that can be substituted for each other.

*cotton gin- a machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers.

COTTON IS KINGII. THE COTTON INDUSTRY A.

Farmers in the South wished to grow cotton to share the profit. Cotton was more and more in demand at Northern cotton mills and

British cotton mills. Cotton growing spread from as far west as Texas and north into

Virginia. This area was known as the Cotton Kingdom.

B. GROWTH OF THE COTTON KINGDOM Large amounts of money to be made in cotton had important effects

on the South. In the coastal states of Georgia and South Carolina , cotton was a

primary crop. *Planters moved into lands that had belonged to previous Native

American group in search of newer and better cotton growing lands. Cotton was a major cash crop in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,

Georgia, and Texas by the 1830’s. The textile industry in the New England states developed rapidly

because the South supplied it with more and more cotton. Each cotton bale weighed 500 lbs. 4 million were produced every

year by 1860

II.C. A TARIFF DIVIDES THE NATION The British textile industry was in need of the

American cotton, so ships carried it across the Atlantic Ocean.

Southerners were unhappy about the tariff policy because they depended on the imports from Great Britain.

The high tariff that protected Northern factories raised the prices on goods Southerners bought from other countries.

Northerners argued that the high tariff was needed to allow the industries to grow.

COTTON IS KING III. THE PLANTATION SYSTEM A.

Cotton profit led to the expansion of the plantation system in the South. The first Virginia plantations produced tobacco. South Carolina plantations produced rice and indigo. Louisiana plantations produced sugar cane. Cotton grew more often due to the invention of the cotton gin.

B. BEGINNINGS OF THE PLANTATION SYSTEM Planters were responsible for producing and selling cotton from his

land. Planters purchased their own supplies. Planters on average owned over 20 slaves. Most planters however

could only afford less than 10 slaves and had the help of an overseer. Many people thought slavery was key in planter life.

Main Idea A: Slavery In the United States-IntroductionBy the time of the Revolutionary War, slavery had almost disappeared. Religious groups in the northern colonies such as the Quakers had detested slavery.

-Slavery and the Law.About half the slaves in the South worked on plantations. They produced cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, and other crops.One fourth of southern white families owned slaves.Enslaved African Americans had no basic rights of freedom. Only white, U.S citizens were the only ones able of gaining their basic rights.

Continue…Main Idea A.The Importance of cotton.In the south cotton had become a principle crop. They called it “King Cotton”.The cotton gin allowed farmers to produce more cotton, so they planted bigger crops. The invention of the cotton gin had changed the ideas about slavery in the South.Many people thought that slaves were needed as the cotton gin invention spread. They also thought that the workers would satisfy the King Cotton.Many people in the South believed thought that only slave workers could provide enough workers to satisfy “King Cotton”.

Main Idea B: Life Under Slavery Work for enslaved people. Enslaved African Americans had to wake up early for work. Women had to do chores such as cooking, cleaning, and

washing clothes. Men were carpenters, painters, shoemakers or at other jobs.

Most enslaved people had longer and harder tasks. Most enslaved people had to working hours in the fields.

Men, women and children older than ten had to do back-breaking chores, grow cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and other crops in the fields.

Continue…Main Idea B.-No freedom

The lack of freedom and the threat of punishment were facts of life for enslaved African Americans.

Slaveholders had the legal right to inflict physical punishment on slaves.

They were able to use whips or force slaves to work while wearing leg irons.

-Family Life and Culture

Most Africans Americans could’t marry because it wasn’t recognized by the law.

On plantations, families often lived together but they lived in fear of being traded or sold off away from loved ones.

Enslaved African Americans often lived in small cabins with their family.

Enslaved people shared many things with each other; mostly their culture.

They expressed themselves through storytelling, dancing and art.

Slaves expressed their beliefs through religious songs called spirituals.

Main Idea C: Resistance to Slavery-Introduction

In the South, many African Americans were forced to live out their lives as slaves. Some rebelled and some escaped to be closer to family.

-The Secret Network

The Underground Railroad was created in the 1830s.

The secret routes led to northern states or other countries such as Cuba, México, Canada, or the Bahamas.

There were stationaries for the slaves to hid, rest, and sleep.

The “conductors” would help guide slaves to safety. Some conductors were former slaves them selves.

Slaves were willing to risk great dangers so they can escape the terrible fate they received as a slave.

Continue…Main idea C.-Slave RebellionsOnly few of the slaves decided to resist slavery.The best known rebellion of slaves and planters was known as “Turner’s Rebellion”. It was led by Nat Turner, in Virginia in 1831. The rebellion failed, and Turner was hung.The first rebellion was Gabriel’s Uprising. The group was led by Gabriel Prosser, they tried to take over Richmond, Virginia, in 1800. Prosser and followers were executed.In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a free African American man revolted, but ended up being executed. After a few revolts planters and others in the South were afraid of slave uprisings. After Turner’s Rebellion many stricter slave codes were past. Slaves couldn’t hunt with guns, they could not play music, also night patrols were formed to prevent the meetings of enslaved African Americans.