chapter 12 poverty, welfare, and women poverty in the u.s. welfare programs incentives reform...
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Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Poverty, Welfare, and WomenPoverty, Welfare, and WomenChapter 12 Chapter 12 Poverty, Welfare, and WomenPoverty, Welfare, and Women
• Poverty in the U.S.
• Welfare programs incentives reform
• EITC
• Poverty in the U.S.
• Welfare programs incentives reform
• EITC
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Measuring povertyMeasuring povertyMeasuring povertyMeasuring poverty
• Bureau of the Census
• 12.1% population is “poor” 2003 official poverty rate
• where does that come from?
• Bureau of the Census
• 12.1% population is “poor” 2003 official poverty rate
• where does that come from?
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Calculating the poverty rateCalculating the poverty rateCalculating the poverty rateCalculating the poverty rate
• compare HH money income to poverty threshold
• poverty threshold cost nutritionally adequate diet for
HH
x 3 $14,824 for adult w/ 2 children (2003)
• compare HH money income to poverty threshold
• poverty threshold cost nutritionally adequate diet for
HH
x 3 $14,824 for adult w/ 2 children (2003)
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• money income earned income, interest income + cash benefits before taxes does not include noncash benefits
• food, housing, medical care
• poverty rate is sensitive to the income measure
• money income earned income, interest income + cash benefits before taxes does not include noncash benefits
• food, housing, medical care
• poverty rate is sensitive to the income measure
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criticismscriticismscriticismscriticisms
• poverty measure overstates problem money income does not include
non-cash benefits
• poverty measure understates problem HH should only spend 20-25% of
budget on food
• poverty measure overstates problem money income does not include
non-cash benefits
• poverty measure understates problem HH should only spend 20-25% of
budget on food
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poverty variespoverty variespoverty variespoverty varies
• household type
• education
• race
• sex
• age
• state
• household type
• education
• race
• sex
• age
• state
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26.5%
17.8%
11.1%7.9%
3.5% 3.2%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
< HS HS diploma College degree
Poverty Rates by Education (age 25+), 2001
Women Men
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by state, 2002by state, 2002by state, 2002by state, 2002
• New Hampshire 5.8%
• New York 14%
• New Jersey 7.9%
• Pennsylvania 9.5%
• Mississippi 18.4%
• New Hampshire 5.8%
• New York 14%
• New Jersey 7.9%
• Pennsylvania 9.5%
• Mississippi 18.4%
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feminization of povertyfeminization of povertyfeminization of povertyfeminization of poverty
• high poverty rate among female-headed HH (28%)
• rising number of female-headed HH over past 30 years
• over 50% of poor families are female-headed HH
• high poverty rate among female-headed HH (28%)
• rising number of female-headed HH over past 30 years
• over 50% of poor families are female-headed HH
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child poverty, 2004child poverty, 2004child poverty, 2004child poverty, 2004
• % of people < 18 living in poverty 17.2% (all) 29.4% (Hispanic) 33.2% (Black)
• % of people < 18 living in poverty 17.2% (all) 29.4% (Hispanic) 33.2% (Black)
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Why are women more likely to be Why are women more likely to be poor?poor?Why are women more likely to be Why are women more likely to be poor?poor?
• more single women have custody of children
• women, on average, earn less mothers, on average, earn less
• alimony, child support is spotty
• women live longer
• more single women have custody of children
• women, on average, earn less mothers, on average, earn less
• alimony, child support is spotty
• women live longer
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Why are people poor?Why are people poor?Why are people poor?Why are people poor?
• lack of education, skills spotty work history low wages
• adverse events—divorce, job loss, disability
• bad attitudes? small % of those in poverty are their for
a long time
• lack of education, skills spotty work history low wages
• adverse events—divorce, job loss, disability
• bad attitudes? small % of those in poverty are their for
a long time
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• Do programs to help the poor actually encourage poverty?
• Do programs to help the poor actually encourage poverty?
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What is welfare?What is welfare?What is welfare?What is welfare?
• “means-tested” assistance
• several different programs
• federally and state funded administered by states states get wide latitude
• “means-tested” assistance
• several different programs
• federally and state funded administered by states states get wide latitude
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• housing assistance (HUD) rent vouchers subsidized housing housing renovation home heating
• food assistance food stamps (dept. of Agriculture) WIC school lunch program
• housing assistance (HUD) rent vouchers subsidized housing housing renovation home heating
• food assistance food stamps (dept. of Agriculture) WIC school lunch program
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• medical care Medicaid state subsidized health insurance
• childcare subsidies
• cash assistance AFDC/TANF SSI
• medical care Medicaid state subsidized health insurance
• childcare subsidies
• cash assistance AFDC/TANF SSI
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• unemployment compensation is NOT welfare have to qualify
--work history funded through payroll taxes
• unemployment compensation is NOT welfare have to qualify
--work history funded through payroll taxes
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Cost of welfareCost of welfareCost of welfareCost of welfare
• 2001 $82 billion total federal budget = $1.85 trillion 4.5% of the federal budget
• 2001 $82 billion total federal budget = $1.85 trillion 4.5% of the federal budget
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Welfare and workWelfare and workWelfare and workWelfare and work
• prior to 1996, no time limit on benefits benefits cut (earnings penalty)
when recipients work
• prior to 1996, no time limit on benefits benefits cut (earnings penalty)
when recipients work
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Welfare and work incentivesWelfare and work incentivesWelfare and work incentivesWelfare and work incentives
• welfare is nonearned income income effect
• earnings penalty makes working costly substitution effect
• welfare is nonearned income income effect
• earnings penalty makes working costly substitution effect
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recall our time allocation modelrecall our time allocation modelrecall our time allocation modelrecall our time allocation model
• decision to work depends on MVT from working
• welfare lowers MVT of work earnings penalty lowers effective
wage welfare acts as nonearned income
• decision to work depends on MVT from working
• welfare lowers MVT of work earnings penalty lowers effective
wage welfare acts as nonearned income
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• with a lower MVT for work, cut back on work to boost overall
utility allocate more time to leisure,
housework
• with a lower MVT for work, cut back on work to boost overall
utility allocate more time to leisure,
housework
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evidenceevidenceevidenceevidence
• studies show that AFDC reduces labor supply of its recipients
• studies show that AFDC reduces labor supply of its recipients
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Welfare ReformWelfare ReformWelfare ReformWelfare Reform
• many states experimented with reforms in late 1980s – early 1990s
• Federal reform 1996
• many states experimented with reforms in late 1980s – early 1990s
• Federal reform 1996
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1996 Welfare Reform1996 Welfare Reform1996 Welfare Reform1996 Welfare Reform
• AFDC replaced by TANF block grants to states to use as
they see fit not a legal entitlement time limits
• 5 years total
• after 2 years, work requirements
• AFDC replaced by TANF block grants to states to use as
they see fit not a legal entitlement time limits
• 5 years total
• after 2 years, work requirements
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• limits on benefits for noncitizens
• focus on family formation discourage unwed/teenage
motherhood family caps child support enforcement programs that encourage marriage
• limits on benefits for noncitizens
• focus on family formation discourage unwed/teenage
motherhood family caps child support enforcement programs that encourage marriage
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EvidenceEvidenceEvidenceEvidence
• huge TANF caseload decline 1996-1999 4.4 million to 2.1 million success of reforms? and/or rapid economic growth
• huge TANF caseload decline 1996-1999 4.4 million to 2.1 million success of reforms? and/or rapid economic growth
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• studies 1/3 of decline due to reforms 1/5 of decline due to economy
• studies 1/3 of decline due to reforms 1/5 of decline due to economy
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• impact on marriage state evidence suggests that work
requirements reduce marriage• women more self-sufficient,
• women have less time for relationships
• impact on marriage state evidence suggests that work
requirements reduce marriage• women more self-sufficient,
• women have less time for relationships
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EITCEITCEITCEITC
• Earned Income Tax Credit started 1975 expanded 1990s
• EITC is like a negative tax refundable tax credit to low-
income families• up to about $4000/yr.
• Earned Income Tax Credit started 1975 expanded 1990s
• EITC is like a negative tax refundable tax credit to low-
income families• up to about $4000/yr.
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EITC vs. welfareEITC vs. welfareEITC vs. welfareEITC vs. welfare
• family must have earnings
• married & single parents eligible
• structure rewards works greater political support alternative to minimum wage
• family must have earnings
• married & single parents eligible
• structure rewards works greater political support alternative to minimum wage
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Impact of EITCImpact of EITCImpact of EITCImpact of EITC
• increased LFP among single mothers
• but decreases LFP among married mothers in families close to cut-off point loss of EITC makes work too costly
• increased LFP among single mothers
• but decreases LFP among married mothers in families close to cut-off point loss of EITC makes work too costly