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TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12
Other Tropical Ecosystems: From the Mountains to
the Rivers to the Sea
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FIGURE 12-1
Vegetation belts in the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) shown schematically.
PLATE 12-2
This cloud forest in Venezuela contains numerous conifers (foreground). The fog has fully engulfed the forest.
PLATE 12-3
Tree ferns are common in cloud forests.
PLATE 12-4
Cloud forests have an abundance of epiphytes, as is
evident in this image.
FIGURE 12-2
Percentages and numbers of rapidly declining species in amphibian families (with at least one rapidly declining
species), broken into groups reflecting the dominant cause of rapid decline: overexploitation, habitat loss, or enigmatic
decline.
FIGURE 12-3
Predicted distribution of the fundamental niche of Batrachochytrium dendro-batidis. Darker regions are those where B. dendrobatidis niche presence was predicted by more models (i.e., overlap index 1 means that 10 out of 10 models predicted presence; overlap index 0 means that none of the 10 models did).
PLATE 12-11
The Andes Mountains are extensive and active and include numerous snow-capped peaks. The top image shows terraced
plots and a village.
(a) (b)
PLATE 12-16
This combination of grasses, shrubs, and forbs
characterizes páramo at high elevations in the Ecuadorian
Andes.
PLATE 12-15
GIANT CONEBILL
PLATE 12-17
(a) Espeletias dominate the landscape high in the Venezuelan Andes. (b) Espeletia in flower. Note the thick leaves.
(a) (b)
PLATE 12-22
Puna is windswept and dominated by tussock grass, as shown here.
PLATE 12-21
BEARDED HELMETCREST
PLATE 12-36
CAPYBARA
PLATE 12-35
Black-collared hawk (Busarellus nigricollis), common along
rivers and streams. It feeds primarily on fish.
PLATE 12-37
Beaches forming from sediment deposit in the Napo River,
Ecuador. Vegetation is beginning to colonize.
PLATE 12-39 Sandbar scrub has stabilized this island in the Napo River.
PLATE 12-38
Grasses quickly colonize exposed beach along the Napo River.
PLATE 12-42
The point bar shown in this image is already being
colonized by plants that will eventually stabilize it,
contributing to its expansion.
PLATE 12-41
Oxbows are common along the
tributaries of the Amazon, Napo, and
Orinoco rivers.
PLATE 12-47
This male frigatebird has its throat pouch fully
expanded, an attempt to attract a female.
PLATE 12-46
This mangrove forest on a cay in Belize is a nesting colony
of magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens). The red
spots visible in the foliage are the expanded throat pouches
of the male birds.
PLATE 12-48
Propagules of red mangrove attach to sediment, and the plant begins to
grow quickly, forming prop roots.
PLATE 12-49
The interior of a mangrove swamp is dense with roots, stabilizing the
sediment and helping expand the forest.