Chapter 12-3Chapter 12-3Crisis in the ChurchCrisis in the Church

Issues:Issues: Prayer did not deliver us from the Prayer did not deliver us from the

plagueplague Many priests fled during the plagueMany priests fled during the plague Corruption in the Church:Corruption in the Church:

SimonySimony PluralismPluralism Selling of indulgencesSelling of indulgences Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy, Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy,

drunkenness, etc.drunkenness, etc.

Early efforts to Reform Early efforts to Reform FailedFailed

Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans…Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans… Power and wealth of Church resented by allPower and wealth of Church resented by all

Led to the Babylonian CaptivityLed to the Babylonian Captivity Referred to the time when the Hebrews Referred to the time when the Hebrews

were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian BabyloniaBabylonia

1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled 1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled from Avignon, Francefrom Avignon, France

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church officials in Franceofficials in France

Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against itit

1303 Philip had Boniface captured but 1303 Philip had Boniface captured but Boniface was rescuedBoniface was rescued

1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured 1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist

The next 6 as wellThe next 6 as well

The Babylonian CaptivityThe Babylonian Captivity

Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT were prisonerswere prisoners

Concerned themselves with Church Concerned themselves with Church finances not the flockfinances not the flock

Philip had effectively gained control Philip had effectively gained control over the Churchover the Church

Italian economy destroyed…lack of Italian economy destroyed…lack of trade, visitors, authoritytrade, visitors, authority

How it endedHow it ended

1377 Pope Gregory went back to 1377 Pope Gregory went back to Rome but died soon afterRome but died soon after

Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to foreignersforeigners

Demanded that cardinals choose a Demanded that cardinals choose a Roman PopeRoman Pope

They did: Pope Urban VIThey did: Pope Urban VI He was reform-minded BUT tactless, He was reform-minded BUT tactless,

arrogant, etc.arrogant, etc.

To the Great SchismTo the Great Schism

Urban alienated his CardinalsUrban alienated his Cardinals Many slipped out of Rome went to Many slipped out of Rome went to

AnagniAnagni Declared Urban’s election invalidDeclared Urban’s election invalid Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin

of French king Charles V of France)of French king Charles V of France) Clement was known as the Antipope Clement was known as the Antipope

and ruled from Avignonand ruled from Avignon Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417

Effects of the SchismEffects of the Schism

Common people confused and lost trustCommon people confused and lost trust European powers sided with Popes European powers sided with Popes

based on politicsbased on politics Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The

longer the Schism lasts, the worse for longer the Schism lasts, the worse for the Church.the Church.

The Conciliar Movement: claimed the The Conciliar Movement: claimed the rift could be mendedrift could be mended

The Conciliar MovementThe Conciliar Movement

Pope to remain as head of the Church BUTPope to remain as head of the Church BUT To derive power from the whole Christian To derive power from the whole Christian

communitycommunity Wanted assemblies, frequent meetingsWanted assemblies, frequent meetings Wanted Constitutional form of the ChurchWanted Constitutional form of the Church

Neither Pope willing to share power with an Neither Pope willing to share power with an assembly or limit power with a Constitutionassembly or limit power with a Constitution

Challenges to the Church Challenges to the Church BEFORE the SchismBEFORE the Schism

1324 1324 Marsiglio of Padua Marsiglio of Padua wrote wrote Defensor Pacis:Defensor Pacis: Challenged Church authorityChallenged Church authority Church should not own propertyChurch should not own property Church was subordinate to the StateChurch was subordinate to the State Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the

Church secular authorityChurch secular authority Padua was later excommunicatedPadua was later excommunicated

Other ChallengesOther Challenges John Wyclif John Wyclif (1330-1384) English Scholar(1330-1384) English Scholar Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the

standard of beliefstandard of belief Scriptures did not mention temporal Scriptures did not mention temporal

power for Popepower for Pope Said people should read and interpret Said people should read and interpret

the Bible for themselvesthe Bible for themselves Denounced veneration of Saints, Denounced veneration of Saints,

pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, other corruptionother corruption

John WyclifJohn Wyclif

Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin possessed lordshippossessed lordship

Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt (1381)(1381)

Was hugeWas huge Also led by John BallAlso led by John Ball One cause of the end of serfdom in One cause of the end of serfdom in

England by 1550England by 1550

WyclifWyclif

Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to ReformationReformation

Was condemned by Church authoritiesWas condemned by Church authorities But had a big following: the But had a big following: the LollardsLollards Means mumblers of prayers and psalmsMeans mumblers of prayers and psalms Belief that women should be able to Belief that women should be able to

preach and consecrate the Eucharist…preach and consecrate the Eucharist…so many women Lollardsso many women Lollards

The The Schism continuedSchism continued

Two Popes, two colleges of CardinalsTwo Popes, two colleges of Cardinals 1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism Elected a third PopeElected a third Pope BUT others would not step downBUT others would not step down Now…3 POPES!Now…3 POPES!

HRE Sigismund to solve the problem HRE Sigismund to solve the problem with…with…

1414 The Council of 1414 The Council of ConstanceConstance

3 Goals:3 Goals: Solve the Schism (it did)Solve the Schism (it did) Reform the Church (it did not)Reform the Church (it did not) Wipe out Heresy (it did not)Wipe out Heresy (it did not)

Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and 1500 prostitutes1500 prostitutes

Jan HusJan Hus

Had been invited to the Council of Had been invited to the Council of Constance by HRE SigismundConstance by HRE Sigismund

Had been promised safe passageHad been promised safe passage BUT was arrested and burned to BUT was arrested and burned to

deathdeath Big repercussions in BohemiaBig repercussions in Bohemia Who was he?Who was he?

Jan Hus (1369-1415) Jan Hus (1369-1415) continuedcontinued

A Bohemian priest educated at A Bohemian priest educated at Charles University in PragueCharles University in Prague

Preached in the vernacular (Czech)Preached in the vernacular (Czech) Alienated Germans thereAlienated Germans there Argued for academic freedom of Argued for academic freedom of

exchange of ideasexchange of ideas Preached against selling of Preached against selling of

indulgences, superstition, etc.indulgences, superstition, etc.

Jan Hus Jan Hus continuedcontinued

Was humble and lived austerelyWas humble and lived austerely Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not

a followera follower Became President o Charles UniversityBecame President o Charles University Prague had largest % of pop in an urban Prague had largest % of pop in an urban

centercenter Said Church was over-endowedSaid Church was over-endowed People agreedPeople agreed Went into exile and wroteWent into exile and wrote On the On the

ChurchChurch

On the ChurchOn the Church

Challenged Papal authorityChallenged Papal authority Deplored Church abusesDeplored Church abuses Defended Ultraquism (the practice of Defended Ultraquism (the practice of

the reception of the Eucharist in the reception of the Eucharist in BOTH species: bread and wine)BOTH species: bread and wine)

Defended Transubstantiation: Bread Defended Transubstantiation: Bread and wine BECOME the body and and wine BECOME the body and blood of Christ when blessed...not just blood of Christ when blessed...not just a symbola symbol

On the Church On the Church continuedcontinued

Said Church derived its authority Said Church derived its authority from Scripture, conscience, traditionfrom Scripture, conscience, tradition

Later reformers (like Luther) said Later reformers (like Luther) said authority was derived only from authority was derived only from ScriptureScripture

Hus only wanted reformHus only wanted reform He did not want to leave the Church He did not want to leave the Church

or form a movement within the or form a movement within the ChurchChurch

The end of HusThe end of Hus

Was invited as a reformer to Council of Was invited as a reformer to Council of Constance and guaranteed safe passageConstance and guaranteed safe passage

Was arrested and found guilty of heresyWas arrested and found guilty of heresy His books were banned, was stripped of His books were banned, was stripped of

his priesthood and burned at the stakehis priesthood and burned at the stake Huge protests in BohemiaHuge protests in Bohemia Letter was sent representing all classes Letter was sent representing all classes

rejecting the Council’s ruling= first rejecting the Council’s ruling= first time ecclesiastical decision was time ecclesiastical decision was publically defiedpublically defied

The end of Hus The end of Hus I promiseI promise

Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on clerical poverty and communion under both clerical poverty and communion under both speciesspecies

1990 Czech Parliament declared day of 1990 Czech Parliament declared day of Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-1415)1415)

At Constance new pope = Martin VAt Constance new pope = Martin V Others stepped downOthers stepped down