chapter 11 computers and society home, work, and ethical iss
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11Computers and Society: Home, Work, and Ethical Issues
Understand that computers have made a tremendous difference in daily living
Explain how computers are used at home
Describe how computers change the way society
interacts with disciplines such as education,
entertainment, finance, government, health care, science, publishing, and
travel
Recognize the issues associated with the digital
divide
Understand how e-commerce affects the way people conduct
businessIdentify ways virtual reality,
intelligent agents, and robots are being used in daily life
Learn how to prevent health-related disorders and injuries
due to computer use
Understand how to design a workspace ergonomically
Recognize symptoms of computer addiction
Explain green computing
Understand ethical issues surrounding computer use
Chapter 11 Objectives
Next
p.11.2
Living with Computers
Where are computers found?
Computers are everywhere• At home• At work• At school
p.11.2 Fig. 11-1
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Living with Computers
How has society benefited from computers?
One-third of the United States’ economic growth has been attributed to digital technologies
Business and home users can make well-informed decisions because they have instant access to information from anywhere in the world
Students have more tools to assist them in the learning process
Homes have many more conveniences
p.11.2
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budgeting, personal financial management, and home business management
Living with Computers
How are computers used at home? The computer has become a basic necessity in many
homes
p.11.3Fig. 11-2
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Web access
personal and business communications
research and education
entertainment
Download and watch movies
Bank and invest
Communicate with others around the
world
Living with Computers
What is the main reason computers have infiltrated homes?
People want access to the Web
p.11. 4
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Shop for goods and services
Download and listen to music
Access sources of entertainment
and leisure
Take a course or access other educational
material
Access a wealth of information,
news , research, and educational
material
Living with Computers
How have computers changed home communications?
Communications are not limited to text
You can transmit voice, sounds, video, and graphics
p.11.4 Fig. 11-3
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Living with Computers
What is the purpose of videoconferencing software?
You can have live conversations with others
p.11.4 Fig. 11-4
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Click to view video
iving with Computers
What are ways computers meet the varying needs of consumers?
A variety of computers available• desktop• notebook• handheld• internet
appliances Available in a
variety of stylish colors and sleek designs
p.11.4 Fig. 11-5
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Living with Computers
What is an Internet appliance? Computer with limited
functionality Main purpose is to
connect to the Internet from home
Ideal for the family that uses the computer only for Web access
p.11.5 Fig. 11-6
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Technology Trailblazers
Steve Wozniak Named to the Inventors Hall of
Fame in Akron, Ohio for his $666 Apple II
Combined the central processing unit, keyboard, and disk drive into one unit
Developed the Apple I with Steve Jobs in 1976
Serves as an advisor to Apple
p.11. 6
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Steve Wozniak
Living with Computers
What is education and how are computers used in education? The process of
developing knowledge through instruction
Many schools and businesses can afford to equip labs and classrooms with computers
p.11. 6Fig. 11-7
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Living with Computers
What is computer-based training (CBT)? Helps students
learn by using computers and completing exercises with instructional software
Also called computer-aided instruction (CAI)
p.11.6 Fig. 11-8
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Living with Computers
What is Web-based training (WBT)? A type of CBT
that uses Internet technology
Typically consists of self-directed, self-paced instruction on a topic
p.11.6 Fig. 11-9
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Reduced training costs
Living with Computers
What are the advantages of CBT and WBT over traditional training?
Typically consist of self-directed, self-paced instruction on a topic
Students become actively involved in the learning process instead of passive recipients of information
p.11.7
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Simulations
Computer-based models of real-life
situations
Unique instructional experience
Unique content
Self-paced study
Living with Computers
What is distance learning (DL)? The delivery of
education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations
Provides many time, distance, and place advantages for students
Also called distance education (DE) or online learning
p.11. 8
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Click to view video
Enables students to attend class from
anywhere in the world and at times that fit their
schedules
ATM
International Oil Association ATM
Employee Working at Home
telephone line
Employee Working Overseas
Employee Working from Ship
ATM
Global Oil Learning Center
ATM
Company Headquarters
Living with Computers
p.11.8 Fig. 11-10
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How might a company use distance learning?
A company may use the Internet and its own network to ensure that it can train personnel, regardless of where they are working
Living with Computers
What is a use for distance learning? More than 70
percent of colleges and universities offer some form of distance learning
A few even offer entire degrees online
p.11.8 Fig. 11-11
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Living with Computers
What is edutainment? A type of
educational software that combines education with entertainment
Teaches children in a fun and exciting way
Provides entertainment for computer users of all ages
p.11.8 Fig. 11-12
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Company on the Cutting Edge
WebCT™ Tool helps teachers develop
sophisticated Internet learning environments for their classes
Features educational and administrative tools
Developed by Murray Goldberg for his own use during his first year teaching in the computer science department at University of British Columbia
p.11.9
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Click to view Web Linkthen click WebCT
Living with Computers
What is the digital divide?
p.11.9
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The idea that you can separate people of the world into two distinct groups• Those who have
access to technology with the ability to use it
• Those who do not have access to technology or are without the ability to use it
Living with Computers
What are effects of the digital divide? Separates the haves from the have nots
p.11.10 Fig. 11-13
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Living with Computers
What is being done about the digital divide?
Several programs have been launched to narrow the gap in the digital divide Many of the
programs focus on computers in schools
p.11.10 Fig. 11-14
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Living with Computers
What programs are designed to help bridge the digital divide?
p.11.10
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Teach America! program
Provides online computer training to 75,000 teachers
Launched by Gateway
PowerUp
A nationwide industry partnership
Goal is to place technology in schools and community
centers
Anytime Anywhere Learning program
Provides teachers and students with notebook computers
equipped with the Microsoft Office suite and the capability to
access the Internet
Launched by Microsoft and Toshiba
Living with Computers
How can computers help those with disabilities? Blind or visually impaired
people can have Web pages read out loud
Web pages can display captions for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals
Those with significant disabilities can control the computer with eye movements and brain waves
p.11.10
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Living with Computers
How are computers used for entertainment? Provides a fulfilling experience in many areas of
entertainment• games• fine art• music• movies• photos
p.11. 11 Fig. 11-15
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Living with Computers
What music and video options are available?
Play CDs or DVDs
Online radio Purchase on
Web and download to hard disk
Create your own
p.11.12 Fig. 11-16
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Living with Computers
What is a digital camera?
Allows you to take pictures and store images digitally Images can be shared by posting to a Web site or e-
mailing Special effects can
be added to images You can print
multiple copies of an image
p.11.12
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Living with Computers
What is electronic commerce? A financial
business transaction that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet
Also known as e-commerce
p.11.13 Fig. 11-17
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Living with Computers
Who can participate in e-commerce? Anyone with
access to a computer, an Internet connection, and a means to pay for purchased goods or services
p.11.13 Fig. 11-17
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Living with Computers
What is an electronic storefront?
An online business with descriptions, graphics, and a shopping cart that allows you to collect purchases
p.11.14 Fig. 11-18a
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Living with Computers
What is an online auction? An online
site where you bid on an item and the highest bidder purchases the item
p.11.14 Fig. 11-18b
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Bluetooth™
Living with Computers
How are computers used to manage finances?
p.11.14 Fig. 11-19
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Personal finance software allows you to balance your checkbook, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, track investments, and evaluate financial plans
Living with Computers
What is online banking? You transfer
money electronically from your account into a payee’s account or download monthly transactions from the Web into your computer
Your account information is stored on the bank's computer
p.11.14 Fig. 11-20
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Living with Computers
What is online stock trading? You can buy
and sell stocks online without using a broker
p.11.16 Fig. 11-21
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Living with Computers
How are computers used by the government?
Government Web sites provide citizens with up-to-date information
p.11.16 Fig. 11-22
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Living with Computers
How do government employees use computers as part of their daily routine?
North American 911 call centers use computers to dispatch emergency calls
p.11.18 Fig. 11-23a
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Living with Computers
How do government employees use computers as part of their daily routine?
Law enforcement officers have online access to the FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC) through police cars equipped with computers and fingerprint scanners
p.11.18 Fig. 11-23b
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Living with Computers
What is another use of computers in government?
Web sites allow the public to complete transactions with the government online• file taxes• apply for
permits and licenses
• pay parking tickets
p.11.18 Fig. 11-24
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Living with Computers
p.11.19 Fig. 11-25
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How are computers used in health care?
Nearly every aspect of the medical field uses computers• maintain records• monitor patient’s vital signs• assist in research and diagnosis• file insurance claims• conduct medical tests• communicate with patients• surgically implant computerized
devices• computer-controlled devices
assist in operations
Living with Computers
What is telemedicine? Affords health-care professionals and consumers
access to medical care through computers with videoconferencing capabilities
p.11.19 Fig. 11-26
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Telemedicine
Living with Computers
What is computer-aided surgery (CAS)?
Involves using computer simulations to assist in learning surgical techniques
Allows professionals to practice procedures before actually performing them on human patients
p.11.20
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Computer-aided learning (CAL)
Used by other medical professionals, such as
physicians and dentists, during training
Living with Computers
How can the computer and the Web aid patients? Provide up-to-date
medical, fitness, nutrition, or exercise information
Access databases of doctors and dentists
Talk to others diagnosed with similar conditions using chat rooms
Order prescriptions online
p.11.20 Fig. 11-27
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Living with Computers
How can a computer aid in fitness?
Exercise equipment often has a computer built into it to track your progress
Monitors physical conditions such as heart rate and pulse
p.11.21 Fig. 11-28
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Living with Computers
How do scientists use computers? All branches use
computers to assist them with collecting, analyzing, and modeling data
Scientists use the Internet to communicate with colleagues around the world
p.11.21 Fig. 11-29
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Implant delivers electrical energy to electrodes in cochlea
4
Coil carries signals to the implant
3
Microphone picks up sound and carries it to a computer
1
Computer digitizes sound
2
Living with Computers
What is a scientific breakthrough related to computers?
Computer chips imitate the functions of parts of the body
A cochlear implant allows a deaf person to talk and listen
p.11.22 Fig. 11-30
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Electrodes stimulate auditory nerve fibers
5
Auditory nerve sends sound information to brain
6
Living with Computers
What is publishing?
The process of making a work available to the public
The content of many magazines and newspapers is available online
p.11.23 Fig. 11-31
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Living with Computers
What is an electronic book (e-book)? Some Web
sites allow you to download an entire book to your computer
Cost is about the same or less than the cost of purchasing the print version
p.11.22 Fig. 11-32
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Click to view Web Linkthen click E-Books
Company on the Cutting Edge
Britannica.com
p.11. 23
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Britannica
The parent company was founded in 1768 with the goal of capturing the major developments occurring in the arts and sciences
In 1974, the 15th edition was edited and published completely in-house using computers
Created the fist CD-ROM multimedia encyclopedia in 1989
Put the entire print version on the Internet in 1993
Living with Computers
What are Web bar codes? Another recent development that link printed media
to the Web Media display these bar codes throughout the
printed pages Using a handheld scanner connected to your
computer, you scan the bar code to display a related Web page on the computer screen
p.11. 24
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Living with Computers
What is a global positioning system (GPS)? An onboard
navigation facility included in many vehicles manufactured today
Receiver reports your car’s location via satellites
p.11.24 Fig. 11-33
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Make reservations
Track stolen vehicle
Honk horn
Living with Computers
p.11. 24
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Provide directions
Automatically call for help in emergency
Provide emergency
services when a button is pressed
Dispatch roadside assistance
Unlock door
What are features of GPS?
Perform remote diagnostics if warning
light on dashboard appears
Living with Computers
What online services are available for car buyers?
You can shop online for a car
Sites aid in locating and delivering cars
Offer services such as loans, leases, insurance, and warranties
Many allow you to sell a used car
p.11.25 Fig. 11-34
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Living with Computers
What online services are available for travelers? Print
directions and a map from the Web
Make reservations for cars, hotels, or flights
p.11.25 Fig. 11-35
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Living with Computers
What is telecommuting? A work arrangement in
which employees work away from a company's standard workplace
Often communicate with the office using some communications technology
More than 20 million workers telecommute today
p.11.26 Fig. 11-36
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Telecommuting
Living with Computers
What are reasons to telecommute?
Reduce time and expense spent in traveling to the office
Eliminate travel during unsafe weather conditions
Allow a flexible work schedule Provide a convenient,
comfortable work environment Advantages
• Higher job satisfaction rates• More productive workers• Reduction in employer
overhead• Healthy for the environment
p.11. 26 Fig. 11-36
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Emerging Technologies
What is virtual reality (VR)? The use of computers to simulate a real or imagined
environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space
You can explore and manipulate imagesinteractively
Used for games, training, engineering, e-commerce, science, and medicine
p.11.27 Fig. 11-37
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Virtual Reality
Emerging Technologies
What is a VR world? An entire 3-D site
that contains infinite space and depth
Many provide 360-degree tours of locations such as automobiles, buildings, colleges, sites of interest, and cites
p.11.27 Fig. 11-37
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Emerging Technologies
How is the experience of a simulated environment sometimes enhanced?
p.11.28 Fig. 11-38
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Software requires you to wear specialized headgear, body suits, and gloves
The headgear displays the artificial environment in front of both of your eyes
Emerging Technologies
What is artificial intelligence? The application of
human intelligence to computers
Can sense your actions and, based on logical assumptions and prior experience, take the appropriate action to complete a task
p.11. 28
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smart software
Software with built-in intelligence
Emerging Technologies
What is an intelligent agent? Any software
program that independently asks questions, pays attention to work patterns, and carries out tasks on behalf of a user
p.11.29 Fig. 11-39
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Intelligent Agents
Intelligent agent offers a
suggestion
Intelligent agent offers a
suggestion
Emerging Technologies
What is a network agent?
p.11. 29
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A sophisticated type of intelligent agent that performs tasks on remote computers before bringing the results back to the user
Sometimes called a bot
Often used when you search the Web or other networks for information
Emerging Technologies
What is a robot? A computer-
controlled device that can move and react to feedback from the outside world
p.11.30 Fig. 11-40
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Robotics
Green computing
Ergonomics and workplace design
A Healthy Work Environment
What are areas of concern for a healthy work environment?
p.11.30
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Computer addiction
Long time computer use can lead to health complications
Job-related injuries and illnesses
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon due to some repeated motion or stress on that tendon
A Healthy Work Environment
What is a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)? An injury or disorder
of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints
Also called repetitive stress injury (RSI)
Account for one-third of all job-related injuries and illnesses
Long-term computer work can lead to tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome
p.11. 30
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Inflammation of the nerve that connects your forearm to the palm of your wrist
A Healthy Work Environment
What precautions can reduce the chance of developing tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?
Take frequent breaks during the computer session
Use a wrist rest Exercise your hands
and arms Minimize the
number of times you switch between the mouse and the keyboard
p.11.31 Fig. 11-41
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Hand Exercises
A Healthy Work Environment
What are conditions associated with computer vision syndrome (CVS)?
Sore, tired, burning, itching, or dry eyes Blurred or double vision Distance vision blurred after prolonged staring at monitor Headache or sore neck Difficulty shifting focus between monitor and documents Difficulty focusing on
the screen image Color fringes or
after-images when you look away from the monitor
Increased sensitivity to light
p.11. 31
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A Healthy Work Environment
How can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?
p.11.31 Fig. 11-42
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1. Viewing distance: 18 to 28 inches
1
2. Viewing angle: 20° to center of screen
2
3. Arms: elbows at 90° and arms and hands parallel to floor
3
4. Keyboard height: 23 to 28 inches depending on height of user
4
5. Adjustable backrest
5
6. Adjustable seat6
7. Adjustable height chair with 5 legs for stability
7
8. Feet flat on floor
8
A Healthy Work Environment
What is ergonomics? An applied science devoted
to incorporate comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace
Using the correct type and configuration of chair, keyboard, monitor, and work surface will help you work comfortably and protect your health
p.11. 32 Fig. 11-43
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Click to view video
Click to view Web Linkthen click Ergonomics
A Healthy Work Environment
What are some equipment features that address ergonomic issues?
p.11. 32
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Keyboards
Built-in wrist rests
Ergonomic design specifically to prevent RSI
Monitors
Tilt-and-swivel base
Controls to adjust the brightness, contrast,
positioning, height, and width of images
MPR II standard defines acceptable levels of
radiation
A Healthy Work Environment
What is computer addiction? Occurs when the
computer consumes someone’s entire social life
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is an addiction to the Internet
Treatable through therapy and support groups
p.11. 32
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Symptoms
• Craves computer time
• Overjoyed when at the computer
• Unable to stop computer activity
• Irritable when not at the computer
• Neglects family and friends
• Problems at work or school
ENERGY STAR program
Developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
Encourages manufacturers to create energy–efficient devices that require little power when
they are not in use
A Healthy Work Environment
What is green computing? Involves reducing the
electricity and environmental wastes while using a computer
Computers use and often waste, resources such as electricity and paper
p.11. 33
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Green Computing
A Healthy Work Environment
What are some green computing suggestions?
p.11.33 Fig. 11-44
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Ethics and Society
What are computer ethics?
p.11.34
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Software theft (piracy)
Information accuracy
Codes of conduct
Unauthorized use of computer
systems
Information privacy
Intellectual property
rights
The moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information systems
Six areas of concern
Ethics and Society
What do you think about ethical issues?
p.11.34 Fig. 11-45
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Ethics and Society
Why is information accuracy important? Inaccurate input can result in erroneous information and
incorrect decisions based on that information You should
evaluate the value of a Web page before relying on its content
p.11.34 Fig. 11-46
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Ethics and Society
What are the ethics of using computers to alter output?
Using graphics equipment and software, you can alter images
Alteration could lead to deliberately misleading photographs
p.11.36 Fig. 11-47
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Ethics and Society
What are intellectual property rights? Intellectual property
(IP) refers to work created by inventors, authors, and artists
Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their inventions, writings, and works of art
p.11.36
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©copyright
TMtrademark
Technology Trailblazer
Mitch Kapor Founded Lotus
Development Company and created Lotus 1-2-3
Co-founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to protecting online privacy, free expression, and access to public resources
p.11.35
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Click to view Web Linkthen click Mitch Kapor
Ethics and Society
What is a copyright? Gives authors and
artists exclusive rights to duplicate, publish, and sell their material
Protects any tangible form of expression
Gives the public fair use to copyrighted material• Phrase, fair use, is
subject to widespread interpretation
p.11.36
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Software piracy
The unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted software
©
Ethics and Society
What is a trademark? Protects a company's
logos and brand names Controversy related to
Web addresses Some people and smaller
companies purposely acquire a Web address that uses the exact trademarked names of their competition
p.11.36
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TM
Ethics and Society
What is an IT code of conduct? A written guideline that helps
determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical
A number of computer-related organizations have established an IT code of conduct
p.11.37 Fig. 11-48
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Summary of Computers and Society: Home, Work, and Ethical Issues
Living with computers Emerging technologies A healthy work environment Ethics and society
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Chapter 11 Complete