Chapter 11 – Chapter 11 – CarbonCarbon

Chapter 11 Goals:

1.Classify organic compounds.2. Recognize structural isomers and

steroisomers. 3. Name and draw structures of common

organic compounds.4. Know the common reactions of organic

functional groups.5. Identify common polymers.

IsomerismIsomerism

Isomers have identical ___________ but different ______________

Two forms of isomerismConstitutional (or structural)Stereoisomerism

ConstitutionalSame empirical formula but different atom-to-atom connections

StereoisomerismSame atom-to-atom connections but different _______________________.

Structural IsomersStructural Isomers

Stereoisomers: geometricalStereoisomers: geometrical

Cis-2-buteneCis-2-butene Trans-2-buteneTrans-2-butene

Stereoisomers: opticalStereoisomers: optical

• Optical isomers are molecules with non-superimposable mirror images.

• Such molecules are called _________• Pairs of chiral molecules are

_______________.• Chiral molecules in solution can

rotate the plane of plane polarized light.

StereoisomersStereoisomers

Chirality generally occurs when a C atom has 4 different groups attached.

Lactic acid

ChiralityChirality

These molecules are non-These molecules are non-superimposable mirror superimposable mirror

images.images.

ChiralityChirality

Right- and left-Right- and left-handed seashellshanded seashells

The DNA here is The DNA here is right-handedright-handed

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

•Compounds of C and H•Subgroups:

–Alk____: C-C single bonds–Alk____: C=C double bonds–Alk____: carbon-carbon triple bonds

–________: based on benzene

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Trans Fatty Acids

tend to raise total blood cholesterol

CHCH33(CH(CH22))77CH=CH(CHCH=CH(CH22))77COCO22H H

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

AmidesAmides

Acids + Amines --> AMIDESAcids + Amines --> AMIDES

N-methylacetamideN-methylacetamide

Peptides and ProteinsPeptides and Proteins

H3NOŠ

O

HHOCH2H3N OŠO

CH3H

NOŠ

O

CH3H

H

H3N

O

HHOCH2

peptide bondSerineAlanine

+

PolymersPolymers

• Giant molecules made by joining many small molecules called monomers

• Average production is 150 kg per person annually in the U.S.

Polyamide: Nylon-6,6Polyamide: Nylon-6,6

PolyamidesPolyamides

•Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.•A polyamide link forms on elmination of HClA polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl•Result = nylon 66Result = nylon 66•Proteins are Proteins are polyamidespolyamides

RememberRemember

• OWL end-of-chapter assignment is required.