Chapter 10 section 2

KEY TERMS:1. Arbitration2. Yellow Journalism3. Jingoism4. Rough Riders5. Treaty of Paris6. “unincorporated” territories7. Teller Amendment8. Platt Amendment9. Foraker Act 190010. Jones Act 191711. Spheres of influence12. Open Door Policy13. Righteous and Harmonious

Fists

KEY PEOPLE:1. General Valeriano Weyler2. Journalist Jose Marti3. Joseph Pulitzer4. William Randolph Hearst5. Spanish ambassador

Dupuy de Lome6. Assistant Secretary of the

Navy Theodore Roosevelt7. Emilio Aguinaldo8. General Leonard Wood9. Major Walter Reed10. Queen Liliuokalani11. Sanford B. Dole12. Secretary of State John Hay

Chapter 10 section 2

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How did the activities of the United States in Latin

America set the stage for war with Spain?2. What were the events leading up to and following the

Spanish-American War?3. What challenges did the United States face after the

war?4. Why did the United States seek to gain influence in the

Pacific?

THE BIG IDEAA swift victory in the Spanish-American War confirmed thestatus of the United States as a world power, but it leftsome people arguing over how to govern newly acquiredterritories.

Chapter 10 section 2

As a Team, answer the following the questions and be prepare to share

your answers with the class:

When do you believe it is acceptable policy for the United States to go

to war?

- When American interests are in danger.

- When American citizens are in danger.

- When an American ally has been attacked.

- When the United States has been attacked.

- When the United States has support from other nations.

- When victory is probable.

- When essential resources are at stake.

- When principals of freedom and liberty are at stake.

- No reason is needed.

- No reason is good enough to declare war.

As an individual, rank the top three reasons to go to war.

As a Team, answer the following the question and be prepare to share

your answer with the class:

The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War

This article will provide the context for American interest in Cuba prior to our

military intervention in 1898.

Give several examples of the geographic, economic, and political

connections between the United States and Cuba prior to our military

intervention in 1898?

After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War, create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war.

Geography Economic Political

Geography Economic Political

A port for slaves Ostend Manifesto -attempted to purchasethe Island from Spain in 1854.

A source of sugar

To smuggle slaves into the U.S.

Important as a gate-way to the Gulf of Mexico.

To protect the Western Hemisphere

Spanish descent causedAmerican policy makersto fear other Europeancountries taking overformer Spanish colonies

50 million had been invested in Cuba by 1895

U.S. imported 90% of thesugar produced in Cuba.100 million in economic activity

Monroe DoctrineCuban rebels burned sugar fields and destroyedrefining mills to convinceAmerica to reduce the Wilson-Gorman Tariff

1896 Pres. Cleveland Urged neutrality

Congress recognized theCuba Libre movement andwanted the Pres. to seekCuban independence.

After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .

Causes of the Spanish-American War.

After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .

Causes of the Spanish-American War.

Foreign policy considerationsConnected to the Monroe Doctrine

Business interests relating to sugar

The legacy of the American Revolution

The actions taken by Cuban insurgents in 1895 prompted theAmerican public and gov’t to formulatea response to Cuban independence

de Lome criticizing President McKinley

Yellow Journalism

The Spark;The sinking of the

USS Maine

Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American WarDocument 1 – A Speech by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

1. List three specific reasons Lodge provides to justify American involvement in Cuba.

a. Citizens of Cuba are fighting a revolution against oppression, just like Americans did during the American Revolution.

b. Cubans believe in civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and press, just like Americans do.

c. A free Cuba offers a great market for American businesses.d. A free Cuba will protect American interests in the Caribbean.

/

2. How does Lodge attempt to persuade people to adopt his argument?Lodge makes analogies between the events in Cuba and the American RevolutionHe describes the situation with vivid terms like oppression, sympathy, principles, and opportunity. /

3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?

Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War

Document 2 – Headlines from the New York World1. List four specific reasons the headlines provide to justify

American involvement in Cuba.a. There is a Crisis in Cuba.b. Americans are in dangerc. The crisis is a result of “Spanish Treachery”d. The Maine was destroyed by “outsiders”e. President McKinley suspects a “Spanish plot” /

2. How do the editors of the New York World attempt to persuade their readers to adopt their argument?The newspaper attempts to directly connect the explosion on

the Maine with actions taken by the Spanish.They quote support from the British, provide a picture of the explosion, and supply direct quotations from sailors on the ship.

3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?

Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War

Document 3 – Letter from Spanish Deputy Enrique de Lome to a Friend in Cuba

1. List the one reason that the letter might influence people to want war with Spain.

The letter questions the leadership abilities of the U.S. president and paints a derogatory picture of the president.

2. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?

As a team, use the documents and share events that influenced the

American decision to go to war.

1. The rebellion of the Cubans against Spanish rule (document 1)

2. The treatment of the Cubans by Spanish in general and General

Weyler in particular (document 2)

3. The de Lome letter’s criticisms of President McKinley (document 3)

4. The sinking of the Maine (document 2)

5. The coverage of these events by the media (yellow journalism)

(document 2)

Based on the list we created about reasons that justify the use

to American military, which of the criteria do you believe were satisfied

March 1898?

Responses should include

When American interests are in danger

When American citizens are in danger

When an American ally has been attacked

When the U.S. has been attacked

When essential resources are at stake /

How were the events such as the Cuban-Spanish War and the sinking

of the Maine depicted in the press?

Flowery language (yellow press) used by the newspapers such as

“atrocities, tortured, horrors, and shock.”

Large headlines, graphic cartoons, and constant coverage of only one side of the issue. /

How influential might the press coverage have been on American

decision makers?

Although the press coverage was biased and at times overwhelming, it

was the actual events that drew the U.S. closer to war and the press

coverage took advantage of the events that had occurred.

What do you believe led to the American declaration of war against

Spain?

Answers should reflect the multiple causality of the event, rather than a simplistic attribution of the cause of the war to one single event.

Geographic importance of Cuba

The economic ties between the U.S. and Cuba

Cuba’s revolution against oppression (colonial rule)

The de Lome Letter

Explosion of the USS Maine

The coverage of the events by the media

HEARSTPULITZER

CARTOON SHOWS THE TWO PUBLISHERS ARE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR.

Country Dispute Results

1891 Chilean mob attacked U.S. gov’t forced Chile to

U.S. sailors on shore leave. Pay $75,000 to the

They killed 2 Americans & sailors families.

injured 17 others.

A rebellion threatened the Pres. Cleveland ordered

friendly republican gov’t of naval units to Rio de

Brazil. Janeiro to protect U.S.

shipping interests. This

broke the rebellion.

British Guiana & Venezuela U.S. demanded Britain

had a border dispute. Acknowledge the Monroe

Mineral wealth in border Doctrine submit to

area. arbitration. Britain agrees.

Germany a concern -

needs friendly U.S.

Chile

Brazil

Venezuela

1. How did the activities of the United States in Latin America set the stage for war with Spain?

The Spanish – American War

How did the Cuban Rebellion, Yellow Journalism, and jingoism influence Americans’ views of the Cuban Rebellion?

Influence on Americans’ view of the Cuban Revolution

Spain sent troops & Gen. Weyler. “Reconcentration”policy instituted – 200,000 dead Cubans. The U.S.

would not intervene. Cuban guerrillas destroyed U.S.

sugar plantations-U.S. business owners increasedpressure on the government to act.

Demands for U.S. intervention from newspapers. Their sensational headlines and stories whipped

upU.S. public opinion in favor of the rebels.

Sensational stories led to an intense burst of national pride & desire for an aggressive foreign policy.

Cuban Rebellion

Yellow Journalism

Jingoism

•Role of media

•U.S.S. Maine

•War in Cuba

•Teller amendment

•Philippines

•Differing opinions on imperialism

PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT

THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

CUBA

Florida

YELLOW JOURNALISM

CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM

IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.

NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES TOWARDS THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN

SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE US FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE

The U.S. public was especially sympathetic towards women in Cuba. Hearst focused on a young woman, known in the United States as Evangelina Cisneros, who was imprisoned in Havana. Petitions for her freedom were signed by prominent U.S. women and the pope, and addressed to the Queen regent of Spain. Evangelina managed to escape with the help of correspondent Karl Decker, who probably bribed her guards. The story presented to the public was that of a heroic "journalist that acts."

ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH,

1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR.

USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR

Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish

YELLOW JOURNALISTS WERE QUICK TO PUT THE BLAME ON SPAIN BUT LATER RESEARCH SHOWED IT WAS PROBABLY AN ACCIDENT.

What is the message of this cartoon?

Spain is represented as an animal who has murdered the soldiers in the background. He is stepping on the U.S. flag while standing on a grave of a U.S.S. Maine sailor. His blood soaked hand on the tombstone suggests Spain was responsible for the deaths of American sailors.

Teller Amendment, 1898Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect. Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battle ship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited:Therefore, Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right ought to be, free and independent.

Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.

Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said Island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the Island to its people.

THIS AMENDMENT DECLARED THE INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA AFTER THE WAR.

The Spanish American WarCreate a graphic organizer on the causes of the Spanish American War. Make sure to use a title for the graphic organizer.

Spanish – American War Time Line

Jan.1898 Feb. 1898 Feb.15, 1898

Feb.25, 1898 March 1898

Apr. 11, 1898

Apr. 20, 1898

Riots erupted in Havana, Cuba. Pres. McKinley sentU.S.S. Maine to protect U.S. citizens & property.

Spanish ambassador Dupuy de Lome letter ridiculedMcKinley. Intensified anti-Spanish sentiments.

An explosion sank the Maine-killed 250 U.S. sailors.Americans blamed Spain.

T. Roosevelt cabled naval commanders in the Pacific toattack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war with Spain.

McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain. Spain acceptedall but the last demand – Cuban independence.

McKinley sent a war message to Congress. “Remember the Maine!”

Although Cuba was not a U.S. territory, Congress issued aResolution declaring Cuba independent & demandingSpain leave the island within three days. Teller Amendment

May 1, 1898

Jun.22, 1898

July 1, 1898

July 3, 1898

Aug. 12, 1898

Aug. 13, 1898

Dec. 1898

Feb. 1899

Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish shipsin Manila Bay. U.S. warships bottled up Spain in Santiago.

Landing on this day, the U.S. troops captured the hillsaround the main Spanish forces at Santiago.

Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up San JuanHill, a famous incident of the war.

Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape Santiago.The U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship.

After U.S. troops invaded Spanish held Puerto Rico,Spain signed a cease-fire agreement.

U.S. troops & Filipino rebels led by Emilio AguinaldoTook control of the Philippine capital, Manila.

U.S. & Spain sign the Treaty of Paris. Spain recognizedCuba’s independence. $20million U.S. gains Philippines,Puerto Rico, and Guam.

The U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty, but not without great Debate.

Troops mobilizing for war

MAP OF THE FIGHTING IN THE CUBAN CAMPAIGN FROM THE WEST POINT ATLAS OF AMERICAN WAR.

Soldiers breaking down camp

Members of the 17th U.S. Infantry  break camp on the morning of June 30, 1898, in preparation for their move on El Caney, Cuba. Rising over the hill in the background is the Signal Corps observation balloon. 

US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN

THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA

BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE

ARMY NURSES DURING THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SUGGEST IS THE SITUATION FOR THE CUBANS?

IF SHE (CUBA) JUMPS FROM THE FRYING PAN SHE WILL LEAP INTO THE FIRE. THIS IS THE JUSTIFICATION THAT WAS USED TO TAKE OVER THE RULE OF CUBA AFTER THE SPANISH WERE DEFEATED.

US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES

US MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY

ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

U.S.S. Olympia, Penn’s Landing, Philadelphia

"New Navy" of the 1880s and 1890s designed to correct the deficiencies of a weakened and neglected naval force. This program was directly responsible for the rise of the steel shipbuilding industry of the United States. Olympia is the last remaining ship built during that program and the sole surviving naval combatant of the Spanish-American War."

"The oldest steel-hulled American warship afloat, the U.S.S. Olympia served as Commodore George Dewey's flagship during the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.

AMERICAN EXPANSION

Identify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence in

certain territories following The Spanish-American War.

Areas gained or Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had

had influence in influence in certain territories.

Teller Amendment. To protect U.S. business interests

Pres. McKinley installed a military gov’t. (3 years).

U.S. military gov’t authorized Cuba to draft a constitution.

U.S. gov’t only agreed to remove its troops if the Cubans

included provisions outlined in the Platt Amendment.

The U.S. gained control of Guam as a result of the Peace

Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. To be

used as a refueling station and military base to protect

U.S. interest in the Pacific.

Cuba

Guam

US OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

GUAM AND PUERTO RICO ISLANDS taken over by The U.S. after the Spanish-American War

AMERICAN EXPANSIONIdentify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence incertain territories following The Spanish-American War.

Unlike Cuba, Puerto Rico did not become

independent. The U.S. maintained a military gov’t until 1900. The Foraker Act 1900 established a civil gov’t, still under U.S. control. / To stem a growing independence movement, the U.S. gov’t granted Puerto Ricans

American citizenship – Jones Act 1917. Puerto Ricans could elect their local legislatures, the

U.S. retained the power to appoint key officials.

Pres. McKinley – “They were unfit for self-gov’t, we must educate, uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” Warned that if the U.S. did not act first, European powers might. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines a republic, the U.S. ignored him. A bitter three year war followed. Gained independence in 1946.

Areas gained or Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had had influence in influence in certain territories.

Puerto Rico

The Philippines

WHO DO THE FIGURES REPRESENT?

WHAT IS LADY LIBERTY SHOWING BY PARTING THE CURTAINS ON EVENTS IN THE U.S.?

EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS AN ANTI-IMPERIALIST CARTOON.

United States wants to expand in Latin America and Pacific.

In Cuba and Philippines, people rebel against Spanish rule.

Demands for involvement from American expansionists and newspapers.

Explosion sinks American battleship U.S.S. Maine in Cuban harbor. Cause of the explosion is unknown, but angry Americans blame Spain.

The Spanish-American War

U.S. defeats Spain in three months.

Spain recognizes Cuba’s independ. U.S. controls Cuban politics & economy.

Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam become U.S. territories.

U.S. is recognized as a world power.

Other Gains in The PacificComplete the chart below to highlight how U.S. intervention brought aboutchanges in its relationships with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.

Country Early Increased U.S. Changed Relationship Intervention Relationship

Important to U.S. Leased Pearl Harbor 1898 Congress

business interests to the U.S. Hawaiian approved Hawaiian sugar King forced to give annexation. duty-free. control to white

Hawaiian born planters. Queen Liliuokalani opposed U.S. control of the islands. U.S. Marines help Sanford B. Dole remove the Queen. He declared a republic & asked the U.S. to annex.

Hawaii

What role does the U.S. play?

Queen Liliuokalani,

LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII

SANFORD DOLE

Became president of the republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as

part of the u.s. in 1898

THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWERTHE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER

HAWAII: 1898

MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867

WAKE ISLAND: 1898

GUAM: 1898

JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898

PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898

SAMOA ISLAND: 1899

PHILIPPINES: 1898

PUERTO RICO: 1898

What is happening in this cartoon?

“WELL I HARDLY KNOW WHICH TO TAKE FIRST”. Uncle Sam is being served by President McKinley.

Country Early Increased U.S. Changed Relationship Intervention Relationship

1878 Trade Tension between Britain w/draws, relationship Protection European powers Germany & the for harbor lease at & U.S. almost led to U.S. divide islands Pago Pago war. A 3-way U.S. acquired the

protectorate of Harbor at Pago Samoa. Pago.

Trade relationship Open Door Policy Following the European Powers Boxer Rebellion keep an “open door” the U.S. reaffirmed to China the principle of

open trade in China.

Other Gains in The Pacific

Samoa

China

THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM

BOXER REBELLION, 1900BOXER REBELLION, 1900

BOXER SOLDIER

Boxer rebel

REVOLT OF CHINESE AGAINST FOREIGNERS IN CHINA IN 1900

Called “boxers” because most were martial artists and Westerners did not know what to call them.

Boxer troops entered the foreign held Peking (Beijing)

The Boxers did not want foreigners to control China.

An international force retaliated and seized control

of Peking

Several western countries sent troops to China, such as the U.S.,

Japan, Russia, Germany, Austria, France, and Great Britain.

Who do all of the figures represent?

The figures represent China, U.S. Britain, Russia, Italy, Germany, and France.

CHINA WAS FORCED TO PAY REPARATIONS TO THE FOREIGN INVADERS OF CHINA FOR DAMAGES THE BOXERS DID TO FOREIGNERS PROPERTY IN THE SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.

Anti-imperialist cartoon

“TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”

WHO IS AT THE FAR LEFT?

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS CARTOON?

WHAT GROUP WOULD SUPPORT THIS CARTOON?

China

Criticize the US for joining the other imperialist nations taking unfair advantage of a weak China.

Anti-Imperialist League

OPEN DOOR POLICY

WHO ARE THE LAND GRABBERS? WHY DO YOU THINK UNCLE SAM IS TRYING TO STOP THEM?

Leading countries of Europe and Japan.

All nations should have equalTrading rights in China –Open Door Policy