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Chapter 10, Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
• Early Development of Greek Society – Minoan and Mycenaean Societies – The World of the Polis
• Greece and the Larger World – Greek Colonization – Conflict with Persia – The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire – The Hellenistic Empires
• The Fruits of Trade: Greek Economy and Society – Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin – Family and Society
• The Cultural Life of Classical Greece – Rational Thought and Philosophy – Popular Religion and Greek Drama – Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion
Ancient Greece • Bronze Age – 2 nd millennium B.C.E.
– Minoan Crete, 22001450 B.C.E. – Mycenaean Greece, 16001150 B.C.E.
• Dark Age, 1150800 B.C.E. • Archaic Period, 800500 B.C.E.
– Rise of the Polis • Classical Period, 500323 B.C.E.
– High Point of Greek Civilization • Hellenistic Period, 32330 B.C.E.
– Alexander the Great, 356323 B.C.E.
Geography of Greece • Mainland Greece
– Rocky and Mountainous – Fertile plains – No navigable rivers – Limited natural resources – Long coastline with many harbors
• Aegean Islands – The Cycladic Islands – Crete
Bronze Age Greece • Heinrich Schliemann, the Trojan War, and the recovery of Bronze Age Greece
• Mycenaean Greece • Minoan Crete
– King Minos, Queen Pasiphaë, the Minotaur, and the Labyrinth
– Sir Arthur Evans and the excavation of Knossos
Heinrich Schliemann, excavator of Troy and Mycenae
Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos
Minoan Crete, c. 20001450 B.C.E.
• Palaces – Major palace: Knossos
• Control of sea trade • Wall Paintings • Religion • Literate – Linear A
– Undeciphered • Peaceful
– No fortifications
Linear A
Mycenaean Greece, c. 16001200 B.C.E.
• Palaces – Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, etc.
– Fortified citadels • “Cyclopean” masonry
• Militaristic – Warrior Burials – Conquest of Minoan Crete – Trojan War – Agamenmon of Mycenae
• Literate – Linear B – Greek
Linear B Tablet
The End of the Bronze Age
• Mycenaean citadels destroyed c. 1200 B.C.E.
• Invasions? Climate change? Famine? • Connection with the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (Hittites, Egypt)
The Fall of Late Bronze Age Civilizations
• The 12 th century B.C.E. – a period of major changes and disruption throughout the Mediterranean World – Mycenaean World – Hittites – Syria – Egypt – Philistines (one of the Sea Peoples) – Israel
• Interdependence
The Trojan War • [Mycenaean] Greeks vs. Troy, c. 1250 B.C.E.
• Homer – Lived in the 8 th century B.C.E.
– Iliad • Achilles and the Trojan War
– Odyssey • Odysseus’ voyage home
• To what era do the stories belong?
Homer
• Disappearance of Mycenaean Civilization – No Writing – No Palaces – No International trade
• Depopulation – from 12 th to 9 th centuries B.C.E.
• Collapse of agricultural production – More herding, less farming
• Some Greeks migrate across the Aegean to the west coast of Turkey
Dark Age Greece, c. 1150800 B.C.E.
End of the Dark Ages: Major changes in the 8 th cent.
B.C.E. • Rise in population • Improvements in agriculture
– Economy shifted from herding to farming
• Iron replaced bronze • Competition for resources • Revival of trade
– Phoenicians trading with Greece • Writing reintroduced
• The Polis (plural Poleis) = CityState – Urban Center – Acropolis – Agora (market)
• Poleis varied in size, natural resources, wealth
• Citizenship – Each polis was a community in which all citizens were entitled to participate at some level
• Each polis functioned as a political, economic, social, and religious unit
The Rise of the Polis, c. 800 B.C.E.480 B.C.E.
• • Monarchy Monarchy – Typical Bronze Age Government – Few monarchies survived in Greece after the Bronze Age
• Aristocracy – aristos = best; cratos = rule
• Oligarchy – oligos = few; archos = power
• Tyranny • Democracy
Governments of the Poleis, c. 800 B.C.E.480 B.C.E.
• Changes in society during the Archaic Period led to political change: – Wealth
• From farming, trade – Colonization – Military Changes
Political Changes in the Poleis
• Overpopulation • Motives:
– Economic frustration – Political frustration
• New poleis founded throughout the eastern Mediterranean – Colony – Mothercity
• Trade and commerce • Cultural diffusion
– 1500 Greek citystates
Greek Colonization, c. 750550 B.C.E.
What aspects of the colonies’ locations facilitated trade between them and the city-states in Greece?
• Bronze Age warfare – chariots and heavily armed soldiers
• Early Iron Age warfare cavalry • Military Change in the 8 th century: Hoplites – Heavily armed infantrymen
• Shield (hoplon) • Helmet, breastplate, leg guards • Thrusting spear • Sword
– Phalanx formation • 4 to 8 rows deep
A New Military System
• Aristocrats in power • Excluded people
– Poor – Middle class – The new rich
• What could those excluded from power do about it? – Political tension – Refusal to fight to support the polis – Support alternative leaders
• Tyrants
Outgrowth of the Changes = Political Changes
• Laconia • Conquered Messenia, c. 730 B.C.E.
– Population reduced to slaves Helots • Military Service
Sparta: The Military Ideal
The Spartan State • Dual kings
– Assisted by a council of elders (gerousia) and an assembly of all male citizens (Spartiates)
• Society – Spartiates – Perioeci (“those who live around”) – Helots
• Family Life – Boys – Girls – Marriage – Wives and Mothers
• Athens in the Dark Age – Governed by aristocrats
• Tensions in the 7 th century B.C.E. – Debt slavery
• 6 th century – emerging democracy – Draco, 620 B.C.E. – Solon, 594 B.C.E.
Athens
• Pisistratis, Tyrant of Athens, 560 556 B.C.E. & 546527 B.C.E. – Very popular – Athens very peaceful and prosperous – Succeeded by unpopular sons Hippias and Hipparchus (assassinated in 514 B.C.E.) • Hippias forced into exile in 510 B.C.E.
• The Reforms of Cleisthenes, 508501 B.C.E. – Weaken the power of localities and regions – Council of 500, fifty representatives from each of 10 new tribe
• Democracy (demos, “people,” and kratia, “power”)
Athens: The Move to Tyranny …and then Democracy
Fullblown Democracy Pericles • The Assembly (Ecclesia)
– All male citizens over 18 participate – Responsible for laws, foreign policy, declaring war
• Council of 500 (introduced by Cleisthenes) – 50 men elected by lot from each tribe; Prepared agenda for Assembly
• Magistrates – Chosen by lot
• Board of 10 Generals (strategoi) – Elected by vote
• Ostracism • Law Courts • Direct democracy
– All can participate; All officials paid
• “Mobocracy”
• Greece in the 5 th century B.C.E. • Begins and ends with wars
– Persian Wars, 490 B.C.E. & 480479 B.C.E.
– Peloponnesian War, 431404 B.C.E. • The high point of Greek culture (history writing, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, painting, etc.)
Classical Greece
• Ionian Revolt of the Greeks, 499 B.C. 494 B.C.E. – Athens helps
• 1 st Persian War – Athens vs. _______ in 490 B.C.E.
• 2 nd Persian War – All Greece vs. _______ in 480479 B.C.E.
The Challenge of Persia
Will Persia Come Back? • Athens prepares for _________________
• Delian League – League members pay central treasury
– Greek states in Ionia liberated from Persian empire
– Money used to build ships – guess where?
• Athenian imperialism
The Peloponnesian War
• _______ War in Greece 431404 B.C.E. • 431 B.C.E. Sparta invades Attica • Athens invades Peloponnesus by sea • _______________ (c. 460c. 400 B.C.E.)
– The History of the Peloponnesian War
The End of the Peloponnesian War • Surrender of Athens, ________B.C.E.
– Democracy [somewhat] reestablished • Athenians look for a scapegoat…and find one • But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis
Alexander the Great
• 356323 B.C.E. – Tutored by Aristotle
• King of Macedonia from _______ B.C.E.
• Greek citystates revolt in 335 B.C.E. – Crushed by Alexander – Thebes burnt to the ground as an example to other poleis
• Fulfills Philip’s dream
Alexander’s Legacy • The Hellenistic Age, 32330 B.C.E.
– Hellas = Greece – Hellenic = Greek
• term used to apply specifically to Greece in the Archaic and Classical Periods
– Hellenistic =___________________ • Monarchy
– Military strength, divine rule • Culture
– Urbanism – Art, architecture, language, literature
“To the Strongest” • Three main successor states
after the death of Alexander • Antigonus (382301 B.C.E.)
– Macedon and much of Asia Minor
– Antigonid Dynasty lasts to 146 B.C.E.
• Seleucus (d. 281 B.C.E.) – Syria and Mesopotamia – Seleucid Syria lasts to 63 B.C.E.
• _________ (d. 283 B.C.E.) – Egypt – Ptolemaic Egypt lasts to 30 B.C.E.
The Hellenistic Monarchies • How did the Hellenistic Kings stay in power?
• Military – Greek mercenaries – Phalanx – Elephants – Siege machinery
• Ruling class – Greeks and Macedonians
• _______ of Greek Culture and that of Mesopotamia and Egypt – An imperfect mixture
• Greek the language of business and government
• Ways of the East persisted
Ptolemy II
The Social and Cultural Life of Greece
• The Cultural Life of Classical Greece – Rational Thought and Philosophy – Popular Religion and Greek Drama – Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion
Women in Classical Athens • The first woman: Pandora • Women’s life
– Women engaged in public life only at: • Public funerals • Religious Festivals
• Marriage – Arranged by fathers when women were still young (as young as 5)
– Bride in her teens, husband about 30 years old – Ceremony; “I give this woman for the procreation of legitimate children”
• Prostitution • Hetairai, “___________________”
– Symposium
Daily Life in Classical Athens • The citizens of Athens • Everyone else:
– Women – Metics (resident aliens) – Slaves
• Domestic slaves vs. stateowned slaves
The Culture of Classical Greece: Drama – Tragedy & Comedy
• Part of religious festivals • Subject matter Myths and Legends from Greece’s heroic past
• Aeschylus – Oresteia
• Sophocles – Oedipus Rex (c. 420 B.C.E.)
• Euripides (Iphigenia at Aulis at MCCC 11/1011; 11/17 18, 2006)
• Aristophanes (c. 450385 B.C.E.) – Lysistrata
The Culture of Classical Greece: Philosophy
• Pioneers of Rational Thought • What are the elements from which all material things are made?
• 6 th century B.C.E.: The _____________ Philosophers (also known as the Ionian School)
The Culture of Classical Greece: Philosophy
• Thales of Miletus, 6 th century B.C.E. – 1 st Greek to predict an eclipse – Water the basic element
• Leucippus and student Democritus, 5 th century B.C.E. – The universe is made up of indivisible units =Atoms
• Hippocrates of Cos, 5 th century B.C.E. – Environment and health – “Father of Medicine”
• The PreSocratic Philosophers – Why are they called philosophers rather than scientists? – “Lovers of Wisdom”
Greek Philosophy: Socrates, 470399 B.C.E.
• The Socratic Method • Student: _________ • Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality
• Forced to drink hemlock
Death of Socrates, JacquesLouis David, 1787; Metropolitan Museum, NY
Greek Philosophy: Plato, 430347 B.C.E.
• Systematized Socratic thought • Dialogues • The Academy • The Republic
– What is the ideal government? – Parable of the Cave – Theory of Forms/Ideas
Greek Philosophy: Aristotle, 389322 B.C.E.
• Student of __________ • Scientific method
– Emphasis on empirical findings, reason • “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation] • Tutor of ______________ • Massive impact on western thought
Hellenistic Philosophies
• Epicureans – Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
• Skeptics – Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
• Stoics – Duty, virtue, morality – Emphasis on inner peace The Stoa in Athens
Greek Religion
• Polytheism • Zeus principal god • Festivals • Ritual, Sacrifice, Prayer – No body of dogma – No special class of priests
• No consolation or promise of life after death
• Mystery Religions Temple of Apollo, Delphi
Hellenistic Religion
• Fusion with Eastern Gods and Cults – Syncretism – New Gods and Goddesses
• Mystery Religions – Cult of Isis
• Initiation
Hellenistic Cameo, 2 nd century B.C.E.
Culture in the Hellenistic World
• _______ the center for Literature and Art – Philosophy – Theater – History writing
• __________ – the center for science and medicine
Hellenistic Cities • Alexandria • Greek culture – Polis – Language • Koine Greek
– Architecture • Temples, theaters, baths, gymnasia, etc.
• Library, Museum • Cities spread Hellenistic culture
Hellenistic Science • With immense resources available Greek rulers were able to support researchers in many fields
• Library of Alexandria – 700,000 scrolls (equivalent to about 50,000
books) • Museum of Alexandria
– Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310230 B.C.E.) • Heliocentric view of the universe
– Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 275194 B.C.E.) • Earth round, circumference of 24,675 miles • (actual circumference is 24,860 miles)
– Euclid (c. 300 B.C.E.) • Elements
Hellenistic Science
• Other scientists: – Archimedes of Syracuse (287212 B.C.E.) • “Archimedes’ Screw” • Value of pi • Hydrostatics
• Doctors: – Herophilus – Erasistratus
The Jews in the Hellenistic Period
• The Jews in the Hellenistic World • Judea – struggle between Hellenism and Hebrew identity – Part of the Ptolemaic and then the Seleucid Kingdom
• Seleucid King Antiochus IV (175163 B.C.E.) – New policies of intolerance – Led to war with Jews led by Judas Maccabaeus, 164 B.C.E.
– Hanukkah, Festival of Light • Jewish Independence (until Roman Conquest in 63 B.C.E.)