chapter - 1 : tracing changes through a thousand years · our pasts – ii chapter - 1 : tracing...
TRANSCRIPT
Our Pasts – II
Chapter - 1 : Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years
FlowchartSources Used by Historians for Study of the Medieval Period
Coins Textual RecordsInscriptions Architecture
Quick Review The period from second half of the 8th century up to first half of the 18th century is known as the “medieval
period” of Indian history.
The term “Hindustan” was first used by a Persian chronicler, Minhaj-i-Siraj, in 13th century.
Basic sources used by historians for learning medieval period are coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records.
Manuscripts and textual records increased during this period as paper gradually became cheaper and more widely available.
Prominent groups of people emerged during this period were Rajputs, Ahoms, Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Kayasthas.
People were grouped into jatis or subcastes on the basis of their background and occupations.
Major development of this period was the emergence of the idea of bhakti.
The teachings of the holy Quran was also brought to India in seventh century.
Followers of Islam were divided in two sub-sects—Shias and Sunnis.
At different moments in this period new technologies made their appearance, like Persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and firearms in combat. New foods and beverages also arrived in the subcontinent in this period.
In the middle of the nineteenth century British historian divided the history of India into three periods—“Hindu”, “Muslim” and “British”. This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was the only important historical change, and that there were no other significant developments in economy, society or culture.
Prosperity during this period brought European trading companies to India.
Know the Terms Manuscripts : A hand written book.
Jati : A jati is group of people who have their identity on the basis of their background and occupation.
Region : A portion of a land. Periodisation : The process of dividing the past into large segments. They are known as periods and each
period possess shared characteristics.
Know the Dates 1154 AD : Al-idrisi made a map of Indian subcontinent.
1266-1287 : Reign of Ghiyasuddin Balban.
1356 : Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first Chronicle, another version two years later.qq
2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Chapter - 2 : New Kings and Kingdoms
Flowchart
Ne
igh
bo
urs
of
the
Ch
ola
Kin
gd
om
Yadavas
Chalukyas
Kakatiyas
Kadambas
Kalinga
Gangavadi
Banavasi
Nolambavadi
Vengi
South Kalinga
Quick Review During the period 700-1200 CE, many new dynasties emerged in different parts of the sub-continent. The main ruling dynasties were Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas and Chahamans in the North India and
the Chola, Pandyas and Chalukyas in the South India. Administration of these kingdoms were carried by the rulers themselves but their powers were shared by their
Samantas. Samantas gradually gained power and wealth and thereafter declared themselves to be maha-samanta, maha-
mandaleshvara. The kingdoms Gurjaras-Pratihara, Pala and Rashtrakuta dynasties were in constant struggle to acquire control
over Kanauj, termed as ‘Tripartite Struggle’. Temples were the first target when one ruler attacked over the other. Four main ruling houses of the Rajputs that emerged at this time were – the Pratiharas, the Chalukyas, the
Chahamanas and the Solankis. Mahmud of Ghazni was the earliest Turkish invader in India. He invaded India seventeen times between AD
1000—AD 1025. His sole purpose was to plunder the wealth of India. During this period, Southern part of India also saw the emergence of Chola dynasty. Chola kingdom was administered through assemblies—Ur, Nadu, Sabha and Samiti.
These assemblies played an important role in village administration.
Know the Terms Samanta : Big landlords or warrior chiefs who were subordinate of king Temple : A place of worship for Hindus. At that time the temples were hub of economical, social and
cultural activities. Nadu : A group of villages Sabha : A assembly of prominent Brahmana landholders
Know the Dates 7th century : Emergence of new dynasties Mid 8th century : Rise of Rashtrakutas 1985 : Rajaraja I Chola became ruler
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 3 1168-1192 : Rule of Prithviraja III around Delhi
1191 : Prithviraja III defeated Muhammad Ghori 1192 : Prithviraja was defeated by Muhammad Ghori and died
Chapter - 3 : The Delhi Sultans
Flowchart
Rajput Dynasties Early TurkishRulers
Khalji Dynasty Tughluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodi Dynasty
Rulers of Delhi
Quick Review Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs. Under the Tomaras and Chauhans, Delhi became an important commercial centre. Slave, Khalji, Tughluq, Sayyid and Lodi were the major Sultanate dynasties. Inscriptions, coins and architecture are the main sources of information for this period. In 1236, Raziyya, the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish, became the Sultan of Delhi. She was removed from throne in
1240. Delhi saw expansion during the reigns of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad-bin-Tughluq. Delhi Sultanate expanded in three phases — consolidation of garrison, expansion under Khalji’s and growth under
Tughluq’s. The expansion was initiated with the internal frontier. External frontier was the next phase of expansion which started with Alauddin Khalji in southern India and
culminated with Muhammad Tughluq. Alauddin Khalji, the most important ruler of Khalji dynasty, introduced the system of market control and
administrative measures in order to maintain a large standing army. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq introduced three projects – Shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, introduction
of token currency, raising the land tax in the Doab region to fifty percent—all of which failed and weakened his position.
After Tughluqs the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra upto 1526. By that time Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and entire South India had independent rulers who established flourishing states and prosperous capitals.
Sher Shah Suri challenged and defeated Mughal emperor Humayun. He captured Delhi and established his own dynasty. Although, he ruled for only fourteen years (1540-1555) but his administration became the model
followed by the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605), when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.
Know the Terms Manuscripts : A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed Iqta : Territories governed by military commanders in sultanate period Tarikh : Sultanate history written in Persian Garrisen : Soldiers Gender : One of the ways of showing difference between men and women Kharaj : The tax on cultivation, which was about 50 percent of the peasants’ produce Bandagans : The slaves purchased for military service are called bandagan in Persian Sijdah : A form of salutation in which the person concerned had to kneel down and touch the ground with his
forehead Ulemas : Scholars of Islamic learning who were generally orthodox in their outlook and thinking Paibos : It was a Persian custom of kissing the feet of the Sultan Jagir : A piece of land given to the officials of the Kingdom
4 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII Patwari : The officer who kept the local and revenue record Jital : A copper made coin Sikandar-i-sahi : The title adopted by Alauddin Khalji Tanka : A silver coin introduced by Iltutmish
Know the Dates Early 12th century : Reign of Tomara Rajputs 1175-1192 : Reign of Prithviraj Chauhan 1206-1210 : Reign of Qutbuddin Aybak 1236-1240 : Reign of Raziyya Sultan 1296-1316 : Reign of Alauddin Khalji 1324-1351 : Reign of Muhammad Tughluq 1351-1388 : Reign of Firuz Shah Tughluq 1414-1421 : Reign of Khizr Khan of Sayyid Dynasty 1451-1489 : Reign of Bahlul Lodi
Chapter - 4 : The Mughal Empire
FlowchartRulers Mughal Empires
Babur(1526-1530)
Humayun(1530-40
and1555-56)
Akbar(1556-1605)
Jahangir(1605-1627
Shah Jahan(1627-1658)
Aurangzeb(1658-1707)
Quick Review Babur (1526-1530) was the first Mughal emperor, who became the ruler of old Delhi by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at
Panipat in 1526. After his death in 1530, his son Humayun (1530-1540, 1555-1556) became the second Mughal emperor. Sher khan defeated Humayun at Chausa. He recaptured Delhi in 1555 with the help of Safavid Shah. Akbar (1556-1605) became the emperor of Delhi at the age of 13 and established the most powerful empire of that
time. Jahangir (1605-1627) became emperor in 1605. He continued the military campaigns started by Akbar. After Jahangir, Shah Jahan (1627-1658) took the control of the Mughal Empire and continued Mughal campaign
in the Deccan. Aurangzeb’s reign ranges from 1658 to 1707. His campaign against Maratha Chieftain Shivaji was very important. Those who joined Mughal services were enrolled as mansabdars. Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. Main source of income to Mughal rule was the tax received on the produce of the peasantry. Abul Fazl, one of the Akbar’s friends and courtiers wrote a three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar–
nama. Akbar founded Sulh-i-Kul or ‘universal peace’ By the end of 17th century the authority of the Mughal Empire declined which gave rise to many independent
provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh.
Know the Terms Mughal : Two great lineages of rulers Mansab : A rank or position Jagir : Mansabdar received their salaries as revenue assignments Zat : Rank and salary determined by a numerical value Sawar : Cavalryman
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 5 Sulh-i-Kul : Universal peace Primogeniture : A system in which the eldest son inherited his father’s estate Coparcenary : Division of inheritance amongst all the sons Zabt : The system of revenue in which a revenue circle have its own schedule of revenue rates for
individual crops Zamindar : Intermediaries who collect the revenue from peasants and submit it to state
Know the Dates 1237 : Genghis Khan died 1404 : Timur died 1526-1530 : Reign of Babur. He captured Delhi in 1526 by defeating Ibrahim Lodi and laid the foundation
of Mughal Empire. 1539 : Sher Shah defeated Humayun at Chausa 1540 : Sher Shah again defeated Humayun, this time at Kanauj. 1555 : Humayun recaptured Delhi. 1556 : Akbar became the Mughal Emperor at the age of 13. 1568 : Akbar seized Sisodiya capital of Chittor (Haldi Ghati Battle). 1569 : Akbar seized Ranthambhor. 1605-1627 : Jahangir ruled over Delhi as the Mughal emperor. 1627-1658 : ShahJahan reigned over Delhi 1632 : Ahmadnagar was annexed by Shahjahan. 1658-1707 : Aurangzeb reigned over Delhi. 1685 : Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur. 1687 : Aurangzeb annexed Golconda. 1698 : Aurangzeb campaigned in the Deccan against the Marathas. 1707 : Aurangzeb died.
Chapter - 5 : Rulers and Buildings
FlowchartMughal Rulers Personally Interested in Architecture
Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan
Quick Review In medieval period rulers built private and public buildings like fort, places, tombs, temples, mosques, tanks, etc. From the twelfth century two technological and stylistic developments came to be noticed— (i) the weight of
super structure above the doors and windows were sometimes carried by arches. This architectural form was known as ‘arcuate’. (ii) Lime stone cement was increasingly used in construction.
Mughal adopted a new style of architecture, which is known as Trabeate or Corbelled. The most notable buildings during the Mughal period were built in Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Delhi. Temples and Mosques were buit to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion at the patron. Kings like Shri Vallabha, Sena II, Mahmud of Ghazni, Rajendra I, attacked temples to prove their power. The most prolific builder amongst the Mughals was Shah Jahan, who built a number of buildings including Red
Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi and Taj Mahal in Agra. They assimilated Indian style with Persian style of architecture.
Know the Terms Hauz-i-sultani : Kings reservoir Diwan -i-am : The ceremonial halls of public Diwan-i-khas : The ceremonial hall of private audience
6 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII Baolis : Large stepped-wells are called baolis Mahamandapa : Mahamandapa is an ornamented main hall of the temple Garbhagriha : Garbhagriha is the main shrine of the temple Charupallam : Village near the temple Padshahs : Emperors Gurdwara : A place of worship and congregation of the Sikhs is known as Gurdwara
Know the Dates Between eighth and eighteenth century : Two kinds of structures were built by kings–the first were forts, palaces,
garden, residences and tombs and the second were structures such as temples, mosques, wells, tanks, caravan, serais and bazaars.
Between seventh and tenth century : Architects started to add rooms, doors and windows to buildings.
Chapter - 6 : Town, Traders and Craftspersons
Flowchart1.
Some Important Centres of Trade and Artisanal Production
in Central and South India
Surat Masulipatnam Hampi 2.
Architectural Features of Hampi Buildings
Splendid Arches Well-Planned Orchardsand Pleasure Gardens
Domes Pillared Halls
Quick Review In medieval India there are three types of towns—a temple town, an administrative town and a commercial town
or a port town. Thanjavur was a temple town with a temple of Rajarajeshvara built by Rajaraja Chola. Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanization, the process by which cities develop.
Important temple towns were Bhillasvamin in Madhya Pradesh, Somnath in Gujarat, Kanchipuram and Madurai in Tamil Nadu and Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh.
From the eighth century onwards the subcontinent was dotted with small towns. Different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, smiths, stonemasons ,etc., also lived in these towns.
The craftspersons of Bidar were very famous. Their inlay work in copper and silver came to be known as Bidri.
Hampi was the capital of Vijayanagar Empire. Moors, Chettis and agents of European traders thronged the markets of Hampi.
Surat in Gujarat was a cosmopolitan city. The textiles of Surat were famous for their gold lace borders known as zari and had a market in west Asia, Africa and Europe.
The town of Masulipatnam was a centre of intense activity in the 17th century. As it became the most important port on Andhra coast both the Dutch and English East India Companies attempted to control it.
When Golconda was annexed by Aurangzeb in 1686-1687, the European trader moved to Mumbai, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Chennai.
The English emerged as the most successful commercial and political power in the subcontinent. The Europeans established Black Towns in these cities and merchants and artisans were made to move there. The ‘White’ rulers occupied the superior residences of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta
(Kolkata).
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 7Know the Terms Temple towns : A town developed around a temple
Urbanisation : Formation of a city from village
Vishwakarma : Community of goldsmiths, bronze smiths, black smith, masons and carpenters
Emporium : A place where goods from diverse production centres are brought and sold
Black town : Town established by European companies where native traders and craftspersons lived
Know the Dates 1336 : Vijayanagara empire founded
1565 : Vijayanagara defeated
1704 : Murshidabad was declared as capital of Bengal
17th century : Masulipatnam as centre of activity
18th century : Rise of Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Chapter - 7 : Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Flowchart
Tri
be
san
dth
eir
Pla
ces
of
Se
ttle
me
nt
inM
ed
iev
alIn
dia
Khokhar Tribe (in Punjab)
The Langahs and Arghuns (in Multan & Sindh)
The Bolochis (in the North-West)
Shepherd Tribe of Gaddis (in the Western Himalayas)
The Nagas, Ahoms and Others (in Distant North-Eastern Part of the Indian Subcontinent)
Quick Review During the period from eighth to eighteenth century, many social, political and economic changes took place. Many new communities like tribes, nomads and pastoral communities emerged. Many tribes lived in forests, hills, deserts and other places which were difficult to reach. They preserved their
culture and heritage through oral tradition. Nomads moved from place to place with their animals. Most important of them were the Banjaras who moved in
Tanda.
The tribal societies underwent a change as a result of interaction with the Hindu and Islamic societies.
Jatis replaced the Varna system and new clans were added to the Rajputs.
Many of the tribes emerged as politically powerful groups though their areas of influence and activities varied. These included Gonds, Ahoms, Bhil, Kolis etc.
8 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Know the Terms Varna : The classification of society on the basis of occupation Jati : Caste system among the Varna Tanda : Carvan Garh : In Ahoms the kingdom divided into smaller units was known as Garh. Chaurasi : A unit of 84 villages Barhot : A chaurasi divided in barhot, made up of 12 villages Bhuiyans : Landlords Paik : Forced labour for the state Khel : Ahom society divided into clans known as khel Buranji : Written historical work. Census : Counting of population.
Know the Dates 1523 : Ahoms annexed kingdom of the Chhutiyas 1581 : Ahoms annexed kingdom of Koch-Hajo 1591 : Cheros were defeated 1662 : Mughals attacked Ahoms 1714-1744 : Sib Singh reigned Ahom kingdom
Chapter - 8 : Devotional Paths to the Divine
Flowchart1. Great Sufi Saints of Central Asia
Ghazzali Rumi Sadi 2.
Teachers of the Chishti Silsila
Khwaja MoinuddinChishti (Ajmer)
Khwaja NizamuddinAuliya (Delhi)
Qutbuddin BakhtiyarKaki (Delhi)
Baba Farid(Punjab)
Quick Review In the eighth century, two new religious movements emerged—Sufism and Bhakti. Devotion to God without discrimination on the basis of caste was taught by the Bhakti and Sufi saints. Sufism introduced many popular orders or silsilas of which the most widespread were the Shariat and Chisti
Silsilas. The Bhakti movement developed in South India under the Nayanars and the Alvars. Nayanars devoted to Shiva and Alvars devoted to Vishnu. Shankara was an advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God. Bhakti saint-poets, such as Kabir and Baba Guru Nanak rejected all orthodox religions. Tulsidas, Surdas and Mira Bai promoted devotional singing and Bhakti. Both Sufism and Bhakti movements had several common traits and spread as popular movements at about the
same time.
Know the Terms Virashavism : A movement initiated by Basavanna Bhakti : Devotion to God Sufi : Muslim mystics
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 9 Khanqah : Hospices Vitthala : A form of Vishnu Anecdotes : Stories Fables : Imaginary tales Sama : Singing Raqs : Classical singing and dancing Pir : Master Tariqa : Method Hospice : House of rest (rest house) for travellers, especially kept by a religious order
Know the Dates 1469-1539 : Period of Guru Nanak 1604 : Compilation of compositions by Guru Arjan of previous Gurus 1606 : Guru Arjan executed 1699 : Formation of Khalsa by Guru Govind
Chapter - 9 : The Making of Regional Cultures
FlowchartMajor Classical Dances of India
Bharatanatyam(Tamil Nadu)
Kathakali(Kerala)
Odissi(Odisha)
Kuchipudi(Andhra Pradesh)
Manipuri(Manipur)
Quick Review Medieval period saw the emergence of several regional languages and the associated literature.
The Chera Kingdom introduced the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions.
In Orissa, the local deity came to be identified with Vishnu with a temple at jagannath in Puri.
The Rajputs contributed a lot to the distinctive culture of Rajasthan. They cherished the ideal of the hero.
Stories about Rajput heroes were recorded in poems and songs which were recited by specially trained minstrels.
Regions were identified with dance. Thus, Kathak was identified with North India, Bharatnatyam with Tamil Nadu, Kathakali with Kerala, Kuchipudi with Andhra Pradesh etc.
Music also developed into various forms like qawwali and khayal and new instruments like Sitar were invented.
The tradition of miniature painting is also noteworthy. The earliest miniatures were on palm leaves or wood.
Bengali language is derived from sanskrit. Early Bengali literature may be divided into two categories—The first includes translations from sanskrit epics and the second includes Nath literature.
The cult of Pir became popular in Bengal.
A number of temples got constructed in Bengal. Local deities began to be worshipped in temples.
Know the Terms Classical : Relating to ancient Greek or Latin Literature, art or culture. Miniature : Small sized paintings Pir : A Persian word meaning a ‘spiritual guide’. Dialect : A variety of language. Basohli : Bold and intense style of miniature painting. Animism : Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. Indo-Persian Music : The music which developed with the fusion of Indian Persian-Arabic style is known
as Indo-Persian style of music.
10 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Know the Dates Twelfth century : Ganga dynasty ruler Anantavarman decided to built a temple for Purushottama
Jagannath at Puri Late seventeenth century : Basohli style of miniature painting developed 1739 : Nadir Shah’s invasion and conquest of Delhi
Chapter - 10 : Eighteenth Century Political Formations
FlowchartRegions Under British Control in the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Patna Benaras Murshidabad Calcutta Dhaka
Quick Review After Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal Empire started to decline because of weak and inefficient rulers.
States like Hyderabad, Awadh, Bengal and states under the control of Sikhs and Marathas declared independence.
Declining power of the Mughals also gave rise to the regional powers like the Jats, Sikhs and Marathas.
Jats were powerful in areas near Delhi under the leadership of Churaman.
Sikhs united as a force under Guru Gobind Singh in 1699.
The Marathas had Shivaji as their leader.
The regional states Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal were powerful but did not formally break from Mughal
Empire.
The governors of Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad had shaken off the Mughal rule and had set up autonomous
states.
Hyderabad state (1724-1748) was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah.
The State of Awadh was founded by Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Khan in 1722.
Murshid Quli Khan took the control of Bengal and began to command the revenue administration of the state.
The rulers of these states introduced reforms and particularly became dependent on revenue farmers for tax
collection.
Know the Terms Subedari : Governors appointed in the office of revenue and administration during Mughal
Empire.
Dal Khalsa : Combined force of Sikh grand army.
Misl : Sikh organization as bands.
Faujdari : Military offices.
Ijaradars : Revenue farmers.
Chauth : 25 percent of land revenue claimed by zamindars in Deccan.
Sardeshmukhi : 9-10 percent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in Deccan.
Know the Dates 1627-1680 : Period of Shivaji. 1699 : Khalsa instituted. 1707 : Death of Aurangzeb. 1708 : Death of Guru Gobind Singh.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 11 1713-1719 : Reign of Farrukh Siyar. 1716 : Execution of Banda Bahadur. 1739 : Attacks of Nadir Shah. 1754-1759 : Reign of Alamgir II. 1722 : Burhan-ul-Mulk Subedar of Awadh. 1724-1748 : Asaf Jah Nizam of Hyderabad. 1761 : Third battle of Panipat. 1799 : Ranjit Singh established his capital at Lahore.
Our Environment
Chapter - 1 : Environment
Flowcharts1.
Components of the Environments
Natural Human made Human
� Land
� Air
�Water
� Living Things
� Buildings
� Parks
� Bridges
� Roads
� Industries
�Monuments
� Individual
� Family
� Community
� Religion
� Education
� Economic Activity
� Political Situation
2.
Biotic Conditions
Natural Environment
[The world of living organisms,plants and animals]
e.g.
Abiotic Conditions
[The world of non-livingelements, land]e.g.
3. Domains of the Environment
Atmosphere LithosphereHydrosphere Biosphere
Quick Review The surrounding in which one lives forms the environment.
Environment can broadly be classified into natural and human environment.
Natural environment consists of all the objects created by nature (land, water, air, plants and animals). It refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth.
Human environment consists of surroundings created by humans (roads, bridges, etc.).
The natural environment consists of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Lithosphere is the solid outermost part of the earth, where we live. Hydrosphere includes all the water bodies. Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. Biosphere links the three realms of the earth. The relation between different living organisms as well as the relation between the organisms and their
surroundings form an ecosystem. Man is destroying the environment through deforestation, industrialisation, etc. Trading in which goods are exchanged, without the use of money is known as Barter System.
12 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Know the Terms Environment : Place, people, things and nature that surround any living organism Lithosphere : The solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth Hydrosphere : The domain of water Atmosphere : The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth Biosphere : A narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life Ecosystem : A system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other
Know the Dates 5 June : World Environment Day
Chapter - 2 : Inside Our EarthFlowcharts1.
Interior of the Earth
Crust (35 km : continental crust)(5 km : Oceanic crust)
Mantle (2900 km) Core (3500 km)
2.
Rocks
(Igneous Rocks)
(Primary Rocks)
(Sedimentary Rocks)
(Ex. : Sandstone)
(Metamorphic Rocks)
(Ex. : Slate, marble)
Intrusive Rocks(Ex. : Granite)
Extrusive Rocks(Ex. : Basalt)
3.
Use of Minerals
Used in fuels(Coal, natural
gas and Petroleum)
Used in fertilisersUsed in industries(iron, aluminiums,gold, uranium, etc.)
Used in medicine
Quick Review The earth is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside. The earth is made up of three concentric layers-crust, mantle and core. Crust is the uppermost thinnest layer, made up of silica and alumina and thus called sial. Mantle is just beneath the crust. Innermost layer is core, which is made up of nickel and iron and thus called nife (ni-nickel and fe-ferrous i.e. iron). Crust is made up of various types of rocks. Rocks are of three types : igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks, also known as primary rocks, are formed by solidification of lava, and are of two types—intrusive
rocks and extrusive rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed by transportation and deposition of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from igneous and sedimentary rocks, under heat and pressure. The process of transformation of rocks from one form to another is called rock cycle.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 13Know the Terms Fossils : The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks Crust : A hard outer covering of earth Mantle : The part of the earth that surrounds the central core Core : The inner part of the earth Rock : The dry solid part of the earth’s surface Mineral : A naturally occurring solid substance that is not of plant or animal origin
Chapter - 3 : Our Changing Earth
Flowcharts1.
Endogenic forces
Sudden forces
Earth Movements
River
Exogenic forces
Diastrophic forces
Erosional and Depositional
Wind
Sea-waves
Glaciers
Earth quake
Volcano
Landslides
Building mountains
2. Types of Earthquake Waves
P-Waves
(Longitudinal waves)
S-Waves
(Transverse waves)
L-Waves
(Surface waves)
Quick Review Lithosphere is broken up into several plates, known as lithospheric plates. These plates move around very slowly. The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth. These movements are divided on the basis of forces which cause them. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the
surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces. Endogenic force causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Exogenic force causes weathering, erosion, deposition and gradation. Earthquakes are sudden vibrations inside the earth’s crust. The place in the crust where the movement starts is known as the focus. The epicentre of the earthquake is the
place on the surface above the focus. It is measured by seismograph and intensity is measured by Richter scale. Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s crust. Erosion is the breaking away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice. Large bends formed by twisting and turning of the river while entering the plains are called meanders. An ox-bow lake is a cut–off lake formed due to cut–off of a meander loop. Wind is an active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts.
Know the Terms Earthquake : A sudden violent shaking of the ground as a result of movements within the earth’s crust
Volcano : An opening (vent) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly
Focus : The point of origin of an earthquake
14 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII Epicentre : The place on the surface above the focus
Weathering : The breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface
Erosion : The wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice
Sea caves, Sea arches, Stacks and Sea Cliff : Over the time sea-rock cracks become larger and wider. Thus, hollow
caves are formed on the rocks. They are called Sea caves. As those sea caves become bigger and bigger and only
the roofs of the caves remain, thus Sea arches form. Further, erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left. These
walls Like features are called stacks. The steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above the sea water is called Sea
cliff.
Chapter - 4 : Air
Flowcharts1. Composition of the Atmosphere
Nitrogen
(78%)
Carbon dioxide
(0.03%)
Oxygen
(21%)
All others
(0.04%)
Argon
(0.93%) 2. Layers of Atmosphere
Exosphere MesosphereThermosphere TroposphereStratosphere
3.
Permanent Winds
Types of Winds
Seasonal Winds Local Winds
� Trade winds
�Westerlies
� Easterlies
�Monsoons in India � Land and sea breeze
Quick Review An envelope of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. Air is a mixture of gases; consisting of mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), Carbon-dioxide, helium, ozone,
argon and hydrogen. The atmosphere is divided into five layers—troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Troposphere is the layer in which the air we breathe exist. Almost all weather phenomenons occur here. Weather is the atmospheric conditions for a specific time at a specific place. Climate is the weather conditions for a large period and of a large area. Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of the air. Temperature is measured in Celsius and Fahrenheit.
The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface is known as air pressure.
The movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure area is called wind.
Moisture is the water vapour present in the air.
Humidity is the moisture in the air.
Precipitation is the falling of moisture in the form of rainfall, snow, fog, sleet and hailstones.
Know the Terms Atmosphere : A huge blanket of air surrounding the earth. Troposphere : The lowest atmospheric layer in which all of earth’s weather occurs. Weather : The condition of the atmosphere in one area at a particular time, for example if it is raining, hot, or
windy.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 15 Climate : The avenge weather condition of a place for a long period of time.
Insolation : The amount of energy from the sun that reaches the earth.
Wind : The movement of air from high pressure area to low pressure areas.
Cyclone : A violent tropical storm or windqq
Chapter - 5 : WaterFlowcharts
1.
Distribution of Waterbodies
Fresh Water Saline Water
� Ice-caps (2.0%)
� Ground water (0.68%)
� Freshwater lakes (0.009%)
�Oceans(97.3%)
� Inland seas and salt lakes (0.009%)
� Atmosphere (0.0019%)
� Rivers (0.0001%)
2.
Movements that Occur in Oceans
Water Tides Ocean Currents
High Tides Low Tides
Warm Ocean Currents Cold Ocean Currents
Quick Review 3/4th of earth’s surface is covered by water, so the earth is called the blue planet.
The process by which water changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.
On earth 97% water is saline and 3% water is fresh water.
Sources of fresh water are rain, glaciers, springs, etc.
Sources of saline water are oceans and seas.
Movements that occur in oceans can be categorized as waves, tides and currents.
There are two types of ocean currents namely, warm and cold.
Know the Terms Terrarium : An artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.
Saline : Containing salt.
Ocean : A very large area of sea.
Tsunami : A long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake.
Tide : The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day.
Ocean currents : Streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions.
Know the Dates 22 March : World Water Day.
16 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Chapter - 6 : Natural Vegetation and WildlifeFlowcharts
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Tropical Deciduous Forests
Temperate Evergreen Forests
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Mediterranean Vegetations
Coniferous Forests
Tropical Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
Forests
Natural Vegetation
Grasslands Shrubs
Quick Review Natural vegetation means the plants that grow naturally without human interference. Natural vegetation can be categorised into three categories namely; forest, grassland and desert. The change in the type of natural vegetation occurs mainly because of the changes of climatic conditions. Forests grow where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. Forests are classified into—tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, temperate evergreen forests,
temperate deciduous forests, mediterranean vegetation and coniferous forests. Grasslands are found in the regions of moderate rainfall. They are of two types—tropical grasslands, which have
tall coarse grass, and temperate grasslands. Tropical grassland of Africa is called Savannah. Temperate grasslands are in mid-latitudes and are called prairies, steppes, etc. Grass is usually short here. Thorny bushes are found in dry desert like regions.
Mosses, lichens and very small Shrubs are found in cold regions. This is called tundra type vegetation.
Know the Terms Vegetation : Plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area. Wildlife : Wild animals collectively. Tropical : From or relating to the area between the two tropics; very hot and humid. Deciduous : (of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually. Temperate : (of weather conditions) neither very hot now very cold). Mediterranean : The region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Coniferous : (of trees or shrubs) bearing cones or evergreen leaves. Tundra : A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Chapter - 7 : Human Environment Settlement, Transport and Communication
Flowcharts1.
Settlement
On the basis of
time of occupation
On the basis of
development of area
TemporarySettlements
PermanentSettlements
RuralSettlements
UrbanSettlements
CompactSettlements
ScatteredSettlements
Small UrbanSettlements
(towns)
LargeUrban
Settlements(cities)
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 172. Means of Transport
Roadways WaterwaysRailways Airways
Quick Review A settlement is a place where people reside and carry out various activities.
Earlier settlements were near the river banks.
Settlements are of two types namely, rural and urban.
Rural settlements can be compact or scattered.
Urban settlements are found in towns and cities.
The main modes of transport are roadways, railways, waterways and airways.
Roads can be metalled and unmetalled.
Railways are the fastest means of land transport and can carry bulky materials over the long distance.
Waterways are the cheapest means of transportation for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
They are of two types namely, inland water ways and sea routes.
Airways are the fastest and most expensive mode of transport.
Process of conveying message to others is known as communication.
Communication is of two types namely, personal and mass communication.
Know the Terms Settlement : A place where people come to live or the process of settling in such a place
Site : The place where a building or a settlement develops
Transhumance : A seasonal movement of people in search of new pastures according to changes in seasons
Transport : The means by which people and goods move
Communication : The process of conveying messages to others
The mass media : Newspapers, television, radio and the Internet
Chapter - 8 : Human Environment Interactions (The Tropical and the Subtropical Region)
FlowchartRiver Basins in the Tropical and Subtropical Regions
Amazon Basin(Tropical Region)
Ganga–Brahmaputra Basin(Subtropical Region)
Drainage Area Major Tributaries
� Brazil
� Peru
� Bolivia
� Ecuador
� Columbia
� Venezuela
� Bronco
� Casiquiare Canal
� Caqueta River
�Huallaga
� Putamayo
� Javary
Drainage Area Major Tributaries
������
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
Delhi
Bihar
West Bengal
Assam
�����
GhagharaSonChambalGandakKosi
of Ganga of Brahamputra
�����
RaidakSankoshAmochuBhareliDibang
18 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Quick Review The Amazon River Basin lies near equator.
The Amazon basin drains portions of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia and a small part of
Venezuela.
The Amazon Basin has a hot and wet climate throughout the year.
The rainforest region is rich in flora and fauna.
A variety of birds, monkey, sloth, ant-eater tapirs and various species of reptiles and snakes are found here.
Slash and Burn agriculture is commonly practised in these forests.
The tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra together form the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin in the Indian
subcontinent.
The plains of Ganga and Brahmaputra, the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas and the sundarbans
delta are the main features of the basin.
Tropical deciduous trees grow in the Ganga and Brahmaputra plain.
The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers together form the largest delta in the world.
This basin is rich in wildlife. A variety of fish is found here.
Several cities such as Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata are there in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra plain.
Tourism is also an important activity of the basin.
Know the Terms Basin : The area drained by a river and its tributaries.
Rainforest : A forest in a Tropical area that receives a lot of rain.
Slash and burn : A way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees
and bushes.
Mouth : The place where a river flows into another body of water.
Delta : An area of low, flat land where a river divides into several smaller rivers before flowing into the sea
Chapter - 9 : Life in the Temperate Grasslands
FlowchartTemperate Grasslands
The Prairies(North America)
The Velds(South Africa)
Plant Life(Flora)
�Willows
Animal Life(Fauna)
ImportantOccupations
� Bison � Agriculture
Plant Life(Flora)
Animal Life(Fauna)
ImportantOccupations
� Aldes
� Poplars
� Rabbits
� Coyotes
� Gophers
� Prairie dog
� Cattle rearing
� Dairy Farming
� Food Processingindustries
� Red grass � Lions � Cattle and Sheeprearing� Acacia
�Maroola
� Leopards
� Cheetah
� Kudu
� Dairyfarming
� Iron andsteel industry
� Gold anddiamond mining
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 19
Quick Review Prairies are the temperate grassland found in the North America. They are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the
West and the Great Lakes in the East. It has continental type of climate with warm summers and very cold winters. Climate favours cultivation of crops here. ‘Chinook’ a local wind blows here. Prairies are practically tree less. Large scale farming with modern technology is done here. The prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’ because surplus wheat is produced here. Temperate grasslands of South Africa are called Velds. Here the summers are short and warm and winters are cool and dry. Sheep and cattle rearing are the main occupation of the people. Angora goats and Merino sheep are famous breeds. Dairy and mixed farming, gold and diamond mining are widely practised in many parts of South Africa. Grasslands make up almost a quarter of the total land surface.
The world’s grasslands are divided into two categories those that occur in the temperate region and those that occur in the tropical region.
Know the Terms Prairie : A large open area of grassland, especially in North America.
Veld : Open, uncultivated grassland in Southern Africa.
Combine : A large farming machine that cuts the plant, separates the seed from the stem, and cleans the grain as it moves across a field.
Ranch : A large farm in North America, where cattle or other animals are bred.
Flora and fauna : Plants and animals of a place.
Bison : American buffalo.qq
Chapter - 10 : Life in the Deserts
FlowchartDeserts
The Hot Desert-Sahara The Cold Desert-Ladakh
Plant Life(Flora)
Animal Life(Fauna)
� Cactus� Data Palm� Acacia
� Camels�Hyenas� Jackals� Foxes� Scorpions� Snakes� Lizards
Plant Life(Flora)
Animal Life(Fauna)
�Willow� Poplar� Apple tree
� Birds�Wild Goats�Wild Sheep� Yaks� Dogs
� Apricot�Walnut
Quick Review Deserts are characterised by low rainfall, scanty vegetation and extreme temperatures. Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world and is located in North America. The oasis in the Sahara and the Nile valley in Egypt support settled population. Climate is hot and rainfall is scanty here. Main animals found here are camels, jackals, sand fox, cobras, chameleons, etc. Vegetation in Sahara includes cactus, date palm and acacias.
20 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII Ladakh is a cold desert and is located on the Eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. Climate is very cold and dry. Vegetation in Ladakh is sparse, with stunted willows, poplars and grasses. Animals found here include snow leopard, wild sheep, yak, etc. Main occupations of the people of Ladakh are animal rearing, agriculture and tourism. Pashmina wool of this region is famous. Leh and Kargil are the main towns in Ladakh.
Know the Terms Desert : An arid region where there is very little rain and not many plants. Oasis : A small area in a desert where water and plants are found. Glacier : A large mass of ice that moves slowly. Grove : A group of trees planted close together. Monastery : A building in which monks live and worship. Gompa : A Buddhist monastery, located in Tibet, Ladakh (India), Nepal and Bhutan. qq
Social and Political Life
Chapter - 1 : On Equality
FlowchartProvisions in Indian Constitution for Recognition of Equality
Every Person is EqualBefore Law
No Person can be Discriminatedon the Basis of Caste, Religion,
Race, Place of Birth, etc.
Every Person has acess to PublicPlaces, Wells, Hotels, Shops, etc.
Quick Review Equality is the soul of Indian democracy. Democracy is the form of Government of the people, by the people and for the people. Every citizen of India, who are of the age 18 or above, have the right to vote. No one can discriminate them on
the basis of caste, creed, religion, class, etc. This principle is called Universal Adult Franchise. Universal Adult Franchise gives political equality, not social and economic equality. Dignity is the thinking or state of being worthy of esteem or respect. The dignity of an individual is violated on the basis of their caste, religion or gender. Government has tried to implement equality, first through the Laws of Constitution and second through
government programmes. There are many democratic countries, including India where the issue of equality is a key issue. In America, Rosa Park and Martin Luther King started the Civil Rights Movement. Civil Rights Movement took place in USA in 1950, in which the African American demanded equal rights and an
end to racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1965 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin.
Know the Terms Reluctant : unwilling and hesitant Dignity : pride in oneself Confronted : face up to a problem Discrimination : treat differently Access : right or opportunity to use something Prohibited : forbid
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 21
Chapter - 2 : Role of the Government in Health
FlowchartsCategories of Healthcare Services
Public Health Services Private Health Services
Run by the Government Run by Doctors in Private Clinics
Quick Review Health means our ability to remain free from illness. In broader sense, health is a state of mental and physical
well-being. In India, a paradoxical situation exists as health care resources are uneven. Health care facilities can be divided into two categories—Public health services and Private health facilities. Public health care services are run by government. It is found in both the rural and urban areas. Private health care services are expensive as the patients have to pay a lot of money for every service that they
use. Kerala provides good health care to people of the state. Costa Rica in North America is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in the continent.
Know the Terms Phenomenal : exceptional Hardship : trouble Distress : pair Amenities : comfort
Chapter - 3 : How the State Government Works
Flowcharts1.
Organisations of State Government
Governer State Legislature Council of Ministers 2.
Various Major Departments of The Government
Public WorksDepartment
EducationDepartment
AgricultureDepartment
HealthDepartment
Quick Review An MLA is a member of Legislative Assembly and also forms the government. He is elected by the people, thus
he represents people. The organisation of the state government includes the Governors, the state legislature and the state council of
ministers. State government is headed by the Governor. Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly and duration of the legislative assembly is five years. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies. MLAs are elected by the people from various constituencies.
22 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII MLAs belong to different political parties. The political party that has the majority is called a ruling party and all the other members become the opposition. The MLAs belonging to the ruling party elect their leader, who becomes the chief minister. The chief minister then
selects other people as ministers. The chief minister and other ministers together are responsible to run the government in the state. All the MLAs who gather together in the Legislative Assembly are called the Legislature. The government can also decide to make new laws for the state regarding sanitation and health facilities. The
various government departments then implement these laws.
Know the Terms Press Conference : Press conference is gathering of journalists from the media who are invited to hear about
and ask questions on a particular issue and are then expected to report on this to the larger public through radio, television and print media.
MLA : MLA stands for the Member of the Legislative Assembly Public Meetings : Public meetings are gatherings of general public in which the public are made known about the
current burning issues confronting the masses. States of India : The entire country has been divided into several units/areas with definite boundaries, which are
called states of India. Epidemic : A disease that attacks a large number of people in an area at the same time is called an epidemic. Constituency : A particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives is known as a
constituency. Majority : Majority is a situation when more than half the number in a group supports a decision or an idea. This
is also called a simple majority. Opposition : Opposition refers to elected representatives who are not members of the ruling party and who play
the role of questioning government’s decisions and actions as well as raise new issues for consideration in the Assembly.
Chapter - 4 : Growing up as Boys and Girls
FlowchartTasks Associated With Women in Contemporary India
Washing Clothes Picking up LoadsCleaning Sweeping
Quick Review Gender is a social construction through which the social and cultural roles of males and females are defined. There exists a gender inequality where women are paid lesser than men for the same job. Most of the societies value men and women differently. The role women play and the work they do are usually
valued less than the roles men play and the work they do. This clears the fact that men and women do not have the same status.
Domestic work done by women is devalued. The domestic work involves many different tasks which sometimes require heavy physical work.
Equality is an important principle of our constitution which says that being male or female should not become a reason for discrimination.
Government has introduced measures like Anganwadis or Child Care Centres to improve the status of women in society. The government has also started creche facilities to help women to take up employment outside home.
Know the Terms Identity : Identity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is. Example : A person is a girl, sister and a musician. Double-burden : Double-burden literally means a double load. This term is commonly used to describe the
women’s work situation as women typically labour both inside the home (housework) and outside. Care-giving : Care-giving refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing. Besides physical tasks,
they also involve a strong emotional aspect.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 23 De-valued : When some persons are not given due recognition for a task or job they have done, they feel de-
valued or are considered persons with less value. Domestic Help : Domestic help is either a woman, a girl or a male who works in a household on paid remuneration
whether on daily rate or monthly rate. Toys : The objects of playing are known as toys
Chapter - 5 : Women Change the World
FlowchartIssues Handled by Various Women Movements
Legal Reform Violence againstWomen
Health
Quick Review Men and women in the society are looked upon as playing specific gender roles. Women have been facing inequalities at every step. In the past, several women struggled for their rights : Ramabai, Rashsundari Devi, Rokey Sakhawat Hossain etc. No doubt their position and status have been improved with the changed time, still they lag behind men in
almost every field.
Today education is the right of both boys and girls, despite that only 50 % of the girls receive education.
Through campaigns, awareness about women’s plight has been raised and steps have been taken to improve
their position in society.
Know the Terms Discrimination : Discrimination is when we do not treat people equally or with respect due to prejudices.
Violation : When someone forcefully breaks the law or a rule openly and shows disrespect, we say that he or she
has committed a violation.
Sexual Harassment : Sexual harassment refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature and
against the wishes of a woman.
Violence against Women : Violence against women means murdering, torturing, beating, hurting, discriminating
women.
Women’s Movement : A movement to awaken women of their rights.
Stereotype : When we believe that people belonging to particular groups like religious, economic, regional
community are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work, we call them
stereotype.
Chapter - 6 : Understanding Media
FlowchartVarious Modes of Media & Communications
Cable TV Internet Newspapers &magazines
TV Radio
24 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Quick Review Media refers to the sources of communication. Television, radio, newspapers and magazines are called mass media because they reach millions of people at the
same time. Television and radio come under electronic media. Newspapers and Magazines come under print media. Media earns its money through advertisements. Media plays an important role in a democracy by providing news and discussing events taking place in the
country and the world. It is the responsibility of media to present a fair and balanced report. Freedom of expression should be given to media to report events independently. An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage and news.
Know the Terms Public Protest : When a large number of people come together and openly state their opposition by organising a
rally, starting a signature campaign, blocking roads etc. are called public protest. Media : Media is the plural form of medium which means ways through which the issues are published and
propagated through various means like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, periodicals, internet, satellites etc.
Technology : Technology is actually the method (through machines etc.). Publish : This refers to news reports, articles, interviews, stories, etc. that are printed in newspapers, magazines
and books for a wide audience to read. Censorship : This refers to the powers that government has to disallow media from publishing or showing certain
issues of public interest. Broadcast : Broadcast is used to refer to a TV or radio programme that is widely transmitted.
Chapter - 7 : Understanding Advertising
Flowchart
Use of Advertisements
Building Brands Impact on People’s Wayof Living Life
Creating BrandValue
Influence on OurChoice of Products
Quick Review Today we are surrounded by advertisements. Advertising is a very good promotional activity for any product. Advertisements are found in several forms : Print and electronic media as well as in hoarding or on taxis. Advertisements draw our attention to various products and describe them positively so that we become interested
in buying them. It helps in branding a product. Branding means stamping a product with a particular name or sign. Products have an associating brand value with which the consumer associate themselves. Sometimes advertisements confuse the customers and influence their thinking. Making an advertisement involves high cost. Small manufacturers are not able to compete in the market. Advertisements make our thinking rational before buying a product.
Know the Terms Advertising : Advertising is the positive propagation of a product or service through newspapers, radio, television,
magazines, websites, internet, etc.
Branding : Branding means stamping a product with a particular name or sign.
Manufacturer : One who gets things made is termed as a manufacturer.
Ad : Ad stands for advertising or advertisement.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 25 Social Advertisements : Social advertisements refer to advertisements made by the state or private agencies,
which have larger message for the society. Product : Product refers to a thing or service that is made for sale in the market. Consumer : Consumer refers to the person for whom goods or products are made and who pays money to buy
and use them. Brand : Brand refers to a special identification or name that is associated with a product created through the
process of advertising. Lifestyle : Lifestyle refers to people’s lives being identified by the products they own the clothes they wear, the
places they eat in, etc.
Chapter - 8 : Markets Around us
Flowchart
Types of Markets in India
Weekly Market Wholesale &Retail Markets
Shops inNeighbourhood
Shopping Complexes& Malls
Quick Review Markets are the places where people buy goods and services. There are different kinds of markets namely; weekly market, shops, shopping complex or mall. Weekly markets are held on different places on a fix day of a week. Such markets do not have permanent shops. Shops may be permanent or hawker type. They provide different goods and sometimes even on credit. Malls sell branded and non branded goods and invest a huge amount of money in their shops. Products are sold through chain of markets—The big factories to wholesaler and finally the retail outlets. In present times, goods are also sold by online marketing and home delivery. There are many products that are not visible and are called services like that of a doctor. The profit earned by different market varies. It depends on type of investment made by seller and buying capacity
of the customer.
Know the Terms Chain of Markets : A series of markets that are connected like links in a chain because products pass from one
market to another, is termed as chain of markets. Hawkers : Traders who sell their goods by loudly telling about their goods on carts or on their head or selling on
roadsides are called hawkers. Weekly Market : Weekly Markets are those markets which are held on a particular day of the week at a particular
place selling almost everything that a household needs, ranging from vegetables to clothes and to utensils. Mall : Mall is an enclosed shopping space in a large building with many floors that has shops, restaurants and at
times even a cinema theatre, most often selling branded products. Wholesale : Wholesale refers to buying and selling of goods in large quantities, such as vegetables, fruits, flowers
etc.
Chapter - 9 : A Shirt in the Market
FlowchartInequality of Profit-Making in the Markets
Foreign Business MenMake Huge Profits
Garment ExportersMake moderate Profit
Workers in Garment Factoriesand Farmers earn Merely to
Sustain their Living
26 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII
Quick Review Cultivation of cotton is very expensive and a difficult task.
Inspite of hard labour farmers never get a fair price.
In a chain of buyers and sellers, the actual producers of the goods stand to loose.
The exporters make a neat profit.
Weavers depend on merchants for the raw materials and markets.
The arrangement between the merchant and the weaver is termed as putting-out system.
Most of the profit is made by the foreign business persons.
Equality exists in market but workers do not get its benefit.
Government initiatives and cooperation can help in benefitting the poor.
Know the Terms Worker : Worker is the person who earns his livelihood by doing manual labour such as a weaver.
Putting-out System : Putting-out system is defined as the system in which weavers weave clothes at their homes, with the help of their family members and charge wages from the merchant who has given them thread for weaving cloth.
Ginning Mill : A factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls and cotton is pressed into bales to be sent for spinning into thread, is termed as ginning mill.
Exporter : A person who sells goods abroad is known as an exporter.
Profit : The amount that is left or gained from earnings after deducting all the costs is termed as profit.
Cost : The actual expenditure incurred on a product is called cost of a product.
Buyer : The person who purchases a thing from another person, firm or agency.
Wholesaler : The trader who sells goods in bulk to another trader or traders.
Retailer : Retailer is the trader who sells goods or things to consumers.
Chapter - 10 : Struggles for Equality
Flowchart
Reasons for Inequality in People’s Lives in India
Poverty Discrimination Lack of Resources
Quick Review India has a democracy and the soul of democracy is equality.
Poverty and discrimination has created inequalities in our society.
People all over the world are struggling for equality.
Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) a federation of fisherworker’s cooperatives—an organisation, is fighting for the rights of displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in the Madhya Pradesh.
With the TMS taking over the fisherworkers were able to increase their earnings substantially.
TMS set up cooperatives to end up the exploitation of fish workers.
Indian Constitution serves as a living document; i.e. something that has real meaning in our lives.
Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-VII [ 27Know the Terms Slum Dwellers : Residents of slums or people living in slums are called slum dwellers.
Disruption : Disturbances
Displacement : Uprootings, taking away from one’s permanent place to another place to settle there are called
displacement.
Submerged : Drowned
Thread : Link which joins one another.
Inequalities : Disparities or dissimilarities.
Photo Essay : The story or theme expressed through photos/pictures/images etc. is called photo essay.
Struggles : Difficult activities including protests, opposing rallies, etc. with huge sacrifices are called struggles.
Discrimination : Distinction among the people on the basis of caste, creed. sex; rdugiaion, region, etc., is termed
as discrimination.
Fisher-folk : People engaged in fishing activities are called fisher-folk.
Beedi Workers : Workers engaged in beedi making are known as beedi workers.
Tawa Matsya Sangh : The association formed by the people engaged in the fishing-activities in Tawa river, is
known as Tawa Matsya Sangh.