2.2 Major changes over time

Learning objective: gradual long-term changes in sanitation arrangements and tracing origins of change.

How does consumption and

habitation patterns impact

reuse?

What footprints are left?

Source: Rathnabharathie and Kariyawasam, 2007

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Was the strong link between water and sanitation in the 20th century a brief detour

in human history?

agriculture + sanitation

water +sanitation

agriculture + sanitation

Most common

Parenthesis? What will come next ?

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

All rural Essentially urban

Urine-diverting toilet in the 1860s

and sanitation footprints 1910

Stock- holm

60km

urine bowl

faeces

urine collector

urine funnel

vent pipe

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

How pipes gradually took over waste transport Period Solid

street-

wastekitchen- faeces urine

Wastewater

1800

1870

1900

1950

1970

2000

Earth pits for all household waste and content emptied in garden or on nearby farm

Disposed of in streets or in yard

Disposed of in streets or in yard

Urine and greywater to a septic tank/waste pit or straight to water body

Container for solid waste

Black (WC)- and greywater in pipe to water body without any treatment

Solid waste incinerated Some garbage sorted Wastewater treatment plants being built

Some sludge applied on farmlandSorting of garbage and reuse

Scenario 1: grinder for organic kitchen waste, increased mixing of waste and incineration of the sludge

Scenario 2: garbage sorted in more fractions, which are treated separately and used in production of new products

Solid waste Excreta

Latrine buckets of metal

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

The history of management of water and used water over the 20th century and beyond

1970 2000

Supply

Management

Demand

Management

  

Reuse

Management

Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern

Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater

Pri 1: wastewater quality

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Mexico City now has 20+ million people

MC

Latest opened water source

100 km

1 km

Next?

200 km

2 km

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Courtesy of Ian Adler, International Renewable Resources Institute, Mexico

What we have seen so far …..

• More pipes and more mixing of various flows has been the mantra for a long period

• But of late, there is a slow shift in focus from supply issues to what happens to water and waste materials after they are used

• New focus: to improve the way we deal with excreta, organic solid waste and wastewater in order to treat and use these resources again

• The future sources of water and nutrients will come from reusing water and waste materials

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden