Chapter 1: The Human Organism I. Anatomy and Physiology A. Anatomy - study of structure 1. Studying structural changes from conception to adulthood is called: _____________________________________________________________ 2. Embryology is the study of ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. The study of cellular structure is referred to as ________________________ 4. A histologist studies the anatomical structure of _______________________ 5. Gross anatomy refers to _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Studying one body system at a time is ______________________________ 7. Studying all structures contained in the arm is ________________________ 8. Surface Anatomy refers to _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. Creating pictures of internal body structures is ________________________ B. Physiology - study of function 1. A cell physiologist would study ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Studying how the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines function together to digest food would be an example of _______________________ II. Structural and Functional Organization A. Chemical Level 1. Basic components are ______________________ 2. The basic components are joined together to form _____________________ B. Cell Level 1. Basic unit of ___________________________________________________ 2. Made up of small structures called _________________________________ C. Tissue Level 1. Composed of: _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Four basic types: _______________________, _______________________ _____________________________, and ___________________________ D. Organ Level 1. Composed of: _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ E. Organ System Level 1. Composed of: _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

F. Organism Level 1. In humans a __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ III. The Human Organism - Characteristics of Life A. Organization 1. Large ___________________ are organized into ____________________ which in turn form __________________ B. Metabolism 1. Consists of ___________________________________________________ C. Responsiveness 1. Sense ________________________________________ and _______________________ to the changes D. Growth 1. Due to cells increasing in _________________ or ____________________ E. Development = __________________________________________________ 1. A primitive cell becoming specialized for vision is _____________________ 2. Body changes that occur at puberty are ____________________________ F. Reproduction 1. Involves formation of ____________________ or _____________________ IV. Homeostasis A. Homeostasis is ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 1. Body conditions that change over time are known as ___________________ 2. The normal value for a body condition is referred to as _________________ 3. Body conditions are not constant but vary within a _____________________ B. Negative Feedback 1. Negative means that ____________________________________________ 2. Negative feedback maintaining homeostasis involves: a. Deviation from the set point called a ______________________ b. The deviation being detected by a ________________________ c. The deviation being analyzed by the ______________________ d. The ______________ moving the variable back toward the set point. C. Positive Feedback 1. Positive means that a deviation from set point causes __________________ _____________________________________________________________

V. Terminology and the Body Plan A. Body Positions 1. Describe "anatomic position": ______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. If you lay down on your back you are ______________________ 3. If you lay down on your stomach you are ______________________ B. Directional Terms 1. The proper anatomical term for up is ______________________ 2. The proper anatomical term for down is ______________________ 3. The proper anatomical term for front is ______________________ 4. The proper anatomical term for back is ______________________ 5. The term "cephalic" is synonymous with ______________________ 6. The term "caudal" is synonymous with ______________________ 7. In humans the term "ventral surface" refers to the _____________________ 8. In humans the term "dorsal surface" refers to the ______________________ 9. The end of a structure nearer the point of origin is _____________________ 10. The end of a structure farther from the point of origin is _________________ 11. A structure closer to the midline of the body is said to be ________________ 12. A structure farther from the midline of the body is ______________________ 13. Structures near the body surface are referred to as ____________________ 14. Structures that are in the interior of the body are said to be ______________ C. Body Parts and Regions 1. The body from the shoulder to the elbow is properly called ______________ 2. The body from the elbow to the wrist is properly called _________________ 3. The body from the hip to the knee is properly called ___________________ 4. The body from the knee to the ankle is properly called _________________ 5. Label the four quadrants of the abdomen on the diagram below: Right Left 6. Label the nine regions of the abdomen on the diagram below: Right Left D. Planes 1. What vertical plane divides the body into right and left portions? _____________________ 2. What vertical plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? _____________________ 3. What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? _____________________ 4. What vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? _____________________ 5. Cutting through the long axis of an organ creates a ____________________ 6. Cutting at right angles to the long axis of an organ creates a _____________

7. An oblique section is created by ___________________________________ E. Body Cavities 1. Thoracic Cavity a. Located: ___________________________________________________ b. Median portion, which is known as the ___________________________ c. On either side of the median portion are found the ___________________ 2. Abdominal Cavity a. Enclosed by ________________________________________________ b. Contains the ________________________________________________ 3. Pelvic Cavity a. Enclosed by ________________________________________________ b. Contains the ________________________________________________ 4. Term "abdominopelvic cavity" refers to ______________________________ F. Serous Membranes 1. Found ________________________ and ___________________________ 2. Visceral serous membrane will be found ____________________________ 3. Parietal serous membrane will be found ____________________________ 4. Between serous membranes is _____________________ which _________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. The pericardial cavity is found _____________________________________ 6. The pleural cavity is found ________________________________________ 7. The peritoneal cavity is found _____________________________________ 8. Mesenteries a. Composed of _______________________________________________ b. Connect what to what? ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ c. Functionally mesenteries ______________________________________ and _______________________________________________________ d. Organs that are directly attached to the body wall and covered only with a parietal peritoneum are referred to as being _______________________

Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life I. Basic Chemistry A. Matter, Mass, and Weight 1. All living and nonliving things are composed of ____________________ 2. ____________________ represents the amount of matter. 3. ____________________ is caused by the gravitational force acting on mass. 4. Kilogram a. How many pounds in a kilogram? ____________________ b. How many grams in a kilogram? ____________________ B. Elements and Atoms 1. Atomic Structure - smallest particle of an element

a. Which subatomic particle has no electric charge? ___________________ b. Which subatomic particle has a positive charge? ___________________ c. Which subatomic particle has a negative charge? ___________________ d. Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus? _________________ and ___________________ 2. Atomic Number and Mass Number a. The atomic number represents the number of ____________________ b. The mass number of an element is the sum of ____________________ and ____________________ 3. Isotopes and Atomic Mass a. Isotopes are ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ b. Isotopes of an element have different numbers of ___________________ C. Electrons and Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic Bonding a. An atom that lost or gained an electron is called an __________________ b. A positive charged ion is referred to as a ____________________ c. A negative charged ion is referred to as a ____________________ d. Describe how ionic bonding works: _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Covalent Bonding a. Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share _______________________ ___________________________________________________________ b. A single covalent bond means: 1. ____________________ electrons are being shared 2. A single covalent bond is represented by a ____________________ c. A double covalent bond means: 1. ____________________ electrons are being shared 2. A double covalent bond is represented by a ____________________ d. Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed when ________________________ e. When two atoms do not share electrons equally they form _______________________________ D. Molecules and Compounds 1. Two or more atoms chemically joining together to form an independent unit create a ________________________ 2. When a molecule is composed of more than one type of atoms it is a properly referred to as a ________________________ E. Intermolecular Forces 1. Hydrogen Bonds a. Results when a positive charged hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the ______________________________________________ b. Describe what important role hydrogen bonds play: __________________ ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ 2. Solubility and Dissociation a. Solubility is _________________________________________________ b. Dissolving table salt (an ionic compound) in water will result in the ions separating from each other in the water. This is called _______________ c. Electrolytes are composed of what in water? _______________________ II. Chemical Reactions and Energy A. Synthesis Reactions 1. Define what a synthesis reaction is: _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Synthesis reactions that result in the removal of water are _______________ 3. Collectively synthesis reactions are referred to as ______________________ B. Decomposition Reactions 1. Define what a decomposition reaction is: _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Synthesis reactions that use water in the reaction are ___________________ 3. Collectively decomposition reactions are referred to as __________________ C. Reversible Reactions 1. A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from ______________ to _________________ or from _________________ to ________________ D. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 1. Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of ____________________ 2. The loss of an electron by a reactant is referred to as ___________________ 3. ____________________ refers to the gain of an electron by a reactant. E. Energy 1. Stored energy that is not doing work is called ____________________ 2. Energy that is actually working and moving matter is ____________________ 3. Mechanical Energy a. Results from ________________________________________________ 4. Chemical Energy a. Potential energy stored ________________________________________ 5. Heat Energy a. Energy that flows _____________________________________________ 6. Speed of Chemical Reactions a. The activation energy is _______________________________________ b. Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up in the reaction are called ____________________ 1. Enzymes are ____________________ c. Increasing temperature ________________________________________ d. Increasing concentration of reactants _____________________________

III. Inorganic Chemistry A. Water 1. Stabilizing Body Temperature a. Water requires a relatively large amount of heat to raise its temperature it therefore has ____________________ b. Water can rid the body of excess heat when it ____________________ 2. Protection a. Water acts as a lubricant by preventing ____________________ b. Water acts as a cushion by preventing ____________________ 3. Chemical Reactions a. Reacting molecules must be ____________________ in water. b. Water is produced in a ____________________ c. Water is required in a ____________________ 4. Mixing Medium a. Substances that are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between the substances form a ____________________ 1. The liquid that material dissolves in is a ____________________ 2. The material dissolving in the liquid is a ____________________ b. A mixture of materials that separate from each other when the mixing stops are part of a ____________________ c. Describe a colloid: ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ B. Solution Concentrations 1. A 15% salt solution contains how many grams of salt per 100 ml of water? __________________ 2. Osmoles express _______________________________________________ 3. Osmolality represents ____________________________________________ 4. How many milliosmoles in an osmole? ____________________ C. Acids and Bases 1. Any substance that releases hydrogen ions is an ____________________ 2. Any substance that binds to hydrogen ions is a ____________________ 3. The pH Scale a. The pH scale refers to _________________________________________ b. A pH of 7 is said to be ____________________ c. Pure water is an example of a ____________________ and therefore has equal concentrations of __________________ and __________________ d. Acidic solutions have __________________________________________ e. Alkaline solutions have ________________________________________ f. A change of 1 pH unit represents how much change in hydrogen ion concentration? ____________________ 4. Salts a. Salts are formed by ___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ 5. Buffers a. Changes in pH are regulated by the action of buffers, which ___________ ___________________________________________________________ D. Oxygen 1. An oxygen molecule consists of ____________________________________ 2. What percent of the atmosphere is oxygen? ____________________ E. Carbon Dioxide 1. A molecule of carbon dioxide consists of _____________________________ IV. Organic Chemistry A. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates are composed of __________, __________, and __________ 2. For every oxygen atom in a carbohydrate there are _______ hydrogen atoms. 3. Functionally carbohydrates are important: a. ____________________ of other organic molecules b. They can be broken down to ____________________ c. Undigested they ____________________ 4. Monosaccharides - simple sugars a. ____________________ are five carbon monosaccharides b. ____________________ are six carbon monosaccharides c. Isomers are _________________________________________________ d. List 3 common hexoses: _______________________________________ e. List 2 important pentoses: ______________________________________ 5. Disaccharides a. Disaccharides are formed by ___________________________________ b. Sucrose is composed of _________________ and __________________ c. Maltose is composed of _________________ and __________________ 6. Polysaccharides a. Polysaccharides consist of _____________________________________ b. Glycogen is also known as ____________________ 1. It is composed of __________________________________________ 2. It is an important __________________________________________ c. Starch and cellulose are found in ____________________ 1. Both molecules are composed of _____________________________ 2. Starch is used for __________________________________________ 3. Cellulose is used for _______________________________________ 4. Which of these polysaccharides can humans digest? ______________ B. Lipids 1. Lipids are composed of __________, __________, and __________ 2. Functionally lipids are important: a. Provide ____________________ and ____________________

b. Regulate __________________________________________________ c. Form ________________________________________ d. Major ________________________________________ 3. Triglycerides or Triacylglycerols a. Composed of: 1. One ____________________ 2. Three ____________________ b. Fatty acids differ from one another in ____________ and ____________ 1. Saturated means __________________________________________ 2. Unsaturated means ________________________________________ 4. Phospholipids a. One of the fatty acids is replaced by ______________________________ b. Which end is polar? ___________________________________________ c. Which end is nonpolar? ________________________________________ d. Phospholipids are important ____________________________________ 5. Eicosanoids a. Derived from ____________________ b. Are important _____________________________ with numerous effects. 6. Steroids a. Carbon atoms bound together into _______________________________ b. List several examples of steroids: ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ C. Proteins 1. All contain __________, __________, __________, and __________ a. Most proteins also contain __________ b. Some proteins contain __________, __________, and __________ 2. Functionally proteins are important: a. Regulate ______________________________ b. Act as a ______________________________ c. Help ______________________________ d. Provide ____________________ and ____________________ 3. Protein Structure a. Basic protein building blocks are ______________________________ b. Covalent bonds between amino acids are called ____________________ 4. Structural Levels of a Protein a. Primary Structure 1. Determined by the ________________________________________ b. Secondary Structure 1. Results from ______________________________________________ which is caused by ________________________________________ 2. The two common shapes are ______________ and ______________ 3. A change in protein shape that causes it to become nonfunctional is referred to as ________________________________________ c. Tertiary Structure

1. Results from ______________________________________________ 2. What is a domain? _________________________________________ 3. Why are domains important? _________________________________ d. Quaternary Structure 1. Refers to the ________________________________________ when two or more proteins join together to form a functional unit. 5. Enzymes a. Protein catalyst that __________________________________________ b. The shape of the enzyme determines the structure of the _____________ c. Enzymes control _____________________________________________ D. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA 1. DNA stands for ________________________________________ a. DNA is the cell’s ________________________________________ b. DNA contains the information for ______________________________ 2. RNA stands for ______________________________ a. Three types of RNA play _______________________________________ 3. Nucleic acids composed of __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________ 4. Consist of building blocks called ____________________ a. Each building block is composed of 3 parts: 1. Phosphate Group 2. Monosaccharide a. In DNA this is ______________________________ b. In RNA this is ______________________________ 3. Nitrogenous Organic Base a. The single-ringed pyrimidines are: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ b. The double-ringed purines are: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 5. DNA has __________ strands of nucleotides twisted together to form a ____________________ a. The uprights of the ladder consist of ______________________________ b. The rungs of the ladder consist of ________________________________ c. Adenine always binds to __________ by __________ hydrogen bonds d. Guanine always binds to __________ by __________ hydrogen bonds 6. RNA has __________ strand of nucleotides. a. Thymine is replaced with __________ E. Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP 1. Composed of ____________________ and __________________________ a. Adenosine is composed of ________________ and ________________

2. Important because of the energy stored ______________________________ 3. ATP is often called the ____________________ of cells because _________ _______________________________________

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell I. Functions of the Cell A. List and describe the main functions of the cell: 1. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ II. How We See Cells A. Light microscopes allow us to ________________________________________ B. Electron microscopes are used to _____________________________________ C. What type of electron microscope is used to observe surfaces? ______________ D. What type of electron microscope can see through structures? ______________ III. Plasma Membrane A. Outermost Component of a Cell 1. Substances inside the plasma membrane are _________________________ 2. What does “intercellular” mean? ____________________________________ 3. Functionally the plasma membrane: a. Encloses and ________________________________________________ b. Attaches to _________________________________________________ c. Ability to ____________________________________________________ d. Determines what _____________________________________________ 4. Membrane potential or charge difference across the plasma membrane: a. The outside of the cell is: ____________________ b. The inside of the cell is: ____________________ c. Allows cells to function like ______________________________ 5. Chemical composition of the plasma membrane is: a. 45-50% ____________________ b. 45-50% ____________________ c. 4-8% ____________________ d. Carbohydrates and lipids combined form ____________________

e. Carbohydrates and proteins combined form ____________________ f. The glycocalyx is composed of ______________________________ B. Membrane Lipids 1. Phospholipids a. Assemble to form a ______________________________ b. Hydrophilic heads are _________________________________________ c. Hydrophobic heads are ________________________________________ 2. Cholesterol a. Interspersed among ______________ and accounts for ______________ b. Amount present determines ____________________________________ C. Membrane Proteins 1. What does the “fluid-mosaic model” say about the plasma membrane? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. Integral (intrinsic) proteins are found where? __________________________ 3. Peripheral (extrinsic) proteins are found where? _______________________ 4. Marker molecules do what? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. Integrins are involved in __________________________________________ 6. Channel Proteins a. Integral proteins arranged to form ______________________________ b. Nongated ion channels are always ____________________ c. What is a ligand? _____________________________________________ d. List 2 types of gated ion channels: ______________ and _____________ 7. Receptor Molecules a. Proteins in the plasma membrane that can attach to _________________ b. Receptors can be linked to __________________________________ or ________________________________________ 8. What catalyzes chemical reactions on either the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane? ____________________ 9. Carrier proteins function to ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ IV. Movement Through the Plasma Membrane A. Selectively Permeable 1. Means that the membrane allows ___________________________________ 2. Describe the 4 ways that material can pass through the plasma membrane: a. Directly through the phospholipid membrane _______________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Membrane channels __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. Carrier molecules ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ d. Vesicles ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ B. Diffusion 1. A solute is _____________________________________________________ 2. A solvent is ____________________________________________________ 3. Diffusion is the movement of __________ from an area of _______________ to an area of ____________________ 4. Diffusion occurs due to the constant ________________________________ 5. The term “concentration gradient” refers to ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 6. The rate of diffusion is influenced by: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. ____________________ d. ____________________ 7. Viscosity is a measure of ________________________________________ C. Osmosis 1. Osmosis is the diffusion of __________ across ________________________ a. Water diffuses from _______________________________________ and into __________________________________________________________ 2. Osmotic pressure is: _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. The osmotic pressure provides information about ______________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. Isosmotic solutions have _________________________________________ 5. A hyperosmotic solution has ______________________________________ 6. A hyposmotic solution has ________________________________________ 7. What happens to a cell placed in an isotonic solution? __________________ 8. What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? _________________ 9. What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? __________________ 10. What does crenation mean? _______________________________________ 11. The process called lysis does what to a cell? __________________________ D. Filtration 1. In filtration, the liquid and small molecules move across the partition from: _______________________________________________________________ E. Mediated Transport Mechanisms 1. Mediated transport mechanisms involve carrier proteins that _____________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. List and define the three characteristics of mediated transport mechanisms: a. ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Facilitated Diffusion a. Facilitated diffusion moves substances into or out of cells from _________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Does facilitated diffusion require metabolic energy? __________________ c. The rate of transport is ________________________________________ 4. Active Transport a. Does active transport require metabolic energy? ____________________ b. The maximum rate of transport depends on ________________________ c. Active transport is important because it can move substances _________ ______________________________________________________________ d. Active transport can also move __________________________________ e. Some active transport mechanisms ______________________________ 5. Secondary Active Transport a. Describe how secondary active transport works: ____________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Cotransport means movement of the molecules is ___________________ c. Countertransport means movement of the molecules is _______________ 6. Endocytosis and Exocytosis a. Endocytosis refers to the bulk ___________________________________ b. A vesicle is _________________________________________________ c. Describe how endocytosis works: ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ d. Phagocytosis or "cell-eating" applies to ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e. Pinocytosis or "cell-drinking" refers to _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ f. What mechanism allows endocytosis to exhibit specificity? ____________ ______________________________________________________________ g. Describe the process of exocytosis and what it is used for: ____________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ V. Cytoplasm A. Cytosol 1. Cytosol consists of ______________________________________________ a. The fluid portion is ____________________________________________ 2. Cytoskeleton a. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? ________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

b. Microtubules 1. Hollow tubules composed ___________________________________ 2. Provide ____________________ and __________________________ 3. Involved in the process of ____________________, ______________ ____________________, and form ______________________________ c. Actin Filaments or Microfilaments 1. Are small fibrils that form ____________________________________ 2. Provide structure ____________________ and __________________ 3. They support the ____________________ and __________________ d. Intermediate Filaments 1. They provide _____________________________________________ 3. Cytoplasmic Inclusions a. Cytoplasmic inclusions are _____________________________________ VI. Organelles A. Centrioles and Spindle Fibers 1. Centrioles a. What shape is a centriole? _____________________________________ b. Two centrioles are normally located ______________________________ c. Wall of centriole is composed of __________ evenly spaced, __________ oriented, __________ units, or __________ d. Each unit is composed of ______________________________________ e. The two centrioles double in number _____________________________ f. During cell division the centrioles produce _________________________ B. Cilia and Flagella 1. Cilia a. What does the 9+2 arrangement refer to? _________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Movement of cilia is important for? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Flagella a. Movement of the flagella accomplishes? __________________________ C. Microvilli 1. They are cylindrical shaped extensions of the _________________________ 2. They function to ________________________________________________ D. Ribosomes 1. Ribosomes are sites of ________________________________________ 2. They are composed of 2 subunits one __________ and one __________ 3. Chemically the subunits are composed of ____________________________ 4. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins ______________________________ 5. Endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes produce proteins ____________________

E. Endoplasmic Reticulum 1. The endoplasmic reticulum consists of ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. The interior spaces are called ______________________________ 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached ___________________________ a. The ribosomes of the rough ER are ______________________________ 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is without ____________________________ a. Functions to manufacture ______________________________________ b. Smooth ER also participates in __________________________________ c. In skeletal muscle cells the smooth ER ____________________________ F. Golgi Apparatus 1. The Golgi apparatus is composed of ________________________________ 2. Thought of as a ____________________ and ____________________ because it _____________________________________________________ 3. The Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the ________________________ 4. Forms glycoproteins by __________________________________________ 5. Forms lipoproteins by ____________________________________________ 6. What are the proteins packaged into? ______________________________ 7. How does material leave the Golgi apparatus? ________________________ G. Secretory Vesicles 1. Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and ______________________________ 2. Contents leave the cell by the process of _____________________________ H. Lysosomes 1. Formed by the Golgi apparatus and contain __________________________ that function ______________________________ 2. List and describe 3 ways that lysosomes function: a. ___________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________ I. Peroxisomes 1. Peroxisomes are ____________________ than lysosomes. 2. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that _________________________________ 3. What does catalase do? __________________________________________ J. Proteasomes 1. Proteasomes consist of __________________________________________ 2. Proteasomes function to __________________________________________ K. Mitochondria 1. Mitochondria provide ________________________________________ 2. Constantly change shape from _____________________________________

3. They are the major sites of ________________________________________ 4. Each mitochondrion has a __________ outer membrane and a __________ inner membrane. a. Infoldings that project into the interior of the mitochondria are __________ 5. Where is the matrix found? ________________________________________ 6. Enzymes of the citric acid (Kreb's) cycle are located in __________________ 7. Enzymes of the electron transport chain are __________________________ VII. Nucleus A. Structure 1. The nucleus contains ____________________________________________ 2. It is described as a large __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. The nucleus consists of __________________________________________ a. The nuclear envelope is composed of ____________________________ 1. How are nuclear pores formed? ______________________________ 2. What do nuclear pores do? __________________________________ B. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1. The proteins associated with DNA are ____________________ 2. Since the DNA and protein can be stained they are called _______________ 3. When is the chromatin more functional? _____________________________ 4. Chromosomes form during ______________ when chromatin ____________ 5. DNA ultimately determines ________________________________________ 6. DNA functions by means of an intermediate called _____________________ C. Nucleolus 1. A nucleolus is described as _______________________________________ 2. How many nucleoli per cell? _______________________________________ 3. What happens in the nucleolus? ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ VIII. Overview of Cell Metabolism A. Cell Metabolism 1. Cell metabolism is the sum of ______________________________________ 2. Energy is released by ___________________________________________ 3. Released energy is used to _______________________________________ 4. What is used to drive other processes? ______________________________ 5. Where in the cell does ATP production occur? ________________________ 6. The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid occurs in ____________________ a. The chemical reactions are collectively called ______________________ B. Aerobic Respiration 1. This process requires ____________________ to occur. 2. The pyruvic acid molecules enter ______________________________

3. The pyruvic acid molecules are converted to __________ and __________ a. What 2 series of reactions are responsible for the conversion? 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 4. How many ATP molecules can be produced by aerobic respiration? _______ 5. What is the oxygen we breathe in used for? __________________________ 6. Where does the carbon dioxide we breathe out come from? _____________ C. Anaerobic Respiration 1. Occurs when there is no ____________________ 2. The process includes the conversion of _______________ to ____________ 3. How many ATP's are produced by anaerobic respiration? ________________ IX. Protein Synthesis A. General 1. DNA information for one amino acid is contained in a ___________________ 2. A gene is ______________________________________________________ 3. Transcription is the copying of DNA information to _____________________ a. The copy is called: ______________________________ b. This process occurs in the ____________________ 4. Translation uses the information in the copy to make ___________________ a. The amino acids are transported by ______________________________ b. This process occurs in the ____________________ B. Transcription 1. Synthesis of mRNA based on the sequence of ________________________ 2. Occurs when DNA double strands ______________________________ 3. One of the strands serves as a ______________________________ 4. Nucleotides “complementarily base pair” how? a. DNA adenine pairs with RNA __________ b. DNA thymine pairs with RNA __________ c. DNA guanine pairs with RNA __________ d. DNA cytosine pairs with RNA __________ 5. RNA polymerase enzymes form a long mRNA by joining together nucleotides through ______________________________ 6. The mRNA contains ____________________________________________ 7. The “genetic code” is carried in: a. Three nucleotides in the DNA called: __________ b. Three nucleotides in the mRNA called __________ 8. The region of DNA between a start code and a stop code is called a ____________________ C. Translation 1. List the three types of RNA involved in the process: a. __________ b. __________ c. __________

1. All three types are produced in _____________ by ______________ 2. Each kind of tRNA combines with a specific ____________________ 3. Each tRNA has a three-nucleotide message called ____________________ 4. During the process of translation the tRNA __________ must combine with the mRNA __________ based on pairing relationships. 5. During the process of matching up __________ align the tRNA and mRNA. 6. As the amino acids join together ___________________________________ 7. Several ribosomes may attach to the same mRNA called a ______________ 8. Each ribosome attached to the mRNA produces _______________________ D. Regulation of Protein Synthesis 1. If all cells of the body have the same DNA why is a muscle cell different from a bone cell or a neuron? _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ X. Cell Life Cycle A. Interphase 1. This is the phase between ____________________ 2. What is the cell doing during interphase? a. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________ c. ________________________________________ 3. The preparation for cell division includes: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ B. DNA Replication 1. During replication the two strands of each DNA molecule ________________ 2. Each strand then functions as ______________________ 3. New nucleotides ____________________ with existing nucleotides 4. The process is catalyzed by ____________________ 5. The process produces ____________________ DNA molecules 5. Each new DNA molecule has one strand from ____________________ and one strand ______________________________ C. Cell Division 1. Involves division of the ____________________ and ___________________ 2. Nuclear division is called ____________________ 3. Cytoplasmic division is called ____________________ D. Mitosis 1. Each nucleus produced by mitosis has ______________________________ 2. Chromosomes are ________________________________________ 3. A somatic cell is ______________________________ 4. A somatic cell contains __________ chromosomes and is __________

5. The chromosomes of a somatic cell are organized into __________________ a. One member of each pair comes from a person’s __________ b. The other member of each pair comes from a person’s __________ 6. Females have ____________________ sex chromosomes that look alike 7. Males have one ____________________ and one ____________________ a. Which is smaller? ____________________ E. Cytokinesis 1. Refers to division of ________________________________________ 2. When does cytokinesis begin? ____________________ 3. When does cytokinesis end? ____________________ 4. The first sign is formation of a ____________________ 5. Actin filaments form a ____________________ that pulls plasma membrane inward. XI. Meiosis A. Gamete Formation 1. Meiosis produces ____________________ 2. In meiosis the nucleus undergoes ____________________ a. The resulting nuclei contain ______________________________ 3. The male gamete is called ____________________ 4. The female gamete is called ____________________ 5. A gamete contains 23 chromosomes, which is the _____________ number 6. In prophase I, the four homologous chromatids join together or __________ a. This joining together forms a ____________________ b. While in this form chromatids can exchange pieces of DNA referred to as___________ XII. Cellular Aspects of Aging A. List and describe five major theories of cell aging: 1. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4: Histology: The Study of Tissues I. Tissues and Histology A. Tissues 1. Tissues are collections of __________ and the ____________________ 2. The classification of tissue types is based on:

a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ 3. Name the four primary tissue types: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ 4. The classification of epithelial and connective tissue is based on: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ 5. The classification of muscle and nervous tissue is based on: a. ______________________________ B. Histology 1. What is histology? ______________________________________________ 2. What is a biopsy? ______________________________________________ II. Embryonic Tissue A. Endoderm 1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the endoderm? ___________ 2. Endoderm will form ______________________________________________ B. Mesoderm 1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the mesoderm? __________ 2. Mesoderm will form _____________________________________________ C. Ectoderm 1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the ectoderm? ___________ 2. Ectoderm will form ______________________________________________ III. Epithelial Tissue A. General Characteristics of Epithelium 1. Epithelium is composed mostly of __________ with very little ____________ 2. Epithelium covers ____________________ and forms __________________ a. On what body surfaces would one expect to find epithelium? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Define the following epithelial terms: a. Free or apical surface _________________________________________ b. Lateral surface ______________________________________________ c. Basal surface _______________________________________________ d. How is a basement membrane formed? ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e. What does the basement membrane do? __________________________

______________________________________________________________ 4. What holds adjacent epithelial cells together? _________________________ 5. Epithelial tissue is "avascular" since it is not penetrated by blood vessels. So how do nutrients reach the epithelial cells? ___________________________ a. Where are the most metabolically active cells? _____________________ B. List the Five Major Functions of Epithelia 1. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________ C. Classification of Epithelium 1. Classification is based on ____________________ & ___________________ 2. Three major types of epithelium based on number of cell layers: a. Observing a simple epithelium one would expect to see: ______________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Observing a stratified epithelium one would expect to see: ____________ ______________________________________________________________ c. Observing pseudostratified columnar epithelium one would expect to see: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 1. Where might you find this type of epithelium? ____________________ 3. List and describe the three shapes of epithelial cells: a. ___________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________ 4. Types of epithelium are given two names based on: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ 5. Describe how "moist stratified squamous epithelium" differs from "keratinized stratified squamous epithelium": ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. Transitional Epithelium a. Where is it found? ____________________________________________ b. What shape are the cells when they are not stretched? _______________ c. What shape are the cells when they are stretched? _________________ D. Functional Characteristics 1. Cell Layers and Cell Shapes a. Simple epithelium functions to: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________

3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________ b. Stratified epithelium functions for ______________________________ 1. As outer cells are ____________________ they are ______________ c. Flat and thin cells will allow ____________________ and _____________ d. Cuboidal or columnar cells are usually involved in ___________________ 2. Cell Surfaces a. What do smooth surfaces do? __________________________________ b. What do microvilli do for a cell? _________________________________ 1. Therefore they are found in cells involved in what? _______________ c. Elongated microvilli are called ____________________ 1. They are found where what is an important function? ______________ d. What purpose do cilia serve in the human body? ____________________ 3. Cell Connections a. List the three functions of cellular connections: 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________ b. Describe the structure of a desmosome: __________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 1. What does a hemidesmosome do? ____________________________ c. Tight junctions ____________________ & ____________________ 1. Where is the zonula adherens and what does it do? _______________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. The zonula occludens forms _________________________________ a. The tight seal prevents ___________________________________ d. What does a gap junction do? ___________________________________ 1. They are most important in ________________ & ________________ 2. In ciliated epithelial cells they may _____________________________ 4. Glands a. Glands that connect to the surface by a duct are called _______________ b. Glands that do not connect by a duct are called _____________________ 1. These glands secrete into the ____________________ 2. These glands produce ____________________ c. An exocrine gland consisting of a single cell is called _________________ 1. An example would be ______________________________ d. An exocrine gland consisting of many cells is called _________________ 1. The duct system of an exocrine gland can be: a. Simple which means ____________________________________ b. Compound which means _________________________________ c. Tubular (tubule) which means _____________________________ d. Acinar (acini) which means _______________________________ e. Alveolar (alveoli) which means _____________________________ e. Describe how each of the three functional types of exocrine glands work: 1. Merocrine Glands: _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________ 2. Apocrine Glands: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. Holocrine Glands: _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ IV. Connective Tissue A. General Characteristics of Connective Tissue 1. Connective tissue __________ are separated by ______________________ 2. Connective tissue structure is __________ and performs ________________ B. List the seven major categories of connective tissue function: 1. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________ C. Cells of Connective Tissue 1. Define the function that each cell would have based on the suffix: a. Blasts __________________________________________________ b. Cytes __________________________________________________ c. Clasts __________________________________________________ 2. What type of connective tissue does each of the following prefixes refer to: a. Fibro __________________________________________________ b. Chondro __________________________________________________ c. Osteo __________________________________________________ 3. Adipose Cells (adipocytes) a. What do adipose cells do? _____________________________________ b. What do adipose cells look like? _________________________________ 4. Mast Cells a. Where are mast cells found? ___________________________________ b. What chemicals do they contain? ________________________________ c. What is their function? _________________________________________ 5. What cells continuously move into connective tissue? ___________________ 6. What do macrophages do? _______________________________________ a. A fixed macrophage ______________________________ b. A wandering macrophage ______________________________ 7. Embryonic connective tissue cells that persist in adult tissues are called________________ a. Their potential is to ___________________________________________ D. Extracellular Matrix 1. List the three major components of connective tissue matrix:

a. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________ c. ________________________________________ 2. The structure of the matrix is responsible for __________________________ 3. Protein Fibers of the Matrix a. Collagen fibers are composed of ______________________________ 1. Describe the structure of a collagen molecule: ___________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. What are the physical properties of collagen? _______________ & _______________ but ____________________ 3. How many types of collagen are there? ________________________ b. Reticular fibers are actually _____________________________________ 1. Describe reticular fibers: ____________________________________ 2. Functionally reticular fibers __________________________________ c. Elastic fibers contain ________________________________________ 1. This protein has the ability to _________________________________ 2. Describe an elastin molecule: ______________________________ 3. How are elastin molecules arranged in the tissue? ________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Other Matrix Molecules a. What is ground substance? _____________________________________ b. Describe the shape of hyaluronic acid molecules: ___________________ c. What quality does hyaluronic acid give to fluids? ____________________ d. What are proteoglycan monomers? ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e. What can proteoglycans do when they trap large quantities of water? ______________________________________________________________ f. What do adhesive molecules do in connective tissue? ______________________________ V. Classification of Connective Tissue A. Classification of connective tissue is influenced by: 1. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________ B. Embryonic Connective Tissue 1. It is properly called ______________________________ 2. Structurally it is made up of: a. Irregularly ______________________________ b. Surrounded by ______________________________ c. In which ______________________________ 3. Where is mucous connective tissue found? _________________________ C. Adult Connective Tissue 1. Loose Connective Tissue

a. It is sometimes referred to as ______________________________ b. Loose connective tissue consists of: 1. Protein ____________________ 2. With numerous ____________________ c. Functionally areolar connective tissue is: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ d. Structurally it contains __________, __________, & __________ fibers and a __________ of cells. 2. Dense Connective Tissue a. Protein fibers form ________________________________________ b. Dense Regular Connective Tissue 1. What does the term "regular" in the name refer to? ______________ 2. Dense regular connective tissue has abundant _________________ a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________ 3. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue 1. Composed of bundles of _______________ & abundant __________ a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________ 2. Dense regular elastic connective tissue forms __________________ 3. Functionally when stretched they ____________________________ d. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 1. Contains protein fibers arranged _____________________________ 2. Functionally forms sheets that have __________________________ 3. Where would you find dense irregular collagenous connective tissue? ________________________________________ 4. Where would you find dense irregular elastic connective tissue? ________________________________________ 3. Connective Tissue with Special Properties a. Adipose Tissue 1. Consists of adipocytes containing __________________________ 2. Adipose is composed of ___________________ cells and a small amount of ____________________ that consists of _______________ 3. Functionally adipose is: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ b. Reticular Tissue 1. Forms the ____________________ of lymphatic tissue. 2. Characterized by a network of _______________ & _______________ 4. Cartilage a. Cartilage is composed of cells called ____________________ that are in spaces called _____________ inside an ________________________

b. The matrix of cartilage contains __________, __________, & __________ c. The proteoglycans can trap ______________________________ 1. This allows cartilage to __________________________________ d. The collagen fibers give cartilage ______________________________ e. What is the perichondrium? ___________________________________ f. Why does cartilage heal slowly? _______________________________ g. Hyaline Cartilage 1. It has large amounts of ___________________ & ________________ 2. Where would you find hyaline cartilage? a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. It also covers ______________________________ h. Fibrocartilage 1. It has more ____________________ than ____________________ 2. Functionally it is slightly _______________ & ___________________ 3. Where would you find fibrocartilage? __________________________ i. Elastic Cartilage 1. It has __________ fibers in addition to __________ & __________ 2. Where would you find elastic cartilage? _______________________ 5. Bone a. Bone consists of ____________________ & ____________________ b. The organic portion consists of __________ fibers, primarily __________ c. The inorganic portion consists of ______________________________ 1. What minerals to they contain? ______________ & ______________ d. Bone cells are called _______________ & are located in ____________ e. Cancellous or Spongy Bone 1. Composed of plates called ______________ surrounding __________ f. Compact Bone 1. What is a lamellae? _______________________________________ g. Why does bone repair so easily? _______________________________ 6. Hemopoietic Tissue and Blood a. Why is blood unusual among connective tissues? __________________ b. What does hemopoietic tissue do? ______________________________ c. What is yellow bone marrow composed of? ____________________ d. What is red bone marrow composed of? ____________________ VI. Muscle Tissue A. The main characteristic of muscle tissue is _____________________________ B. Muscle Tissue Structure 1. What does striated mean? ______________________________ 2. Therefore nonstriated would mean? ______________________________ C. Muscle Tissue Function 1. What does voluntary mean? ______________________________

2. What does involuntary mean? ______________________________ D. Based on structural and functional classification (B & C above): 1. Skeletal muscle is ______________________________ 2. Cardiac muscle is ______________________________ 3. Smooth muscle is ______________________________ VII. Nervous Tissue A. Nervous tissue has the ability to ____________________________________ B. Describe each of the major parts of a neuron: 1. Cell body: __________________________________________________ 2. Nerve cell processes consist of _________________________________ 2. Dendrite: __________________________________________________ a. A dendrite __________ the action potential and ____________________ 3. Axon: __________________________________________________ b. An axon usually conducts ______________________________ C. Describe the structure of the three types of neurons: 1. Multipolar neurons have ________________________________________ 2. Bipolar neurons have ________________________________________ 3. Unipolar neurons have ________________________________________ D. Neuroglia are ________________________________________ 1. Functionally neuroglia: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. ____________________ VIII. Membranes A. Mucous Membrane 1. It consists of ____________________, ____________________, a thick ____________________, & sometimes, ____________________ 2. Mucous membranes line ________________________________________ 3. Functions include _______________, _______________, & _____________ B. Serous Membrane 1. It consists of ____________________ called ____________________, its ____________________ & ______________________________ 3. Serous membranes line ________________________________________ 4. The membrane is moistened by __________ which ____________________ 5. Functionally serous membranes: a. Protect ________________________________________ b. Help ________________________________________

c. Act as ________________________________________ C. Synovial Membrane 1. It is composed of ________________________________________ 2. Synovial membranes line ________________________________________ 3. They produce a fluid rich in ______________________________ which makes ____________________ thereby ___________________________ IX. Inflammation A. The inflammatory response: 1. Mobilizes ______________________________ 2. Isolates ______________________________ 3. Removes ______________________________ B. List the five major manifestations (symptoms) of an inflammatory response: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ C. Mediators of inflammation include: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ & others D. Why is dilation of blood vessels beneficial? ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ E. What does increased permeability of blood vessels do? ____________________ ___________________________________________________________________ F. What is edema and why does it occur? _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ G. The site of injury is "walled off" from surrounding tissues by _________________ X. Tissue Repair A. Tissue repair is the substitution of ________________ for _______________ B. Which type of repair results in normal function? ____________________ C. Which type of repair will produce scar tissue? ____________________ D. Classification of Cells

1. What group of cells continues to divide throughout life? ________________ 2. What group of cells divides only in response to injury? ________________ 3. What group of cells has a very limited ability to divide? ________________ E. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are close together. F. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are far apart. XI. Tissues and Aging A. In older people cells ______________________________ B. In older people collagen fibers ______________________________ 1. Collagen connective tissue becomes less __________ & more __________ C. Elastic fibers __________, bind to __________, & become _________________

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

I. Overview of the Integumentary System A. List the five major functions of the integumentary system: 1. ______________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________ II. Hypodermis A. It consists of ____________________ with __________ & _________________ B. When not part of the skin it is also called _______________ or ______________ III. Skin A. Dermis 1. The dermis is responsible for most of ______________________________ 2. What is the main connective tissue fiber present? ____________________ 3. Reticular Layer - main layer of dermis a. Is this layer deep or superficial? ____________________ b. This layer is composed of ____________________ c. What is responsible for cleavage or tension lines? __________________ ___________________________________________________________ d. When the dermis ruptures it may produce _________________________ 4. Papillary Layer a. The layer is named for ________________________________________ b. The layer is composed of ______________________________________

B. Epidermis 1. The epidermis consists of ________________________________________ 2. Most cells of the epidermis are ____________________ 3. Where are new cells formed? ______________________________ 4. What is it called when surface cells slough off? ____________________ 5. What does the process of keratinization refer to: ____________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Stratum Basale - deepest layer of epidermis a. This is composed of ________________________________________ b. What anchors this layer to the basement membrane? ________________ c. This layer produces new cells by the process of ____________________ 1. One daughter cell ________________________________________ 2. The other daughter cell ___________________________________ d. How long does it take a cell to desquamate? ____________________ 7. Stratum Spinosum a. This layer is composed of ____________________________________ b. The spine like appearance in the microscope is due to _____________ _________________________________________________________ c. What does the term “Stratum Germinativum” refer to: ______________ _________________________________________________________ 8. Stratum Granulosum a. This layer is composed of ____________________________________ b. Contains protein granules of ______________________________ c. The nucleus and organelles _______________ & the cell __________ 9. Stratum Lucidum a. This layer appears as ________________________________________ b. This layer consists of ________________________________________ 10. Stratum Corneum - the most superficial layer a. This layer consists of ________________________________________ b. What is a “cornified cell”? _____________________________________ c. What is keratin? ____________________________________________ d. The structural strength of the stratum corneum is due to _____________ and ____________________ C. Thick and Thin Skin 1. Thick skin has how many epithelial strata? __________ 2. Where would you find thick skin? __________________________________ 3. What is responsible for the ridges of thick skin? ____________________ 4. Functionally the ridges ____________________ & ____________________ 5. What layer is absent from thin skin? ______________________________ 6. Which type of skin is more flexible? ______________________________ 7. Which type of skin will have hair? ______________________________ 8. What causes a callus to develop? ______________________________ 9. Where would you find a corn? _________________________________

D. Skin Color 1. Melanin a. What amino acid is used to produce melanin? ____________________ b. Melanin is produced by ______________________________ c. What is a melanosome? _____________________________________ d. Describe how melanin gets inside keratinocytes: ____________________ _________________________________________________________ e. Melanin production is determined by: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ f. Genetics determines the: 1. __________ and __________ of melanin produced by melanocytes 2. __________, __________, & __________ of melanosomes g. Hormones usually increase melanin production during _______________ h. Exposure to ultraviolet light ____________________ & _______________ 2. Carotene a. Is a __________ pigment commonly found in ____________________ b. Excess carotene accumulates in the _______________ & ____________ 1. This gives the skin a ______________________________ 3. Hemoglobin a. Blood flowing through the skin gives it a _________________________ b. What does cyanosis mean? __________________________________ IV. Accessory Skin Structures A. Hair 1. Define the following three hair terms: a. Lanugo __________________________________________________ b. Vellus hairs _______________________________________________ c. Terminal hairs _____________________________________________ 2. Hair structure a. What part of the hair is found above the skin surface? __________ b. What is the name for the hair part below the skin surface? __________ c. What is the hair bulb? ________________________________________ d. What is the dermal root sheath? ______________________________ e. What is the epithelial root sheath? ______________________________ f. Where is the matrix found? ____________________________________ 1. What is produced by the matrix? ______________________________ 3. Hair Growth a. During the growth stage _______________________________________ b. What happens to the hair at the end of the resting stage? _____________ 4. Hair Color a. Color is due to the amount of ______________________________ b. What causes hair color to fade or become white? __________________

B. Muscles 1. What are the arrector pili? _______________________________________ 2. How does hair position change when the arrector pili contract? ___________ __________________________________________________ a. The raised areas produced by this movement are called _____________ 3. What two events can cause the arrector pili to contract? a. ____________________ b. ____________________ 4. What two benefits do most animals receive from this response? a. ___________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________ C. Glands 1. Sebaceous Glands a. The glands are located in the ____________________ b. Structurally they are simple ____________________ c. These glands produce ____________________ 1. This substance is ____________________ rich in ________________ d. How do sebaceous glands release sebum? ________________________ 1. Therefore functionally sebaceous glands are classified as __________ e. Most sebaceous glands are connected to __________________________ f. What are the two functions of sebum? 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 2. Sweat Glands or Sudoriferous Glands a. Which type of sweat gland is most common? ______________________ b. Describe the composition of merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland secretions: __________________________________________________________ c. What does sweat do for a person? ______________________________ d. Where are apocrine sweat glands found in humans? _______________ __________________________________________________ e. Apocrine sweat glands become active at ____________________ f. Body odor from sweat is the result of ____________________________ 3. Ceruminous Glands a. Ceruminous glands are located in ______________________________ b. Cerumen is the combined secretions of _____________ & ____________ c. Functionally cerumen ________________________________________ D. Nails 1. List three functions of nails: a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ 2. Define the following terms related to nails: a. Nail root __________________________________________________

b. Nail body __________________________________________________ c. Nail fold __________________________________________________ d. Nail groove ________________________________________________ e. Eponychium _______________________________________________ f. Hyponychium ______________________________________________ g. Nail bed __________________________________________________ h. Nail matrix __________________________________________________ i. Lunula __________________________________________________ 3. The nail is composed of ________________________________________ V. Summary of Integumentary System Functions A. Describe six ways in which the integumentary system is involved in protection: 1. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ B. Sensations 1. What sensations do we experience because of receptors in the integumentary system? __________________________________________________ 2. The epidermis and dermal papillae are well supplied with _______________ 3. The dermis and deeper tissues contain receptors for: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. ____________________ d. ____________________ e. ____________________ C. Temperature Regulation 1. For the body to loose excess heat: a. Blood vessels in the dermis ___________________________________ b. Sweat spreads over the skin ___________________________________ 2. For the body to conserve heat dermal blood vessels ____________________ 3. Does contraction of arrector pili in humans prevent heat loss? __________ D. Vitamin D Production 1. Functionally Vitamin D is important in raising blood levels of:

a. ____________________ b. ____________________ 2. Vitamin D production requires the skin to be exposed to _________________ E. Excretion 1. List three waste products contained in sweat: a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. ____________________ 2. The quantity of waste products in sweat is ____________________ VI. Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System A. List two reasons the skin is more easily damaged as a person gets older: 1. ________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ B. What causes the skin to sag and wrinkle? _____________________________ & ________________________________________ C. Why does the skin become drier? _____________________________________ D. Elderly often suffer from heat prostration because ________________________ E. Generally the number of functioning melanocytes ____________________ F. What causes age spots? ________________________________________