bio 006 lecture 1-intro1 overview of anatomy and physiology anatomy – the study of the structure...

BIO 006 Lecture 1-Intro 1

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of an organism* and the relationship of its parts

• Physiology – the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

*Organism – an individual, living thing


Levels of Structural Organization

• Atoms– Composed of subatomic (very tiny) particles: protons, electrons and neutrons which combine and form molecules.

• Molecules – 2 or more atoms bond together to form an organism which has characteristics different from the original atoms.

• Cell – smallest structural unit of living things

• Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a common function


• Organ – group of 2 or more kinds of tissues organized so that they can perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone

• Organ system – group of many organs arranged in such a way that together they can perform a more complex function than they can alone


Organ Systems of the Body

Integumentary system– Forms the covering of the outside of our body– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair,

and nails– Primary function is protection

Skeletal system– Provides the framework for support and protection– Composed of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints– Primary function: formation of blood cells, storage

areas for minerals



Muscular system– Composed of muscles and tendons– Produce movement and maintains posture– Generates heat

Nervous system– Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves– Controls body functions– Provides communication and integration

between body functions– Allows us to recognize sensory stimuli


Endocrine System– Composed of specialized glands that secrete

chemicals called hormones directly into the blood– Functions: communication, integration and control of

the body

Cardiovascular or Circulatory system– Composed of the heart and blood vessels– The heart pumps blood – Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body– Helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat

throughout the body



Lymphatic system– Composed of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, red

bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, and spleen– Responsible for movement of fluids (liquids) and large

molecules from the spaces around the cells– Responsible for movement of fat related nutrients

from the digestive system back into the bloodstream– Responsible for the functioning of the immune

system



Respiratory system– Composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi, and lungs– Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes

carbon dioxide

Digestive system– Composed of the mouth, pharynx (throat),

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

– Breaks down food into nutrients which body uses for essential functions

– Eliminates undigested food residue as feces



Urinary system– Composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters,

1 bladder, and 1 urethra– Eliminates waste products from the body– Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base

balance of the blood



Male reproductive system– Composed of scrotum, testes, epididymus,

vas deferens, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, and penis

– Ensures survival of the species– Testes produce sperm and male sex

hormones– Ducts and glands transfer sperm to the

female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur



Female reproductive system– Composed of ovaries, fallopian tubes,

uterus, vagina, and mammary glands– Function is the development, birth and

nourishment of offspring– Ovaries produce eggs and female sex

hormones


Homeostasis and Survival

• Homeostasis is the term used to describe survival

• Survival depends on the body maintaining stability or relatively constant conditions within the body.

• Since the activities of cells and external disturbances are always threatening internal stability, the body needs to work to keep this state of constancy.


Negative and Positive Feedback Loops

In order for the body to maintain or restore homeostasis, it uses a communication control system called a “feedback loop.” This “loop” constantly feeds information to the body so it can control its functioning to keep us well.•Negative feedback loops oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition.

–most control loops in the body are negative•they reverse changes which have occurred so the body can return to normal.


• Examples of negative feedback loops:– When our muscles use oxygen during

exercise, our blood oxygen levels decrease. This is counteracted by increased breathing so the blood oxygen levels can return to normal after exercise.

– When we drink a lot of water, the body will excrete (get rid of) a larger amount of urine in order to return the body to its normal fluid levels.


Positive feedback loops occur in the body but they are not common.

• Positive feedback loops are stimulatory; instead of opposing a change in the internal environment, they magnify the change that is taking place; they cause an increasing rate of events to happen until something stops the process.– Rapid increases in uterine contractions cause

the birth of a baby– Sticking together of blood cells to form a clot


Anatomical Orientation of the Body

Anatomical position:

Standing posture with the arms at the side and the palms forward


Directional Terms

• Superior: toward the head; upper portion of the body

• Inferior: toward the feet; lower portion of the body

• Anterior: toward the front of the body• Posterior: toward the back of the body• Medial: toward the midline (middle) of the body• Lateral: toward the side of the body, away from

the midline


• Proximal: toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the origin (beginning) of a body part

• Distal: away from or farthest from the trunk or origin of the body part

• Superficial: nearer the surface• Deep: farther away from the body surface

Divisions of the Body:

• Axial Region: head, neck and trunk• Appendicular Region: upper and lower

extremities


Body Planes

• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sides– Midsagittal or medial plane– divides the

body into 2 equal halves • Frontal– divides the body into anterior and

posterior portions• Transverse – divides the body into upper and

lower portions


BODY PLANES


Body Cavities

• The body is made up of open spaces, which we call cavities; these help us learn how the body is arranged. The 2 major cavities are called the dorsal and ventral cavities.

• The Dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal body cavities.– The Cranial cavity contains the brain– The Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord

• The Ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic (chest) cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.


Body Cavities

• The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the pleural cavity, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity– Pleural cavities – the right pleural cavity has

the right lung, the left has the left lung– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial

(heart) cavity, and the trachea


Body Cavities

• The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

• The abdominopelvic cavity is composed of two subdivisions– Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,

intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

– Pelvic cavity –contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

bio 006 lecture 1-intro1 overview of anatomy and physiology anatomy – the study of the structure...

Documents

body slide

body lymphatic system

body muscular system

body urinary system

body integumentary system

body respiratory system

organ system group

immune system slide