chapter 1 phy. sci. notes

8/2/2019 Chapter 1 Phy. Sci. Notes

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Welcome toPhysical Science

You willsucceedin this course If YOU applyyourself &

Take Good Notes !
http://673%20resource.ppt/


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Chapter 1: The Nature of Science

Unit 1: Energy and Motion

Table of Contents

1

1.3: Communicating with Graphs

1.1: The Methods of Science

1.2: Standards of Measurement


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Science is a method for studying the naturalworld.

It is a process thatuses observationand investigationto gainknowledge aboutevents in nature.

What is Science?1.1

The Methods of Science


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What is Science?1.1

Scientists ask questions to learn about thenatural world.


Copy:It is a system of knowledge andthe methods used to find thatknowledge!


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Science can be classified according to threemain categories.

Major Categories of Science1.1

Life science deals with living things.

Earth science investigates Earth and space.

Physical science deals with matter andenergy.



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Matter and Change:a. A very small amt. of the universe is matter.

b. Matter has Volume and Mass !

c. All Matter is made of Atoms!

Big Ideas of Physical Science1.1

Forces and Motion:

a. If you push on something still it will move.

b. If you push on something moving you will change its

motion.

c. Forces cause change in motion. The laws of physicsallows us to measure these changes in motion.

Copy for Test


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Energy:a. Energy exists in many forms.

b. Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

What is the Difference?

Science Explains Nature1.1

c. When matter changes Forms Energy isreleased or gained.


Energy is Transferred but NEVER

DESTROYED !


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Major Topics - Chemistry

Scientific Inquiry

Matter

Atoms

Atomic Theory

Periodic Table

Writing and Balancing Equations Acids and Bases


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Motion

Newtons Laws

Force

Work and Power

Electricity

Magnetism

Waves

Light

Major Topics - Physics


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Investigations1.1The Methods of Science

Scientists learn newinformation about thenatural world byperforming

investigations, whichcan be done in manydifferent ways.

Some investigations involve simplyobserving something that occurs andrecording the observations.


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Investigations1.1


Other investigationsinvolve setting upexperiments that test

the effect of one thingon another.

Some investigations involve building a

model that resembles something in thenatural world and then testing the model tosee how it acts.


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Scientific Methods1.1


An organized set ofinvestigationprocedures is called a

scientific method.

Six common stepsfound in scientific

methods are shown.


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Stating a Problem1.1


Many scientific investigations beginwhen someone observes an event innature and wonders why or how it occurs.

Then the question of why or how isthe problem.

Sometimes a statement of a problemarises from an activity that is notworking.


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Researching and Gathering

Information

1.1The Methods of Science

Before testing ahypothesis, it is usefulto learn as much as

possible about thebackground of theproblem.

Have others found information that willhelp determine what tests to do and whattests will not be helpful?


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Forming a Hypothesis1.1


A hypothesisis a possibleexplanation for a problemusing what you know andwhat you observe.

For example, NASAscientists hypothesized thata ceramic material might

withstand the heat andforces of reentry and couldwork on the space shuttle.


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Testing a Hypothesis1.1


Some hypothesescan be tested bymaking

observations. Others can be

tested by building

a model andrelating it to real-life situations.

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Testing a Hypothesis1.1


One common way to test a hypothesis isto perform an experiment.

An experiment tests the effect of onething on another using controlledconditions.

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Variables1.1


A variable is a quantity that can havemore than a single value.

You might set up an experiment to

determine which of three fertilizers helpsplants to grow the biggest.

Possible factors include plant type,

amount of sunlight, amount of water,room temperature, type of soil, and typeof fertilizer.

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Variables1.1


In this experiment, the amount of growth isthe dependent variable because its valuechanges according to the changes in the othervariables.

PlantAmount of

WaterAmount of

SunFertilizer

TypeHeight aftertwo weeks

A4 oz. everythree days 6hr/day A 16cm

B4 oz. everythree days 6hr/day B 14cm

C4 oz. everythree days 6hr/day C 18cm

D4 oz. everythree days 6hr/day none 10cm

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Variables1.1


The variable you change to see how itwill affect the dependent variable iscalled the independent variable.

PlantAmount of

WaterAmount of

SunFertilizer

TypeHeight aftertwo weeks





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Constants and Controls1.1


A factor that does not change when othervariables change is called a constant.

You might set up four trials, using thesame soil and type of plant.

Each plant is given the same amount of

sunlight and water and is kept at thesame temperature. These are constants.

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The fourth plant is not fertilized. This plant is a control. A control is the

standard by which the test results can be

compared.Plant

Amount ofWater

Amount ofSun

FertilizerType

Height aftertwo weeks


B

4 oz. every

three days 6hr/day B 14cm



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Suppose that after several days, the threefertilized plants grow between 2 and 3 cm.

Plant

Amount of

Water

Amount of

Sun

Fertilizer

Type

Height after

two weeks



C

4 oz. every

three days 6hr/day C 18cm




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If the unfertilized plant grows 1.5 cm, youmight infer that the growth of the fertilizedplants was due to the fertilizers.

Plant

Amount of

Water

Amount of

Sun

Fertilizer

Type

Height after

two weeks



C

4 oz. every

three days 6hr/day C 18cm




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Analyzing the Data1.1


Interpreting the data and analyzing theobservations is an important step.

If the data are not organized in a logicalmanner, wrong conclusions can be drawn.

An important part of every experimentincludes recording observations andorganizing the test data into easy-to-readtables and graphs.



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Drawing Conclusions1.1


Based on the analysis of your data, youdecide whether or not your hypothesis issupported.

For the hypothesis to be considered validand widely accepted, the experiment mustresult in the exact same data every time it

is repeated.



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Being Objective or FAIR1.1


A bias occurs when you only test theexperiment on yourself or a very smallpopulation.



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Being Objective1.1


Scientists can lessen bias by runningas many trials as possible and bykeeping accurate notes of each

observation made.

Valid experiments also must havedata that are measurable.



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Being Objective1.1


The experiment must berepeatable.

Findings are supportable when otherscientists, or Mr. Litaker, performs the

same experiment and gets the sameresults.



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Visualizing with Models1.1


Sometimes,scientists cannotsee everything

that they aretesting.

They might be observing something that istoo large, too small, or takes too much timeto see completely.



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Visualizing with Models1.1


A modelrepresents an

idea, event, orobject to helppeople better

understand it.



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Models in History1.1


Example: To better understand how theEarth rotates on its axis, you could look ata globe, which is a small-scale model ofEarth.

Models help visualize things too small to be

seen.


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Build Model Planes

Fold a Sheet of paper into an airplane.

Throw the plane.

How did the plane Fly?

Now make wing flaps.

Turn them in different directions.



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High-Tech Models1.1


Today, many scientists use computers tobuild models.

NASA experiments involving space flightwould not be practical without computers.



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High-Tech Models1.1


Another type of model is a simulator.



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High-Tech Models1.1


An airplane simulatorenables pilots topractice problemsolving with various

situations andconditions they mightencounter when in

the air. This model will react the way a plane

does when it flies.



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Scientific Theories and Laws1.1


A scientific theory is an explanation ofthings or events based on knowledgegained from many observations and

investigations. It is not a guess.

Just because a scientific theory

has data supporting it does notmean it will never change.



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A scientific law is a statement about whathappens in nature and that seems to betrue all the time.

A Law summarizes a Pattern found innature.

Gravity is an example of ascientific law.

A Law is a Rule of Nature



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A theory can be used to explain a law.

For example, many theories have been

proposed to explain how the law ofgravity works.

Even so, there are few theories in science

and even fewer laws.



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The Limitationsof

Science

1.1The Methods of Science

Science can help you explain

many things about the world,but science cannot explain or

solve everything.



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The Limitations of Science1.1


They cannot be tested.

You might take a survey to get peoples

opinions about such questions, but thatwould not prove that the opinions are truefor everyone.



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Using ScienceTechnology1.1The Methods of Science

Technologyis the application of scienceto help people.



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Using ScienceTechnology1.1e et ods o Sc e ce

For example, when achemist develops a new,lightweight material that

can withstand greatamounts of heat, scienceis used.

When that material is usedon the space shuttle,technology is applied.



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Using ScienceTechnology1.1 Technology doesnt always follow

science, however, sometimes the processof discovery can be reversed.

Science and technology do not alwaysproduce positive results.

The benefits of some technologicaladvances, such as nuclear technology andgenetic engineering, are subjects ofdebate.

Section Check


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Question 1

1.1

Answer

The three main categories of science are life,

earth, and physical.

What are the three main categories of science?

Section Check


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Question 2

1.1

a. Technology is a branch of natural science.

b. Science is a branch of technology.

c. Advances in science may lead to

advances in technology and vice versa.

d. Science and technology are not related.

How are science and technology related?

Answer: C

Section Check


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Question 3

1.1

A. standard

B. independent variable

C. experimentalD. control

Which of the following is the group in an

experiment in which all conditions are kept the

same?


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Question 4

What are the Building blocks of Matter?

Atoms


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Question 5

In which step of the scientific method isinformation obtained through the senses?

a. drawing conclusionsb. making observations

c. analyzing data

d. revising a hypothesis

Answer: b

Section Check


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Question 6

1.1

What happens when the data in an investigation

do not support the original hypothesis?a. The scientist gives up and starts an investigation

on a new topic.b. The data must be incorrect and are thrown out.

c. The hypothesis will be revised.

d. The data are altered so that they support the

original hypothesis.

Answer: c


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Question 7

What is a statement that summarizes apattern found in nature?

a. a scientific lawb.a fact

c. a scientific theory

d. a hypothesisAnswer: a


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Question 9

What is a physical or mentalrepresentation of an object or an event?

a. a theory c. a model

b. a hypothesis d. a scientific law

Answer: c


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Question 10

Why are scientific models important?

a. They prove scientific theories.

b. They help visualize things that are very

complex, very large, or very small.

c. They make it harder to understand things.

d. They never change.

Answer: b

Standards of Measurement


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Units and Standards

A standardis an exact quantity that peopleagree to use to compare measurements.

Suppose you and a friend want to make somemeasurements to find out whether a desk willfit through a doorway.

You have no ruler, so you decide to use yourhands as measuring tools.

1.2



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Units and Standards

Even though youboth used hands tomeasure, you didntcheck to seewhether your handswere the samewidth as your

friends.

1.2



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Units and Standards

In other words, youdidnt use ameasurement standard,so you cant compare

the measurements. Hands are a

convenient measuring

tool, but using themcan lead tomisunderstanding.

1.2



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Measurement Systems

Suppose the label on a ball of stringindicates that the length of the string is 150.

Is the length 150 feet, 150 m, or 150 cm?

For a measurement to make sense, it must

include a number and a unit.

1.2



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Measurement Systems

The English system of measurement iscommonly used in the United States.

Most other nations use the metric systemasystem of measurement based on multiples often.

1.2



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International System of Units

All SI standards are universally acceptedand understood by scientists throughout theworld.

The standard kilogram is kept in Svres,France.

1.2

All kilograms used throughout the worldmust be exactly the same as the kilogramkept in France.



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Each type of SImeasurement hasa base unit.

1.2

The meter is thebase unit of length.



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Every type ofquantity measured inSI has a symbol for

that unit.

1.2

All other SI units are

obtained from theseseven units.

TEST



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SI Prefixes

The SI system iseasy to usebecause it isbased onmultiples of ten.

1.2



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SI Prefixes1.2

The most frequently

used prefixes areshown.

Prefixes are usedwith the names ofthe units to indicatewhat multiple of

ten should be usedwith the units.

1 2Standards of Measurement


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Measuring Distance

In scientific measurement length is thedistance between two points.

1.2

The SI base unit of length is the meter, m.

Metric rulers and metersticks are used tomeasure length.



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Choosing a Unit of Length

The size of theunit you measurewith will dependon the size of the

object beingmeasured.

1.2

You probably would use the centimeter to

measure the length of your pencil and themeter to measure the length of your classroom.



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Measuring Volume

The amount of space occupied by an objectis called its volume.

1.2

If you want to know the volume of a solidrectangle, such as a brick, you measure itslength, width, and, height and multiply thethree numbers and their units together (V= 1

x w x h).



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Measuring Volume

For a brick, your measurements probablywould be in centimeters.

1.2

The volume would then be expressed in cubiccentimeters, cm3.



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Measuring Liquid Volume

In measuring a liquids volume, you areindicating the capacity of the container thatholds that amount of liquid.

1.2

The most common units for expressing liquidvolumes are liters and milliliters.



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Measuring Liquid Volume

A liter occupies the same volume as a cubicdecimeter, dm3.

1.2

A cubicdecimeter isa cube thatis 1 dm, or

10cm, oneach side.



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Measuring Matter

Mass is a measurementof the quantity of matterin an object.

1.2

A bowling ball hasa mass of about5,000 g.



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Measuring Matter1.2

This makes itsmass roughly 100times greaterthan the mass ofa golf ball and2,000 timesgreater than a

table-tennis ballsmass.



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Density

The mass and volume of an object can beused to find the density of the material theobject is made of.

1.2



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Density1.2

Density is the mass per unit volume of amaterial.



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Density1.2

You find density by dividing an objects massby the objects volume.



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Derived Units

The measurement unit for density, g/cm3 isa combination of SI units.

1.2

A unit obtained by combining different SIunits is called a derived unit.

An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a

derived unit.



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Measuring Time and Temperature

It is often necessary to keep track of howlong it takes for something to happen, orwhether something heats up or cools down.

1.2

These measurements involve time andtemperature.

Time is the interval between two events.

The SI unit for time is the second.



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Whats Hot and Whats Not

Think of temperature asa measure of how hot orhow cold something is.

1.2

For most scientificwork, temperature ismeasured on the Celsius(C) scale.



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Whats Hot and Whats Not1.2

On this scale, the freezing point of water is0C, and the boiling point of water is 100C.

Between these points, the scale is dividedinto 100 equal divisions. Each one represents1C.



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Kelvin and Fahrenheit1.2

The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).

Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is the coldestpossible temperature, also known as absolutezero.

Absolute zero is equal to -273C which is273 below the freezing point of water.



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Kelvin temperature can be found by adding273 to the Celsius reading. So, on the Kelvinscale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373

K. The temperature measurement you are

probably most familiar with is the Fahrenheit

scale, which was based roughly on thetemperature of the human body, 98.6.



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These threethermometers illustratethe scales of

temperature betweenthe freezing and boilingpoints of water.

1 2Section Check


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Question 1

1.2

A __________ is an exact quantity that people

around the world have agreed to use to compare

measurements.A. variable

B. standard

C. unitD. control


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1 2Section Check


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Question 2

1.2

A measurement must include both a number and

a(an)

Answer: A Unit

1 2Section Check


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Question 3

1.2

In an experiment, 0.014 seconds equals

____________________ milliseconds.

Answer: 14

1 2Section Check


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Question 4

1.2

The amount of space occupied by an object is

called _________?

The answer is volume. To find the volume of a

solid rectangle, measure the rectangles lengthby its width by its height.

Answer


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Question 5

____________________ is the closenessof a measurement to the actual valuebeing measured.

Answer: Accuracy

1 3Communicating with Graphs


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A Visual Display

A graphis avisual display ofinformation ordata.

This is a graphthat shows a girlwalking her dog.

1.3



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A Visual Display1.3

The horizontalaxis, or thex-axis,measures time.

Time is theindependentvariable because asit changes, it affectsthe measure ofanother variable.



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A Visual Display

The distance fromhome that the girland the dog walk isthe other variable.

It is the dependentvariable and is

measured on thevertical axis, ory-axis.

1.3


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1.3Communicating with Graphs


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A Visual Display

Graphs make it easier to understand complexpatterns by displaying data in a visualmanner.

Scientists often graph their data to detectpatterns that would not have been evident ina table.

1.3

The conclusions drawn from graphs must bebased on accurate information and reasonablescales.



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Line Graphs

A line graph can show any relationship wherethe dependent variable changes due to achange in the independent variable.

1.3



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Line Graphs

Line graphs often show how a relationshipbetween variables changes over time.

1.3



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Line Graphs

You can show more than one event on thesame graph as long as the relationshipbetween the variables is identical.

Suppose a builder had three choices ofthermostats for a new school.

1.3

He wanted to test them to know which was

the best brand to install throughout thebuilding.

i G1.3

Communicating with Graphs


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Line Graphs

He installed adifferentthermostat inclassrooms, A, B,

and C.

He recorded hisdata in this table.

1.3

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Line Graphs

The builder then plotted the data on a graph.

He could see from the table that the data did

not vary much for the three classrooms.

3

So he chose small intervals for the y-axis andleft part of the scale out (the part between 0and 15).

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Line Graphs

This allowed him to spread out the area onthe graph where the data points lie.

You can see easily the contrast in the colors

of the three lines and their relationship to theblack horizontal line.

The black line represents the thermostatsetting and is the control.

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Constructing Line Graphs

The most important factor in making a linegraph is always using thex-axis for theindependent variable.

They-axisalways isused for thedependentvariable.

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Another factor in constructing a graphinvolves units of measurement.

You might use a Celsius thermometer for one

part of your experiment and a Fahrenheitthermometer for another.

You must first convert your temperature

readings to the same unit of measurementbefore you make your graph.

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Scientists use a variety of tools, such ascomputers and graphing calculators to helpthem draw graphs.


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Bar Graphs

You couldshow these datain a bar graph

like the oneshown.

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Bar Graphs

As on a linegraph, theindependentvariable is

plotted on thex-axis and thedependentvariable is

plotted on they-axis.

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Bar Graphs

You might needto place a breakin the scale ofthe graph tobetter illustrateyour results.

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Circle Graphs

A circle graph, or pie graph, is used toshow how some fixed quantity is brokendown into parts.

This type of graph used to show howa part of something relates to thewhole. (Test)

The slices represent the parts and usuallyare represented as percentages of the total.

Circle Graphs1.3



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Circle Graphs

This figureillustrates how acircle graph couldbe used to show

the percentage ofbuildings in aneighborhoodusing each of avariety of heatingfuels.

1.3Section Check


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Question 1A graph is a(n) __________ of information or

data.

A. listB. analysis

C. visual display

D. conclusion

1.3Section Check


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The answer is C. Graphs make complex patterns

easier to understand by displaying data in a

visual manner.

Answer

1.3Section Check


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Question 2

Which of the following types of graphs would

be the best choice for representing a childs

growth over time?A. line

B. bar

C. circleD. contour

1.3Section Check


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The answer is A. Line graphs often show how a

relationship between variables changes over

time.

Answer

1.3Section Check


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Question 3

You need to draw a circle graph to represent the

following data. Determine the angle on the

circle that accurately represents the number of

Spanish-speaking households.

Language

SpokenNumber of

Households

English 127

Spanish 179

French 21

1.3Section Check


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There are 327 households, 179 of which are

Spanish-speaking. 179 is 55% of the total, so the

angle will be 55% of 360, or 198.

Answer

Language

SpokenNumber of

Households

English 127

Spanish 179

French 21

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