Economy and Society

Chapter 1: Early America Causes of the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution

Many causes, one outcome; independence http://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/u/1/p0LmYEjXNIg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZfRaWAtBVg Causes of the American RevolutionThe French and Indian War (1754-1763)1. In 1749, FR laid claim to land along the Allegheny and Ohio rivers and built Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh is found today). At stake was control over a vast amount of land granted to VA by the GB. 2. In 1754, a young Virginian officer named George Washington was sent into disputed territory, where he engaged in skirmishes with the FR. When the smoke cleared, Washington was obliged to sign conditions of surrender that required the Virginians to leave the Ohio Valley. (It was the opening salvo of the war between the FR and GB known as the French and Indian War.)Causes of the American RevolutionFrench and Indian War Continued3. French and Indian War raged for 9 yrs, during which British forces concentrated on securing New France. 4.The F.I.W ended with signing of the Treaty of Paris 1763. G.B. gained all of New France, and all other land east of the Mississippi River except for New Orleans. 5. Spain, an ally of FR, ceded most of Florida to Britain in exchange for control of Havana, Cuba, which G.B. had captured in 1762.

Causes of the American RevolutionFrench and Indian War continued 6. The result of the FIW was an entire redrawing of the political map of North America. The provisions of the Treaty of Paris set the stage for British confrontation with the colonists in the near future, and along with it, renewed conflict with FR.

Victory in the French and Indian War was costly for GB. At the war's conclusion in 1763, King George III and his govt looked to taxing the American colonies as a way of recouping their war costs. They were also looking for ways to restore control over the colonial govts that had become increasingly independent while GB was distracted by the war.Background

Core of the DisputeA series of actions including the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), the Townsend Acts (1767), the Boston Massacre (1770), and the Intolerable Acts (1774) agitated the colonists, straining relations with the mother country. But it was the Crown's attempt to tax tea (Tea Act of 1773) that spurred the colonists to action and laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.

Proclamation Line of 1763An order issued by the King of Britain forbidding the colonists from settling the recently acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.Ideally the order was issued to avoid future conflicts with the NA. Wars are EXPENSIVE.The measure also contained the colonists making it easier for GB to maintain control.

The Sugar ActThe Sugar Act was created by the King of GB & the British Parliament in an effort to recoup some of its costs from the French Indian War.Made the colonists upsetsugar was a staple that all people enjoyed.

The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act was issued in 1765, at the urging of George Grenville, the British PM.The act placed a tax on all printed materials created within the colonies. (internal tax) The colonists responded by boycotting British sold goods. Some responded violently by attacking the tax collectors, putting tar and feathers on them and sometimes worse. It was finally repealed in 1766.

Causes of the American RevolutionPlanting the Seeds of Revolution Most colonists viewed themselves as loyal British subjects. They traded goods with Britain, maintained British customs, and believed they were subjects of the British crown.1. Started with the Navigation Acts2. Parliament passed the, Currency Act of 1764, making it illegal for the colonies to issue their own paper $. 3. Proclamation of 1763 prohibited westward expansion beyond an imaginary line extending along the crest of the Appalachian Mts.Causes of the American Revolution3. (cont. Proclamation of 1763) Parliament felt some 10,000 British soldiers were needed to protect the western boundary of the colonies. 4. Moreover, the FIW had been costly; a new source of revenue was needed to pay for fortifying the colonies.5. Then the British Parliament passed the Sugar Act of 1764. Although this law reduced an est. tax on molasses, it added new duties on textiles, wines, coffee, and sugar.

Causes of the American Revolution6. To gain additional revenue, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. This law required that a stamp be placed on legal documents,leases, licenses, deeds, newspapers, playing cards, and even dice. 7. Parliament followed the Stamp Act with the Quartering Act of 1765. This law required colonists to provide housing and supplies needed by British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Causes of the American Revolution8. Colonial opposition to taxation was strong. The tax, many reasoned, was illegal since the colonists had no representation in Parliament, and thus no voice in the decision to be taxed. The House of Burgesses passed a set of resolutions protesting British taxation. Many colonists simply ignored the tax. In March 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but only after affirming its right to tax the colonies.

Causes of the American Revolution9. In 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. This set of laws placed a tax on glass, paper, lead, paint, and tea. Moreover, GB required that each of these items be purchased from GB.10. In response, colonists participated in a widespread boycott of British goods. Tensions ran high, especially in port cities such as Boston, where British soldiers and colonists often taunted each other. Boston Massacre happened on March 5, 1770 when British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a group of colonists, killing 5 of them.

The Townshend ActThe Townshend Acts created a tax on goods the colonists imported, such as paper, lead, glass, paints, and tea shipped from England and English possessions. (external tax)Merchants in Boston and NY boycotted most British goods. At a town meeting held in Boston, Ma. the residents were told to bear arms in case they were needed to fight the coming British soldiers.British warships arrived in Boston Harbor in September and two regiments of infantry moved permanently into Boston neighborhoods.George Mason wrote a set of resolutions that were presented to the Virginia House of Burgesses by George Washington. The resolutions opposed taxation without representation.The Townshend Acts were finally repealed in March of 1770; EXCEPT FOR THE TAXES ON TEA.

Colonists reactNo TaxationWithout Representation!The Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770 A merchant and one of the soldiers were arguing and some of the townspeople gathered. They began to throw snowballs and rocks at the soldiers. Soon Cpt. Thomas Preston and a small group of soldiers arrived. Private Hugh Montgomery of the British troops was hit by a club thrown from the crowd. When he got up, he fired into the crowd. Soon other British soldiers fired at the crowd.Five unarmed colonists killed.The Boston Massacre added to the hatred between the British soldiers and the colonists.The hostility and the Tea Act of 1773 sparked the Boston Tea Party.

Causes of the American Revolution11. The Sons of Liberty, a colonial group organized to protest British taxation, intensified anti-British feelings.http://www.ushistory.org/us/10b.asp 12. Appeals to Parliament resulted in a repeal of most of the Townshend Act taxes, or duties in 1770.13. In 1773, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act. The legislation gave the East India Company complete control of the colonial tea trade, and placed a new tax on tea. For many Bostonians, paying the tax acknowledged Britains right to tax the colonists.

Causes of the American Revolution14. In response to the Tea Act colonists orchestrated the Boston Tea Party. 50 men in disguise, possibly led by the Sons of Liberty founder Samuel Adams, threw about 90,000 lbs of tea into Boston Harbor, destroying the entire cargo. Parliament quickly passed a series of harsh measures. 15. The Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) closed Boston Harbor, revoked parts of the Massachusetts Charter, imposed British control over town govt, and imposed a new Quartering Act, forcing all colonies to house and support the kings troops.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AvPoPOaRqU

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party was held in December of 1773.The Sons of Liberty held the tea party, in protest of the tea tax.They dressed up as Mohawk Indians and then dumped 342 chests of tea, into the ocean.

Causes of the American Revolution16. The Coercive Acts brought on a firestorm of protest. Members of the Committees of Correspondence, colonial leaders from all but one colony (Penn.), communicated ways to protest British policies.

17. In September, 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met together as the First Continental Congress. Georgia did not take part. They agreed to halt all trade with G.B. They also expanded the militia of citizen soldiers, then called minutemen, throughout the colonies, in anticipation of armed conflict with Britain.

The Intolerable ActsAka: The Coercive Acts. The Intolerable Acts were passed in 1774 to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. There were three major acts involved that angered the colonists.The first was the Boston Port Bill and it closed the Boston Harbor until the people of Boston paid for the tea that they threw into the harbor. It went into effect on June 1, 1774.There was also the Quartering Act which required the colonists to provide housing and supplies for the British troops.The Intolerable Acts united the colonies against England. To decide on what steps they would take, the colonists met in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress.

First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia

The First Continental CongressOn September 5, 1774, every colony but GA sent reps to what is now called the First Continental Congress. They signed a petition demanding the Intolerable Acts be repealed and sent it to England with the demand they would be repealed.When Patrick Henry went to the Virginia Convention in Richmond, he made a speech. It was from this speech that his famous quote comes: "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!King George III's decision not to repeal the Intolerable Acts or any of the other taxes finally caused the Revolutionary War that led to the colonies independence.

Causes of the American Revolution 18. In 1775, Parliament determined that the rebellion brewing in MA needed to be controlled further. In the eyes of the British Parliament, a rag tag bunch of rebelling colonials were no match for the well-trained and well equipped British Army. With some 3,000 British troops available to him, and more on their way across the Atlantic, Gen. Thomas Gage was ordered to confront the colonial militia, confiscated its arms and ammunition, and arrest its leaders, in particular members of the Sons of Liberty.

Causes of the American Revolution19. In January 1776, Thomas Paine, a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a recent immigrant to PA from England, published a pamphlet entitled Common Sense, break from G.B.

I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation to show a single advantage that this continent can reap by being connected with Great Britain, wrote Paine. His words resonated deeply with colonists, but breaking with GB was a difficult decision.

Closing Questions What effect did the Townshend Acts have on the colonists?

A. They willingly paid taxes because they were loyal British subjects. B. They sent delegates to parliament to negotiate the tax rates. C. They boycotted English goods as a way to protest the taxes.D. They allowed for the taxing of English goods but protested the tax on tea. Closing Questions 2.What did no taxation without representation mean to the colonists?

A. The taxing power of the British shopkeepers is represented in Parliament.B. There should be no taxation of British goods entering the colonies.C. Taxation in the colonies should only be for the British citizens.D. The colonists should not be taxed without representation in Parliament. Closing Questions 3. What followed the Boston Tea Party?

A. The free flow of trade between the colonies and other countries B. Harsh restrictions on colonial liberties and trade.C. Increased self-government in New England.D. The removal of British troops from the colonies.Closing Questions 4. In response to the Coercive Acts, the First Continental Congress

A. agreed to an increase presence of British troops.B. halted trade with Britain.C. agreed to Parliaments conditions .D. took no action.5. Use the information in the box to answer the question.Tax CollectorElected to the MA AssemblyLeader of the Boston Tea PartyDelegate to the First Continental CongressThe above information describes which of the following people?Thomas JeffersonBenjamin FranklinSamuel AdamsPatrick Henry6. All of the following issues led to the American Revolution EXCEPT: Taxation without representationCitizens forced to house soldiersColonial trade limited to GBThe limitation of government power7. What effect did Thomas Paines Common Sense have on the independence movement?It made people feel like the fight has been lost.It inspired Americans to fight the British.It increased respect for the British government.It ended the American Revolution.

Common SenseCommon Sense was a pamphlet that convinced many people that the time for independence had come.The pamphlet was written by T. Paine, an Englishman.It sold over 500,000 copies in 6 months!!! Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one. Thomas Paine

The American Revolution: Escalating ConflictsEscalating conflict 1: On April 18,1775, British troops set off for Concord, MA Shots fired at nearby Lexington left 8 minutemen dead. The British moved on to Concord, where they destroyed a small amt. of gunpowder. Minutemen, lining the forest road, killed 73 British soldiers and wounded 200, concluding the Battles of Lexington and Concord.http://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/c/BEF70B25331D09DE/8/AhdmDDBjco0

Paul Reveres Midnight Ride

The American Revolution: Escalating ConflictsEscalating Conflict 2: 2 months later, American and British forces met again at Bunker Hill and Breeds Hill, across the harbor from Boston. Though the battle ended in the retreat of the Americans, British forces lost 1,000 soldiers. While the British may have once believed in easy victory, it was clear that the resolve of the colonial militia had been underestimated. #3:Yet, the colonists themselves remained divided. Disputes erupted between loyalists supportive of Britain and patriots opposed to British control of the colonies. The American Revolution: Escalating Conflicts#4: After the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, colonial leaders like Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock and Samuel Adams met at the Second Continental Congress. The Congress appointed George Washington as the head of the new Continental Army, and adopted a provisional govt linking the13 colonies. On June 7, 1776, VA delegate Richard Lee proposed that all political connection between the colonies and England should be dissolved.

Second Continental CongressRepresentatives brought money to help establishthe Continental Army(i.e. pay soldiers, buy guns, bullets, food, and uniforms)The American Revolution: Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, delegates of the 2nd Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, severing all ties with Britain. Thomas Jefferson, chosen by the delegates to write the DOI, carefully wove Lees resolution into the document. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=1 In the DOI, Jefferson detailed the delegates belief that govt is a social contract. He explained that if govt became harmful that the ppl. had the right to change the govt. Furthermore, the declaration outlined what King George III had done wrong, and it declared the colonies independence. http://www.youtube.com/user/SchoolHouseRockKids#p/c/BEF70B25331D09DE/1/Ym2Ny1Te3LA

independence: (n)

the freedom to govern on ones own.declaration: (n)an official statement

Who was involved?

Benjamin Franklin (PA)John Adams (MA)Robert R. Livingston (NY)Roger Sherman (CT)Thomas Jefferson (VA)Who signed it first?

The American Revolution: Declaration of Independence The colonists wanted a govt that served the people, rather than serving its rulers. They believed King George III had imposed an absolute tyranny. The declaration stated that, although the colonists had tried to resolve their differences with GB, they continued to ignore them. The colonies now wanted to be a self-governing people. When they signed the declaration they became traitors in the eyes of the British.

The American Revolution: Declaration of IndependenceThe principals embodied in the Declaration of Independence were heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinkers.1. Philosopher John Locke, for example, held life, liberty and property as natural rights. Declaration reads, We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.

The American Revolution: Declaration of Independence 2. In 1748, French philosopher Charles Montesquieu wrote in The Spirit of the Laws,

that power in government should be divided among an executive and a legislative body.

Montesquieu influenced both the writing of the DOI and the crafting of the Articles of Confederation, which governed the new nation from 1781 to 1789.http://www.history.com/topics/read-the-declaration-of-independence/videos#declaration-of-independence

The American Revolution: BattlesGen. George Washington lost the critical battle of Long Island in August 1776, and soon after, had to retreat from Manhattan to NJ & into PA.Washingtons soldiers were battle-weary, lacked shoes and blankets, and were critically low on supplies. These are the times that try mens souls, Thomas Paine wrote in The Crisis. Moved by Paines words, many of Washingtons men stayed with him.

The American Revolution: BattlesOn the evening of December 25,1776, Washington launched a surprise attack with about 2000 men, first crossing the icy and treacherous Delaware River under the cloak of darkness. Washingtons forces managed to capture over 900 Hessians in Trenton, NJ w/o losing a soldier. The Hessians were Germans who fought with the British Army.

The American Revolution: BattlesThe American Rev. lasted for 7 yrs. Success at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, including the surrender of almost 5,000 British soldiers, proved Americas ability to fight, bolstering American resolve and attracting European support. Yet the war dragged on. Washingtons soldiers all but abandoned the fight during the difficult winter of 1778 at Valley Forge. American Revolution: BattlesWashington needed to est. a winter quarters that allowed observation of the British army without exposure to surprise attack. Valley Forge provided that location. Washington led 12,000 men into Valley Forge in Dec. 1777. The winter was severe. Housing was overcrowded and food shortages were acute. Dispirited soldiers were poorly clothed and undernourished. Illness kept many from duty. Nearly 2,000 American soldiers died of disease.

The American Revolution: BattlesWashingtons troops received much needed training from Baron Von Steuben, a former officer in the Prussian army who turned undisciplined troops into professional soldiers. American patriot and diplomat B. Franklin helped secure a FR alliance that provided military and financial aid. At the age of 19, a French soldier, the Marquis de Lafayette, volunteered to serve in the Continental Army at his own expense. Congress appointed him a major-general. His military expertise proved invaluable; he worked closely with Washington and thereafter became a lifelong friend.

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/valleyforge.htm

American Revolution: BattlesSoldiers huts Inside the hut

American Revolution: BattlesWinter soldiersmuskets

American Revolution: BattlesWashingtons headquartersWashington at Valley Forge

Battle of Saratoga: Surrender of Burgoyne

The consequences of Burgoynes surrender were catastrophic. France and Spain declared war on Britain and the American effort was galvanized.The American Revolution: BattlesThe FR saw the weakening of British forces as an opportunity to finally conquer their long-time enemy and regain control of the seas. With the French help, in 1781, the continental Army defeated General Cornwallis, trapping 8,000 British and Hessian soldiers at the Battle of Yorktown. It proved to be the definitive battle of the American Revolution.

Yorktown

The American Revolution: BattlesPeace came with the signing of the Treaty of Paris 1783. Once again, the political map of north America changed. Americans were free to move west, their territory bordered now by the Mississippi River, while Canada remained under British control. Liberty brought Americans freedom, but also challenges beyond what ever have been imagined.

Closing Questions1. Of what significance were the Battles of Lexington and Concord?A. They brought the American Revolution to an end.B. They were the first battles in Americas fight for independenceC. They gave the upper hand to great Britain against the Continental ArmyD. They indicated that the war for independence would be swift. Closing Questions2. William Franklin, the royal governor of New Jersey, was a loyalist. His father, Benjamin Franklin, signed the Declaration of Independence . What does this example indicate about colonial sentiment?A. The loyalists and patriots were able to find common ground.B. Most colonists felt that the American Revolution was a just cause.C. The Declaration of Independence had the support of loyalists. D. The cause of liberty resulted in great division among colonists.

Closing Questions3. How did the Treaty of Paris 1783 change the political map of North America?A. Great Britain gained land.B. The United States claimed land that had been under British control.C. France ceded Florida to Spain.D. The United States gained Florida from Spain.

Closing Questions4. Of what importance were men such as Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben to the American cause?A. They served as spies.B. They provided expertise .C. They assisted the British. D. They served in Congress .

The US Constitution

The U.S. Constitution: Articles of Confederation After declaring independence, the big challenge faced by the 2nd Continental Congress was to establish a central govt.

The U.S. Constitution: Articles of Confederation In 1777, delegates wrote the Articles of Confederation, Americas first Constitution. The articles est. a firm league of friendship btwn. states and created a Congress with each state having 1 vote. Powers not given to the federal govt were retained by the states.The articles did not create an office of chief executive, a system of federal courts, or authorize Congress to raise an army. Ratification was required by all 13 states and was accomplished in 1781. The U.S. Constitution: ArticlesBy 1787, it was apparent that the AOC were not strong enough to govern. a. America now extended to the Miss. River, with claims for land btwn. the Appalachians and the Mississippi made by several states. b. Moreover America was in debt, with no ability to resolve its financial woes. Though the federal govt could ask for $ from the states, it had no pwr. to tax. c. Also the critical issue of slavery, which was abolished in northern states, divided the states.

The U.S. Constitution: Articles 5.Shays Rebellion: Times were particularly difficult for Americas farmers. Many were unable to sell their goods and pay the heavy taxes states levied against their land to pay each states war debts. Many farmers landed in jail- their land seized by the states to pay their debts. Many farmers viewed the actions of the govt as a new form of tyranny. a. In January 1787, Daniel Shays, along with some 1,000 farmers, attempted to storm the federal arsenal in Springfield, MA. b. To some, the rebellion showed that the govt was too weak to govern the new nation. c. Others, like Thomas Jefferson, believed rebellion served to correct the ills of govt. Shays RebellionInteractive Map

http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/shaysapp/map.do?shortName=events

Shays RebellionDaniel Shay and Job Shattuck, seen on the right, was a leader of the rebellion in eastern Massachusetts.Regulators in charge of courthouse.

The U.S. Constitution: Articles 6. Alarmed by events, delegates from each state met in PA in the summer of 1787. Over of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had served in the continental Congress. 1/3 had fought in the war. Missing were T. Jefferson and John Adams, who were ambassadors in Europe. B. Franklin, the group elder, was 81. Washington was elected president of the Constitutional Convention.

Complete Chart Below:

Virginia PlanNew Jersey PlanIndividualLegislatureRepresentationExecutive Power of CongressWhat are the characteristics of our Constitution? The U.S. ConstitutionU.S. Constitution 1. Great disagreement surrounded the est. of a chief executive, or president. Many feared placing too much pwr. in the hands of one individual. 2. The Framers also debated 2 plans for improving the legislative branch: the Virginia Plan, proposed by Edmund Randolph, and the New Jersey Plan, proposed by William Paterson. In the end, the majority of delegates favored the Virginia Plan. a. Virginia Plan1. bicameral legislature: 1 lower house elected by the people, one upper house chosen by the lower house. The U.S. Constitutiona. Virginia Plan continued.2. Proportional representation in Congress by state population.3. Legislative branch to make laws4. Chief executive chosen by the legislature5. Federal judiciary 6. Power to veto state laws

Virginia Plan & New Jersey PlanRandolph Patterson

The U.S. Constitutionb. The New Jersey Plan 1. Unicameral legislature: Congress meets in 1 house2. Maintain the AOC3. = representation o/ states4. Give Congress the pwr. to tax & regulate trade5. Est. the laws of the U.S as supreme over state laws.

The U.S. Constitution3. U.S. Constitution principlesa. Federalism, or the sharing of power between the federal & state govts, became the basis for the new govt.b. The Constitution would be the Supreme Law of the Land. c. The country would be a republic, governed by representation of the peoples will.d. Moreover, the framers established a limited govt in that it only had powers granted to it by the constitution. e. The. powers were divided and balanced amongst the govt: executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch.f. Checks and balances: with each branch given the ability to check the power of the other 2 branches.

Compromises pg. 142The U.S. Constitution 4. 3 difficult problems arosea. representation in Congressb. How slaves would be counted in determining a states population,c. the slave trade. 5. Great Compromise: proposed by Roger Sherman (solve 1st problem)a. Bicameral legislature -House of Representatives - representation based on a state's population. -The Senate - each state equally represented by 2 members.

Sherman

The U.S. Constitution6. 3/5 Compromise ( solve the 2nd problem) a. 3/5 of the enslaved counted as part of the population. b. Counting formula to be used for calculating taxation and representation. 7. Slave trade (solve the 3rd problem) a. Congress agreed not to interfere with the slave trade for 20 yrs. b. Congress could limit the slave trade after that time.

The U.S. ConstitutionFederalist vs. Anti-Federalist : A great debate raged between these 2 groups. 1. Federalist: Alexander Hamilton who supported ratification of the U. S. Constitution 2. Anti-Federalist: Thomas Jefferson who supported strong states rights over federal pwr. Opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Critically important to many was protection for the people against the abuse by govt.3. Several states refused to ratify the Constitution until a Bill of Rights, sponsored by James Madison in 1789 and ratified in 1791,was added. Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution guaranteed individual rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to assemble, the right to bear arms, the right to trial by jury, and the right to petition the government.

The U.S. Constitution 4. 9 States had ratified the Constitution by June 21, 1788, and it went into effect in 1789.George Washington, Americas first president set many precedents. 1. Est. a cabinet, or set of advisors. 2. Shaped the working relationship between the executive and legislative branches. 3. Foreign policy of isolationism: Not intervening in other countries. Focus on the home affairs. Though the American Revolution sparked other Revolutions in France and Latin America, the U.S. did not want to intervene in political difficulties of other countries. 4. Vice President 5. Serve 2 terms (Warning if this country wants to be successful avoid political parties & Europe)

The U.S. ConstitutionWhiskey Rebellion: When farmers in western PA rose in arms against the govt over taxation in what became the whiskey rebellion, Washington showed the power of the federal govt by sending troops to halt the armed protest.

The U.S. ConstitutionPolitical Parties: By 1796, 2 political parties had emerged.1. Federalist led by Alexander Hamilton, believed the Constitution granted the federal govt implied powers, or powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.2. Republicans: leaders such as Jefferson and Madison where individuals who believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution.

The U.S. ConstitutionElection of 1796: political parties played a major role. 1. John Adams, a Federalist, received the most votes and was elected president. 2. Under the provision of the Constitution, the individual receiving the 2nd highest vote count became the Vice president. That fell to Thomas Jefferson, a person of very different political beliefs from Adams.

Closing QuestionsJames Madison commented that, government composed of such extensive powers should be well organized and balanced. Which of the following helped to balance power between the large and small states?A. the slave tradeB. the Great CompromiseC. the 3/5 compromise D. the Bill of Rights Closing Questions2. What contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation? A. The lack of representation in CongressB. The inability of Congress to regulate the economyC. The ability to make treaties with foreign governmentsD. The restrictions on debate within CongressClosing Questions3. Why did the Framers believe freedom of the press to be an essential right?A. It prevents taxation without representationB. It helps to balance the power of governmentC. It establishes a system of free international trade. D. It underscores the importance of a trial by juryClosing Questions4. What was added to the Constitution in order to ensure its ratification? A. Bill of Rights B. an executive branch C. political parties D. the right of foreign intervention

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?Congress later made George Washington commander of the Continental Army.It was a major military and psychological defeat for the British.It was the last battle of the American Revolution.General Haratio Gates replaced Washington as commander.Use the quote below to answer the question. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Which part of the Constitution is quoted above?The PreambleThe First AmendmentThe Fourth AmendmentThe Fifth AmendmentThe U.S. Constitution is built on all of the following principles EXCEPT: Governments can act without answering to the people.The power of the government rests with the people.State and federal governments share power.The federal government holds supreme power.