chapter 1 drugs in perspective. substance use cost to society $776 for addictive disorders $112...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Drugs in Perspective
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Substance Use Cost to Society
$776 for addictive disorders$112 million for diseases attributed to
substance abuse$2,933 billion for diseases for which
substance abuse is a risk factor$336 million for patients with secondary
diagnosis of substance abuseTotal Public Cost: $4,157 Billion
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Problems Associated with Drugs
Traffic Fatalities Murders Child Abuse Drowning Rapes Suicides Spousal Abuse
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Definitions
Drug: Any substance that alters one’s ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially or socially
Psychoactive Drugs: Any substance that has the capability of altering mood, perception or behavior.
Drug Misuse: The intentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs.
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Drug Abuse: The intentional and inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual or social consequences for the user.
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Historical Perspectives of Drug Use
Alcohol-Beverages might have been fermented intentionally as early as about 10,000 B.C.
-Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greeks and Romans were fond of alcohol.
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Alcohol played a significant role in the early history of the United States (one reason the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth was that they ran out of beer)
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Marijuana-Cannabis (source for marijuana) has been cultivated for its fiber since at least 4,700 years.
-As far back as 4,700 years ago, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung prescribed it for aliments such as gout, malaria, and gas pains.
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-Use of marijuana was noted in the Americas as early as 1545.
-By the late 1800s numerous reports detailed cannabis use for many medical reasons.
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Narcotics-Narcotics is a term used interchangeably with terms opiates or opioids.
-Opiate refers to opium and derivatives of opium
-The earliest reference to the opium poppy was 6,000 year old Sumerian tablet and it was referred to as the “joy plant”
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-Opium was a staple in ancient Greece and Rome.
-In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbid alcohol use
-In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and called morphine
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-During the Civil War many soldiers became addicted to morphine (soldier’s disease)
-In the late 1800s a semisynthetic drug “nonaddicting” wonder drug was developed to relieve pain and replace morphine. It was called heroin.
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Coffee-One of the earliest written references to coffee dates back to 900 A.D. in Arabia.
-The Chinese reportedly used caffeine almost 5,000 years ago.
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-The Koran condemned coffee as an intoxicant and banned it’s use.
-In the 1600s coffeehouses because centers for learning (called Penny Universities).
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Cocaine-Ancient drawings suggest that chewing coca leaves (cocaine is in the coca leaves) was popular prior to the rise of the Incan Empire as early as 3000 B.C..
-When the Spaniards conquered the Incas they realized the importance of the coca leaves to the natives
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-In the later part of the 19th century a popular red Bordeaux wine called Mariani’s Coca Wine (Vin Mariani) was marketed.
-Cocaine was popular among Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
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-The original formula for Coca-cola contained cocaine.
-Cocaine became more of a recreational drug in the 1970s.
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Amphetamines-Amphetamine are powerful, prescription stimulants synthesized in the late 1800s in Germany
-Amphetamines are still used medically and abused for their powerful, long acting stimulating effect
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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs-Sedative-Hypnotic drugs are those drugs that are capable of inducing sedation and/or sleep. They include barbiturates non-barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, and inhalants.
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Hallucinogens-Hallucinogens are relatively new drugs and represent drugs capable of inducing both delusions and hallucinations.
-Examples of the these drugs include LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and jimsonweed
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Tobacco-Tobacco has been widely used for centuries.
-At first tobacco was used for medicinal purposes and then mainly for recreational purposes.
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Summary
Drug use is a valid concern because of its effects on individuals, families and societies
The Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used alcohol and it figured prominently in the development of the United States
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The rum trade had a role in the economic expansion in the United States
One of the earliest written accounts of marijuana use dates back to China where people took it for medical problems
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Many early civilizations used opium The popularity of cocaine rose after it
was included in many products such as medicines, wine, and Coca-cola
Naturally produced hallucinogens have a long history