chapter 1chun/r-cs-chap01-introduction.pdf · 1.2 define the turing model of a computer. define the...
TRANSCRIPT
1.1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Source: Foundations of Computer Science Cengage Learning
1.2
Define the Turing model of a computer.
Define the von Neumann model of a computer.
Describe the three components of a computer: hardware,
data, and software.
List topics related to computer hardware.
List topics related to data.
List topics related to software.
Give a short history of computers.
Discuss some social and ethical issues related to the use of
computers.
Objectives After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
1.3
The First Mechanical Computer
The baggage difference engine created in 1832 and it used
25000parts.
1.4
The First Electronic Computer
The first general-purpose electronic computer called ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was made
by John Mauchly and J. Presoer Eckert in 1946. It used
18000 vacuum tubes and was 100x10feet2 and 30 tons.
1.5
Computer Generations (1950–present)
Computers built after 1950 more or less follow the von
Neumann model. They have become faster, smaller, and
cheaper, but the principle is almost the same. Historians
divide this period into generations, with each generation
witnessing some major change in hardware or software (but
not in the model).
The first generation (roughly 1950–1959) is characterized
by the emergence of commercial computers.
First Generation
1.6
Second-generation computers (roughly 1959–1965) used
transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Two high-level
programming languages, FORTRAN and COBOL invented
and made programming easier.
Second Generation
First transistor
Bell Labs, 1948
1.7
The invention of the integrated circuit (IC) reduced the
cost and size of computers even further. Minicomputers
appeared on the market. Canned programs, popularly known
as software packages, became available. This generation
lasted roughly from 1965 to 1975.
Third Generation
The first bipolar logic in1960’s
ECL 3-input Gate, Motorola 1966
1.8
The fourth generation (approximately 1975–1985) saw the
appearance of microcomputers. The first desktop
calculator, the Altair 8800, became available in 1975. This
generation also saw the emergence of computer networks.
Fourth Generation
This open-ended generation started in 1985. It has witnessed
the appearance of laptop and palmtop computers,
improvements in secondary storage media (CD-ROM,
DVD and so on), the use of multimedia, and the
phenomenon of virtual reality.
Fifth Generation
1.9
1000 transistors, 1 MHz operation, 1971
The First Microprocessor, Intel 4004
1.10
Intel Pentium IV Microprocessor, 2001
Intel core i11, 2013
Pictures source: google’s web
512GB SanDisk Extreme PRO
SDXC UHS-I (Source:SanDisk)
NT$28,000 / 2014
1.11
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of
transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24
months. He made a prediction that semiconductor
technology will double its effectiveness every 18
months.
Moore’s Law ( Electronics, April 19, 1965)
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0
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LO
G2 O
F T
HE
NU
MB
ER
OF
CO
MP
ON
EN
TS
PE
R IN
TE
GR
AT
ED
FU
NC
TIO
N
1.12
182535
5070100130
180250350
500800
1 TB
(2023)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1989 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
1.E+12
1.E+13
1.E+14
1.E+15
DRAM1.4 Times/Year
64GB
(2015)
Neuron Number
in Brain
Increasing Technology difficulty
Tra
nsis
tor N
um
ber p
er c
hip
year
1015
1014
1013
1012
1011
1010
109
108
107
106
105
Gate
Le
ng
th (
nm
) 1TB
(2023)
Courtesy, Intel
Technology Evolution
1.13
Human hair’s diameter:70~100m
Human felling cell:50~100 m
Human ovum cell:100 m
Plant cell:100 m
Human red hemocyte:5 m
Germ:1~8 m
Virus:hundreds nm
Protein:number tens nm
DNA:2nm
Atom:0.1nm
Nano-Meter Scaling
T = 1012
G = 109
M = 106
k = 103
m = 10-3
= 10-6
n = 10-9
p = 10-12
f = 10-15
1.14
From http://www.amd.com
Single die
2”, 3”, and 5”
1987, 6” (150mm)
1991, 8” (200mm)
1999, 12” (300mm)
2007, 18” (450mm)
More dies per wafer,
low cost
Wafer Size
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40044004
80808080
80868086
80286802868038680386
8048680486
PentiumPentiumPentium ProPentium Pro
Pentium IIPentium II
Pentium IIIPentium III
Pentium
III Xeon
Pentium
III Xeon
1-billion
transistors
1-billion
transistors
100-billion
transistors
100-billion
transistors
No. of Transistors in a Chip
1b
100m
10m
1m
100k
10k
'70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 '00 '05 '15'10 ‘25‘20 ‘30
100b
10b Moore’s law predictionMoore’s law prediction
1k
Courtesy, Intel
CPU Evolution
Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law
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5KW
18KW
1.5KW
500W
4004 8008
8080 8085
8086 286
386
486
Pentium® proc
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008
Year
Po
wer
(Watt
s)
Courtesy, Intel
Power will be a major problem
1.17
Five Parts in This Course
Part I: Data Representation and Operation
This part includes Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapter 2 discusses
number systems; how a quantity can be represented using
symbols. Chapter 3 discusses how different data is stored
inside the computer. Chapter 4 discusses some primitive
operations on bits.
1.18
Part II: Computer Hardware
This part includes Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 gives a
general idea of computer hardware, discussing different
computer organizations. Chapter 6 shows how individual
computers are connected to make computer networks and
internetworks (internets).
Part III: Computer Software
This part includes Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 10. Chapter 7
discusses operating systems. Chapter 8 shows how problem
solving is reduced to writing an algorithm for the problem.
Chapter 9 takes a journey through the list of contemporary
programming languages. Chapter 10 is a review of software
engineering.
1.19
Part IV: Data Organization and Abstraction
Part IV includes Chapters 11, 12, 13 and 14. Chapter 11
discuss data structure, collecting data of the same or
different type under one category. Chapter 12 discusses
abstract data types. Chapter 13 shows how different file
structure can be used for different purposes. Chapter 14
discusses databases.
Part V: Advanced Topics
This part covers Chapters 15, 16, 17 and 18. Chapter 15
discusses data compression. Chapter 16 explores some
issues to do with security. Chapter 17 discusses the theory of
computation. Chapter 18 is an introduction to artificial
intelligence, a topic with day-to-day challenges in computer
science.
1.20
Review Questions
Please show the diagram of Turing model in a computer.
Please show the diagram of Von Neumann model in a
computer.
What are the differences between Turing model and Von
Neumann model?
What are the differences among desktop, laptop, and
palmtop computers?
What the sequential operations are for executing an
instruction?
What is Moore’s law?
What is the mean of 22nm-processing technology.
Please briefly describe the history of computers.
What is digital divider?