chapter 1: biomes and ecosystems are divisions of the ... · pdf file3 analyzing climatographs...

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Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are divisions of the Biosphere Workbook page 6

1.1 BIOMES Read Pages 8 – 27

Biosphere: ______________________________________ The Biosphere is made up of different Biomes.

_______________________________________________ Biomes are regions_____________________________

_______________________________________________ ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

1. _________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

3. _________________________________________

4. _________________________________________

5. _________________________________________

6. _________________________________________

7. _________________________________________

8. _________________________________________

Biotic Components are: ____________________________

________________________________________________

Ex. _____________________________________________

Abiotic Components are: ____________________________

________________________________________________

Ex. _____________________________________________

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BIOMES

1. ________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

1. ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

2

2. ______________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

3. ______________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

CLIMATE

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

CLIMATOGRAPHS

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Questions:

1. What is the temp and precipitation in April?

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

2. Which was the wettest month?

_________________________________________

3. Which was the coldest month?

_________________________________________

The earth is divided into

sections based on the

latitude.

0 - 23.5 North and South

23.5 - 60 North and South

60 - 90 North and South

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Analyzing Climatographs Textbook page 30-31

Part 1: Analyze a Climatograph

1. What information is represented on the left-had vertical y-axis? ______________________________________

2. What information is represented by the letters along the horizontal axis ? _______________________________

3. What are the units for precipitation? ________________

4. What are the units for temperature? ________________

5. What is the total amount of precipitation in July? ________________

6. What is the average temperature in December? ________________

Part 2: Graph a Climatograph

Follow the information on page 31 to complete the graph below.

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Part 3: Compare Climatographs

Compare the climatograph from the (textbook page 30) to the one you drew.

How do the monthly precipitation patterns in the two climatographs compare?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

How do the monthly temperature patterns in each climatograph compare?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Which biome is represented by Climatograph A. ____________________________________

Which biome is represented by Climatograph B. ____________________________________

Part 4: Analyze

How would you describe the climate represented by Climatograph A?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

How would you describe the climate represented by Climatograph B?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

If temperatures above 5 C are required for plant growth, which biome has the longer growing season? A or B. Explain.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

One of the climatographs is the climate of a city in British Columbia and one represents a city from another province in

Canada? Which cities do you think are represented by these climatographs?

Climatograph A is ___________________________________________________________________________________

Climatograph B is___________________________________________________________________________________

Some scientists predict that due to global warming the Earth’s average monthly temperatures will rise by 4 C by 2100.

What effect might this have on the growing season in these two cities?

Climatograph A ___________________________________________________________________________________

Climatograph B ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Practice with Climatographs

1. The region has an average annual precipitation of about 175 cm and an average annual temperature of 5 C.

2. The region ranges in temperature between 0 C and 20 C and receives about 100 cm of rain.

3. The region has low average annual precipitation and an average annual temperature that ranges between – 18 C

and -8 C.

4. The region has high average annual precipitation and an average annual temperature of 15 C.

Adaptations

Adaptations are: ____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of Adaptations

1. Structural: _________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

2. Physiological: _______________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

3. Behavioural: ________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

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Assignment:

1. Describe 4 adaptations for the leopard and the polar bear, OR draw your own organisms and list 4 adaptations for them.

2. Explain what the adaptation is and why it is necessary.

Organism_______________________________

1. _________________________________________

___________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

___________________________________________

3. __________________________________________

___________________________________________

4. __________________________________________

___________________________________________

Organism_______________________________

1. _________________________________________

___________________________________________

2. _________________________________________

___________________________________________

3. __________________________________________

___________________________________________

4. __________________________________________

___________________________________________

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1.2 Ecosystems Textbook Pages 34 – 48 Workbook page 10 and 11

ORGANISM

SPECIES

BIOSPHERE

HABITAT

BIOME

NICHE

ECOSYSTEM

POPULATION

COMMUNITY

AN

OR

GA

NISM

LIVES IN

A

AA

....

OR

GA

NISM

S AR

E PA

RT O

F A

AA

AA

.....

A H

AB

ITAT H

AS A

......

POPULATIONS ARE PART OF A

AAAA........

A C

OM

MU

NITY IS IN

AN

..... B

IOM

ES AR

E PA

RT O

F THE

THE

PF

AN

ECO

SYSTEM IS IN

A

.......

Healthy ecosystems have

BIODIVERSITY. This means they have a

_______________________________

_______________________________

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INTERACTIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM Workbook page 12 and 13

Abiotic and Biotic Factors interact: Biotic organisms need abiotic components to survive.

Plants and animals need water, oxygen, nutrients, minerals, etc

BIOTIC INTERACTIONS:

Living things have _________________________________________ relationships. This is an interaction between

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships:

1. ___________________________ _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________ _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________ _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Identify the type of symbiotic relationship and explain.

____________________ ______________________ ______________________ ___________________

____________________ ______________________ ______________________ ___________________

____________________ ______________________ ______________________ ___________________

____________________ ______________________ ______________________ ___________________

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Other Biotic—Biotic interactions:

1. Competition

_____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2. Predator - Prey

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

The graph shows the relationships between the numbers of predator vs prey over time. What do you notice?

What happens to the number of fox after the number of rabbits increases?____________________________________

Why does this happen?______________________________________________________________________________

Why does the rabbit population decrease after this?_______________________________________________________

Why does the fox population decrease after this?__________________________________________________________

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Hare and Lynx Population

Populations are always changing. Even when humans do not interfere, populations shift naturally up and down.

This occurs with the Canada Lynx and its primary prey, the snowshoe hare.

The Hudson Bay Company kept detailed records listing the number of snowshoe hare pelts and the number of

lynx pelts collected by hunters and trappers every year since the 1700’s. A small data of the data is represented

in the table.

Year Hares (x 1000) Lynx (x 1000)

1900 30 4

1901 47 6

1902 70 10

1903 77 35

1904 36 59

1905 21 42

1906 18 19

1907 21 13

1908 22 8

1909 25 9

1910 27 7

1911 40 8

1912 57 12

1913 77 20

1914 52 46

1915 20 51

1916 11 30

1917 8 16

1918 15 10

1919 16 10

1920 25 9

On the graph paper provided, use one colour to graph the number of hares trapped and another colour for the

lynx trapped.

1. Do the peaks in the lynx graph line up exactly with the peaks in the hare graph? _________________

2. When the hare population increase, what happens to the lynx population? Why?

3. Look at 1903 and 1904. What is happening to the hares at this time? Is the presence of more lynx helping or

hurting them? Why?

4. In general, are there more lynx or more hares? Why?

11

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920

Nu

mb

er o

f p

elt

s i

n t

ho

usan

ds

Year

Lynx and Hare Populations

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BIOME WORKSHEET

BIOME Tundra

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Plant Adaptations: __________________________________________________________________________________

Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Animal Adaptations: ___________________________________________________________________________

Winter temperature: ______________________

Winter precipitation ______________________

Summer temperature:_______________________

Summer precipitation: ______________________

BIOME Temperate Deciduous Forest

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Animal Adaptations: ________________________________________________________________________________

Winter temperature: _________________________

Winter precipitation:_________________________

Summer temperature:________________________

Summer precipitation: _______________________

BIOME Temperate Rainforest

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






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BIOME Boreal Forest

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






BIOME Grassland

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






BIOME Tropical Rainforest

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






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BIOME Cold Desert

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






BIOME Hot Desert

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






BIOME Permanent Ice

World Location:____________________________________________________________________________________

Plants: ___________________________________________________________________________________________


Animals: ____________________________________________________________________________________






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Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrients

2.1 Cycles Support Life in Ecosystems

Definition Illustration

CONSUMERS ARE DIVIDED INTO CATEGORIES BASED ON WHAT THEY EAT!

Types of Consumer Illustration

All

energy

comes

from

the sun

The first biotic

organism that uses

the sun to create

their energy are

called . . . . .

The second biotic

organism that

utilizes the energy of

the sun are.....

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Models That Show Energy Flow Textbook pages 59 – 64 Workbook page 17 and 19

Organisms interact with the

ecosystem by:

Food Chain

What is a trophic level?

Food Web

17

Food Pyramid

Types of Food Pyramids:

1. Pyramid of Biomass

2. Pyramid of Numbers

3. Pyramid of Energy

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8. Show 3 different food chains. Label each food chain with the words: producer, primary consumer, secondary

consumer, tertiary consumer, herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Draw an ecological pyramid for the food chain from phytoplankton to fish. Once again label each food chain with the

words: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore. Also,

label each trophic level.

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Vocabulary Review

Word Bank:

Hawk Robin Caterpillar Grass

First trophic level Secondary consumer Carnivore Primary Producer

Fourth trophic level Primary consumer Second trophic level Omnivore

Tertiary consumer Third trophic level Herbivore Label the energy Pyramid as indicated.

Indicate the trophic level on the left side of the pyramid.

Ex. Where should first trophic level be placed?

Place the organism in the pyramid.

Ex. Where should caterpillar be placed?

Place: producer, consumer, etc. on the right side of the

pyramid.

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Food Webs and Food Chains

Identify the:

1. Producers ________________________________________________________________________________

2. Primary Consumers _______________________________________________________________________

3. Secondary Consumers______________________________________________________________________

4. Tertiary Consumers________________________________________________________________________

5. Herbivores ______________________________________________________________________________

6. Carnivores ______________________________________________________________________________

7. Omnivores_______________________________________________________________________________

8. What elements are missing from this food web?

9. Show all the food chains in the food web. There should be at least 9 food chains in total!

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/foodweb.htm

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2.3 Effects of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems Textbook: page 92 – 103 Workbook Page 33, 36, 37

Bioaccumulation

The build up of _______________________ in an organism. Examples: _____________________________,

_____________________________,____________________________. Producers _____________________

pollutant, animal eats _______________________________ and the _____________________________ moves

up the _______________________ ______________________.

Biomagnification

Pollutant ________________________ and becomes more ___________________________ up the food chain.

Keystone species

An organism that greatly affects the _______________________________ of an ecosystem.

Many __________________________________ are keystone species.

Why are these organisms considered keystone species?

_____________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________

_____________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________

Types of Contaminants

________________________ ________________________ _________________________________ (POPs).

POP’s contain _____________________________, like all organic compounds, and remain in the

_______________________ and _________________________ for many years. Chemical pollutants can be

reduced by bioremediation _________________________________________________________________

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Examples of POP’s

1. PCB’s – Polychlorinated biphenyl

Chemical used to make________________________ and _______________________________

PCB’s get stored in the ___________________________ __________________

When food is low the fat breaks down and the PCB’s enter the Orca’s bloodstream.

PCB’s interfere with the ________________________________ _____________________________________,

and makes them more susceptible to ____________________________________________________________

2. DDT: dichlor diphenyl trichlorethane

Used as a____________________________ to control______________________________

Mosquitoes carry the disease ________________________. A major cause of death in 3rd

world countries.

_______________ is harmful (parts per million)

Can damage ___________________________________ , _________________________________________

and _________________________________ ______________________________

Makes shells of certain __________________ _________________ ________________________________

Heavy Metals ____________________________________________________________________________________

Complete the chart using pages 97 and 98 of your textbook.

Metal Environmental Sources Effects

LEAD

CADMIUM

MERCURY

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Nutrient Cycles Textbook Page 68 Workbook Page 26

Nutrients: __________________________________________________________________________________

Nutrient Cycles: _____________________________________________________________________________

5 elements needed for life are: ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Stores and Sinks: _____________________________________________________________________________

The Effect of Human Activities on Nutrient Cycles (page 70)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

The Carbon Cycle (page 71)

Carbon dioxide is a _____________________________________________________________________________

How is CO2 Released? How is CO2 Stored?

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Carbon Cycle Questions Use the carbon cycle from the Science 10 data booklet

1. What is the unit for Carbon used on the Carbon Cycle Graph?

2. What do the up and down arrows indicate?

3. What is a CARBON STORE?

4. How much Carbon is stored in the atmosphere?

5. Where is most Carbon stored? How much is stored?

6. How many gigatonnes of C are emitted by fossil fuel combustion?

7. What is responsible for 38000-40000 gigatonnes of Carbon?

8. Terrestrial vegetation is responsible for __________ - _____________ gigatonnes of Carbon.

9. What is responsible for 1600 gigatonnes of stored carbon?

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The Nitrogen Cycle (page 78) Workbook Page 27

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Nitrogen is stored:

________________________________________________________________

Human Activity: ________________________________________________________________

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

Denitrification

Denitrifying Bacteria

Nitrification

Nitrifying Bacteria

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Nitrogen Cycle Questions

Use the Nitrogen Cycle from the provincial exam data booklet! If you don’t have one on you get it at: www.openschool.bc.ca/courses/science/.../science%2010_databooklet.pdf

1. What gases are found in the atmosphere?

2. What gases does industry contribute to the atmosphere?

3. What is the process called when N2 is changed to NH4+?

4. What chemicals does fertilizer application add to the soil?

5. What gas do volcanoes add to the atmosphere?

6. What does atmospheric fixation do?

7. What acid falls to the ground as precipitation?

8. List 2 decomposers found?

9. Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found?

10. What is the process called when dissolved NH4+ and NO3

- settle at the bottom of a lake?

http://www.openschool.bc.ca/courses/science/.../science%2010_databooklet.pdf

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The Phosphorus Cycle Workbook

Phosphorus is not in the _______________________________.

In animals it is in the molecule that carries ________________________________________________________

Trapped in substances called _______________________________ (PO4-3

, HPO4-2

,H2 PO4-) in rocks and

sediments on the _______________________________ _______________________________.

Phosphorus is released from rocks by _______________________ ________________________________then

___________________and _____________________ _______________________ release the trapped

phosphorus

Chemical weathering: ______________________________________ processes release the trapped phosphates

from the rocks into the water system.

Physical weathering: ________________________________, _________________________________,

_________________________________ release phosphates into water system.

The phosphates are able to enter plants through the ____________________________________ and then

animals eat the plants to get phosphorus into their bodies.

In plants phosphorus promotes root ______________________, stem _________________________, and

seed____________________________.

Excess Phosphates enter the atmosphere by: _____________________, _______________________________,

_______________________________ forests (ash).

Workbook Page 24, 25, 29

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Textbook: Chapter 2 Review pages 104 – 105 # 1 -30

3.1 How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems (page 106) Workbook: Page 40, 41 ,43

Natural selection

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

Adaptive Radiation

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

How Ecosystems Change Over Time (page 111)

Natural Events Affect Ecosystems

Ecological Succession:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two Types of Ecological Succession:

1. Primary Succession: ___________________________________________________________________

Pioneer Species: _______________________________________________________________________

Climax Community: ____________________________________________________________________

Time:

30

2. Secondary Succession: __________________________________________________________________

Section 3.2 How Humans Influence Ecosystems (page 122) Workbook: Page 46, 47, 48, 49

Understanding Sustainability (page 125)

What is sustainability? _______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

The Effects of Land and Resource Use (page 126)

Land use: _________________________________________________________________________________

Resource use : _____________________________________________________________________________

Habitat Loss:_______________________________________________________________________________

What is Habitat Fragmentation?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Beside the land use supply a sustainable approach for it.

Land Use Sustainable Approach

Urbanization

Clear cutting

Grassland use by towns cities and

agriculture

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The Effects of Deforestation

Forests are logged and cleared and not replanted.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

The Effects of Agriculture

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

Effects of Resource Exploitation

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

Overexploitation

_______________________of a resource until it is depleted. _______________________dying out of a species.

Overexploitation effects _______________________ _______________________.

Resource Management and Traditional Ecological Knowledge

Using the _______________________ _______________________understanding of plants, animals and

natural occurrences to better manage the forest.

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Section 3.3 How Introduced Species Affect Ecosystems (page 138) Workbook Page 52, 53, 54, 55

Native Species _____________________and ____________________that naturally inhabit an area.

Native Species in BC include: _____________________________________________________________

Introduced Species or Foreign Species

New ______________________introduced into a ______________________ that did not previously live there.

Introduced or Foreign Species in BC: ________________________________________________________

Invasive Species ____________________________that take over a ______________________________.

Invasive species in BC include: _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

GOERT stands for the _______________ ______________ ________________ ______________ ___________

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Chapter 1 Review

1. Explain the relationship between the biosphere, a biome, and an ecosystem.

2. Name three factors that influence the characteristics of biomes.

3. What two factors are the most important for determining a region’s climate?

4. What is a climatograph?

5. Explain the term “adaptation”.

6. Use examples to explain the difference between a structural adaptation and a behavioural adaptation.

7. Explain why the temperate rainforest biome is usually found along the coasts of continents.

8. Explain why there are few trees in the grassland biome.

9. What effect does elevation have on the characteristics of a biome?

10. What type of biome might you find at the top of a mountain? Explain.

11. Identify 3 abiotic components of an ecosystem and relate how they are important to the plant and animal life

in an ecosystem.

12. What is meant by the term “ecological hierarchy?”

13. Explain the difference between commensalisms and mutualism.

14. How is parasitism different from predation?

15. List 3 adaptations of prey animals.

16. Predict what would happen to a plant if it were moved from a wetland to a desert. Explain.

17. Identify the biomes found on the map in your textbook page 53. Give a short description of each biome.

1)___________________________________________________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________________________________________________

3)___________________________________________________________________________________

4)____________________________________________________________________________________

5)___________________________________________________________________________________

6)___________________________________________________________________________________

7)___________________________________________________________________________________

8)___________________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 1 Review

Using Key Terms

2. In your notebook, state whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the statement is false,

rewrite it to make it true.

(a) A biome is the largest division of the biosphere.

(b) A population refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem.

(c) In commensalism, one species is harmed and the other species benefits.

(d) The top carnivores in a food chain have the most energy because the amount of energy available to

organisms increases from trophic level to trophic level.

(e) The amount of available energy decreases at each higher trophic level.

(f) Nutrients and energy can be recycled in an ecosystem.

(g) Plants make their own food mainly from a gas.

(h) Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.

(i) Phosphorus cycles between the atmosphere, the land, and the biotic components in ecosystems.

(j) Decomposers release some energy that is cycled back to plants.

(k) In an ecosystem, a mature community naturally changes over time.

Checking Concepts

3. Identify the biome described in each statement below.

(a) This biome has permafrost, a short growing season, and no trees.

(b) This biome has a dry climate, and its daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate greatly.

(c) This biome is generally found in the interiors of continents.

(d) The dominant vegetation in this biome includes lichens, mosses, and small shrubs.

(e) This biome has the least seasonal variation in climate.

(f) The main vegetation in this biome is coniferous trees.

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4. Give an example of a structural adaptation, a behavioural adaptation, and a physiological adaptation for

animals that live in the tundra biome.

5. Match the following terms to the descriptions in parts (a) to (e).

(i) community

(ii) species

(iii) organism

(iv) ecosystem

(v) population

(b) groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

(c) a single living thing

(d) different populations that interact within an ecosystem

(e) a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can mate and produce offspring that can

reproduce.

6. Arrange the terms listed in question 5 in order from the smallest component to the largest component.

7. Identify each of the following biotic interactions.

(a) An ant species feeds on the sweet-tasting chemicals produced by a caterpillar species. The ants vigorously

protect the caterpillars and carry them to their nests at night for safety.

(b) An agouti (a type of rodent) feeds on the seed pods of the Brazil nut tree by prying the grapefruit-sized pods

open with its extremely strong teeth. The agouti also buries some seeds far away from the parent tree, which

then germinate and form the next generation of trees.

(c) A whip worm lives in the large intestine of a dog and causes the dog to lose mass.

(d) A salamander uses its sticky tongue to capture an insect.

(e) A fungus provides moisture from the soil to a tree’s root system, which prevents the roots from drying out.

The tree provides sugars and starches to the fungus, which the fungus uses for food.

8. Use an example to explain how energy flows through an ecosystem.

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9. Using an example of each, compare and contrast the diets of detrivores, omnivores, and herbivores.

10. Explain why a plant requires each of the following nutrients.

(a) carbon

(b) nitrogen

(c) phosphorus

11. How do some marine organisms contribute to carbon stores?

12. Describe how a carbon atom moves through the carbon cycle. In your answer, use the following terms:

atmosphere, producers, calcium carbonate, cellular respiration, decomposers, dissolved organic matter,

consumers, bacteria, green plants, marine sediments, sedimentary rock.

13. Explain the role of bacteria in the following processes.

(a) nitrogen fixation

(b) nitrification

(c) uptake of nutrients

(d) denitrification

14. How do persistent organic pollutants such as DDT affect living organisms?

15. Using the example of an aquatic food chain, explain how PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify.

16. Describe the harmful effects on humans of bioaccumulations of the following.

(a) lead

(b) cadmium

(c) mercury

17. Identify the process that makes change in living things possible.

18. List two abiotic factors that influence ecological succession.

19. Explain how primary succession differs from secondary succession.

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20. The retreat of a glacier leaves barren rock and little soil. Describe the changes that might occur over a long

period of time following the retreat of the glacier. Include the following in your description: physical and

chemical changes, changes in plant life, and changes in animal life.

21. Explain why ecologists now think that climax communities are continually changing.

22. How do natural disturbances such as forest fires affect mature communities?

23. Describe the ways in which introduced invasive species alter habitats and change the biodiversity in an

ecosystem.

Understanding Key Ideas

24. Explain why each of the following statements is true.

(a) The temperate rainforest biome is wetter and cooler than the temperate deciduous biome.

(b) The tropical rainforest biome is much wetter and warmer than the boreal forest biome.

(c) The permanent ice biome is much drier and colder than the temperate grassland biome.

25. Give two examples of how animal species can avoid predators or defend themselves against attacks.

26. Using the example of a squirrel, explain the difference between a habitat and a niche

27. Make a flowchart to show how food energy is produced and used by organisms in a terrestrial food chain.

Use the following terms in your chart: animals, plants, decomposers, cellular respiration, photosynthesis,

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers.

28. Explain how herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes. Use the term “available energy” in

your answer.

29. Explain how each of the following processes cycles carbon through an ecosystem.

(a) photosynthesis

(b) respiration

(c) decomposition

(d) ocean mixing

30. How does carbon return to the environment when fossil fuels are burned?

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31. Although growing soybeans and peas replenishes nutrients in the soil, growing large, single crops of these

plants could have a negative effect on an ecosystem. Explain how this might happen.

32. How might increased river temperatures affect bear populations?

33. What would be more concentrated in an organism: 1 ppm (part per million) or 1 pp(part per billion) of a

chemical? Explain.

34. DDT is toxic at 5 ppm. Study the diagram below showing how DDT biomagnifies. From the data given in this

diagram, determine at which trophic level DDT is toxic.

35. A woodpecker’s feet, tail, beak, and tongue allow the bird to catch insects under the bark of trees. Explain

how the process you identified in question 17 may have resulted in these adaptations.

36. Explain why it might be easier to walk through a mature old-growth forest than through a young forest

undergoing succession.

37. How can water contamination from human activities such as mining affect biodiversity?

Thinking Critically

38. The diagram below shows a food web in the Antarctic Ocean.

(a) Explain why a decline in the population of baleen whales might lead to an increase in the populations of

seals, penguins, and krill-eating fish.

(b) What might happen to the other species if the population of baleen whales increased but the population of

krill stayed the same? Explain.

39. Some plants have adaptations that protect them from predation by herbivores. Give an example that would

best illustrate such an adaptation.

40. What happens to the energy in top carnivores when they die?

41. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct than smaller organisms. What factors make this statement true? Use examples in your answer. 42. The impact of human activities on nutrient cycles is detrimental to biotic communities. Explain. 43. How would an ecosystem be affected if lethal levels of a heavy metal bioaccumulated in a keystone species? Use the following data to construct a climatograph, then answer the questions that follow. (a) In what biome would you find this location? Explain. (b) In what zone is this biome located?

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45. Plants, such as tomatoes, require adequate amounts of phosphorus for energy transfer between their cells and for healthy plant development. If the amount of phosphorus in the soil is limited, the growth of tomato plants can be reduced. Design an experiment to determine the minimum amount of phosphorus required for optimum tomato plant growth. (a) What would be your hypothesis? (b) What would be your independent variable? (c) What type of data would you collect? (d) List at least five abiotic factors you would control in your experiment. (e) What biotic factors would you control in your experiment? Applying Your Understanding 46. There is a relationship between a soil fungus called mycorrhiza (plural: mycorrhizae) and the roots of plants. The fungus obtains sugars from the plant and absorbs minerals and water from the soil, which then enter plant roots. If the mycorrhizae are removed from the plant’s roots, the plant’s rate of growth and reproduction is reduced. What is this relationship an example of? A. parasitism B. mutualism C. commensalism D. predation 47. High school students conducting an ecological study of a pond in a public park were surprised to discover dead fish floating on the water. The park was located next to a public golf course. The students noted that Canada geese were residents of the park. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the dead fish? A. The dead fish were the result of biotic and abiotic factors. B. The pond was experiencing eutrophication. C. The Canada geese were upsetting the nitrogen balance in the pond. D. All of the above are factors. Month Average Average Precipitation (mm) Temperature (ºC) J 115 21 F 110 22 M 86 19 A 38 17 M 24 14 J5 11 J2 12 A6 14 S 22 17 O 24 19 N 105 20 D 123 20

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On the island of Oahu, Hawaii, lives a group of tree snails found nowhere else in the world. These small snails once covered the lowlands and the volcanic ridges of the island but are now confined to the mountaintops. Forty-two species had evolved from one original species, but only seven or eight species remain today. The rosy wolf snail was brought to Oahu to kill the giant East African snail, which was becoming a road hazard and destroying gardens, but the rosy wolf snail preferred to eat the tree snail. Rats and habitat loss in the lowland areas are also threatening the survival of the remaining tree snail species. Forty-two species of snail arose on what was once a barren volcanic island. What is this an example of? A. succession B. pioneer species C. adaptive radiation D. biomagnification 49. Which of the following is true of the rosy wolf snail described in question 48? A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV 50. A previously unidentified survival mechanism has been found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Roundworm eggs are eaten by black ants as the ants feed on bird feces. The yellowish roundworms cause the abdomens of the black ants to change from black to amber. When sunlight shines on the ants’ abdomens, they appear red. The infected ants change their behaviour, now holding their swollen bellies higher in the air. To a bird, the ants look like juicy red berries ready to be picked. Normally, birds would avoid the bad-tasting black ants, but now they become lunch. The roundworm has what type of relationship to the ant? A. parasitic B. predatory C. mutualistic D. commensal 51. Which organism benefits from the relationship identified in question 50? A. the roundworm because it infects the ant B. the roundworm because it is carriedaway by birds C. the roundworm because the ants changecolour D. the bird because it now eats the ants 52. A long prairie drought has killed the wasps, robber flies, and other predators that normally feed on grasshopper eggs. A moist winter protected the eggs from drying out, and a warm spring produced plenty of vegetation. The result was a dramatic increase in the number of grasshoppers, which destroyed most of the plant life in the area. What would be the effect of the grasshopper infestation on this ecosystem? A. Only the antelopes would die of starvation. B. The wolves and coyotes would die of starvation. C. The antelopes, wolves, and coyotes would die of starvation. D. Only the grass species would be affected.

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53. The shipworm is a type of marine clam that destroys the wood of ships and marine piers. Scientists were recently surprised to discover that bacteria found on these clams’ gills can change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, which the clams can use to make protein. Why would scientists be surprised by this discovery? A. Bacteria are not known to change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. B. Only plants are known to fix nitrogen through symbiosis. C. Scientists believed that clams changed atmospheric nitrogen. D. Clams were not known to make protein. 54. What is the process in the nitrogen cycle described in question 53 called? A. nitrification B. denitrification C. decomposition D. nitrogen fixation 55. A common species of phytoplankton known as Phaeocystis globosa is able to chemically sense which type of predator is in the neighbourhood and change its shape accordingly. If the predator is a herbivore such as a paramecium, which eats a more refined, small-particle diet, the algae will form a dense colony. If the grazers are smallcrustaceans such as copepods, which eat a chunkier diet, the algae will detach from the colony into single cells. What is the adaptation shown by this phytoplankton best described as? A. a structural adaptation B. a physiological adaptation C. a behavioural adaptation D. a survival strategy 56. Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms play a key role in the carbon cycles of cold oceans and sometimes account for as much as 85 percent of an ocean’s carbon producers. Fecal waste from the copepods that eat the phytoplankton falls to the deep ocean floor. An increase in ocean temperature due to global climate change could affect these phytoplankton and ocean carbon stores. How could climate change affect the Phaeocystis phytoplankton blooms and the carbon cycle? I Less phytoplankton may be produced. II Less carbon would be held in deep ocean sediment. III Atmospheric carbon would be increased. IV Atmospheric carbon would be decreased. A. I and II only B. I, II, and III only C. I, II, and IV only D. II and IV only 57. Several years ago, toxaphene, an agricultural pesticide, was found in trout and their predators osprey in Bow Lake high in the mountains of Banff National Park. This chemical was also found in freshly fallen snow. What is the most logical explanation for these findings? A. I and II only B. II and IV only

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C. III and IV only D. II, III, and IV only 58. Some scientists think that Earth is currently experiencing the sixth great period of mass extinction. Geological records show that, during the past five mass extinctions, 50 to 90 percent of species estimated to exist during those times became extinct. Although the previous mass extinctions had natural causes, the current steep rise in species extinction is the result of human activities. Which of the following activities is responsible for this extinction? A. I and II only B. I, II, and II only C. I, III, and V only D. I, II, III, IV, and V

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