chapter 1 1896-1945: nationalisms and the autonomy of … · 1896-1945: nationalisms and the...
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Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the
Autonomy of Canada Section 12: The Second World War & Canada’s Involvement – Part 1
Pages that correspond to this presentation found in your textbook
The Second World War: Pages 164-189
World War 2: background before the war
• What was happening in Europe before World War 2 (WW2) broke out?
• Economic problems Great Depression • Many countries struggled in terms of employment
rates especially Germany low value of the German Deutsmark (German dollar) & Germany had to pay reparations as a punishment for WW1
• These economic struggles led to people questioning capitalism & the governments in power (like in notes 2.10) new political parties emerged Fascist parties in Germany, Italy & Spain
• Because of time constraints we will focus on the rise of Adolf Hitler’s nazi party in Germany
World War 2: background before the war
• How did Hitler’s nazi party begin?
• Election of Hitler to government in 1933 he slowly takes full power away from the chancellor of Germany
• Hitler convinced the population (a large portion) of Germany that he would restore Germany’s greatness again
• He used extreme nationalism, militaristic policies and racism to push his ideologies propaganda as a ‘vehicle’ to do this
World War 2: background before the war
Hitler is sworn in as Germany’s chancellor – January 30th, 1933
Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
World War 2: background before the war
Nazi book burning of books that are “un-German” May 10th, 1933
Source: The United States Holocaust Museum. <https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=0&MediaId=3535>
World War 2: background before the war Typical propaganda billboard found in Germany during nazi rule
Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
World War 2: background before the war Anti-Semitic propaganda book: “Trust No Fox in the Green Meadow and No Jew on his Oath." Germany, 1936
Source: The United States holocaust Memorial Museum. <https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=0&MediaId=3698>
World War 2: background before the war Children read from the nazi propaganda book
“The Poisonous Mushroom”
Source: The United States holocaust Memorial Museum. <https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=0&MediaId=819>
World War 2: background before the war
• How did Hitler’s nazi party develop Germany once they gained power?
• Hitler broke rules established by the treaty of Versailles a document signed after Germany/Austria-Hungary lost WW1
• Hitler grew Germany’s army in size more soldiers/more military equipment
• Hitler Started to annex (take over and control) other countries/territories 1938 Annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia and all of Austria
World War 2: background before the war
Crowds of people greet Hitler and German soldiers during the annexation of Austria
Source: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005447>
World War 2: background before the war German soldiers enter Prague during the annexation of Czechoslovakia
Source: PBS. <http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_3017.htm>
World War 2: background before the war
• How did Hitler’s nazi party rule Germany once they gained power?
• Hitler used his power to create a secret police force The “Gestapo” to help his arrest and eliminate political parties that opposed him essentially eliminating democracy in Germany
• Hitler targeted ‘undesirables’ Jewish population, Roma, people who were gay and individuals with disabilities
• Most notable was the Holocaust the systematic murder of millions of Jewish people across Europe (we focused on this topic in term 1 Ethics)
World War 2: background before the war
“The Path to Nazi Genocide”
Documentary published by:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Can be found on Youtube at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRcNq4OYTyE
World War 2: background before the war
• How did Canada and other western countries react to Adolf Hitler and the nazi party in the late 1930s?
• Many world leaders understood what the nazis were doing was horrible
• The League of Nations did nothing even after the nazis annexed Austria
• World leaders, like Canada’s PM W.L. Mackenzie King followed a policy of appeasement (don’t get involved so another world war does not start) they figured Hitler would eventually stop… until he didn’t stop
World War 2: background before the war
Source: The Canadian Encyclopedia Online.<https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mackenzie-king-and-the-war-effort/>
Quebec Conference in August 1943
Left: Canadian Prime Minister, William Lyon McKenzie King Center: American President Franklin D. Roosevelt Right: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
World War 2: background before the war • When did Canada join WW2? • On September 1st, 1939 Hitler and Germany invaded
Poland The UK, and France declared war on Germany on September 3rd, 1939
• Canada declared war on Germany on September 10th, 1939 • Canada was able to declare war on its own without official
approval of the King of England remember the Statute of Westminster in 1931
• However, Canada ‘asked’ King George III on September 9th with his approval Canada declared war on Germany the next day
• The United States and Soviet Union (Russia) declared war on Germany in 1941 2 years after Canada
• Canada, UK, France, Soviet Union, the USA ALLIES • Germany, Italy, Japan AXIS
World War 2: background before the war
Source: Maps of the World.<https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-maps/world-war-ii-map.html>
World War 2: background before the war
Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request to King George VI for approval that war be declared against Germany, 10 September 1939
Source: Wikiwand.<http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Declaration_of_war_by_Canada>
World War 2: background before the war
John Collins political cartoon , Montreal Gazette - depicting the passing of the torch from WW1 soldiers to soldiers fighting in WW2
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• How did Canada’s wartime government react to another world war?
• After the declaration of war on Germany implementation of the War Measures Act just like WW1:
– Government control of the economy wartime production force factories to produce material/equipment needed for the war effort
– Control of prices of goods and wages for workers
– Rationing/ Salvage control/limit how much the general public could consume (certain goods/materials)
– Interment camps/ work camps for ‘enemy aliens’ people the federal government thought may be spies for the
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Wartime production
• 1940 creation of the Department of Munitions and Supply government branch that controlled/managed the production of ammunitions/equipment for the war effort in Europe AND the Pacific
• Canada made sure to use as many resources to help the war effort natural resources, manufactured materials, food, money…
• WW2 caused the Canadian economy to ‘BOOM’ Canada supplied military equipment, ammunition and food to Canadian soldiers and other Allies
• Factories in Canada were ‘retrofitted’ to adjust so they could produce equipment for the soldiers
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Workers assembling military trucks at the plant of Ford Motor Company of Canada, Windsor, Ont., November 1940.
Source: Canadian War Museum. <http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/munitions_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Assembly of Consolidated 'Canso' A flying boat at Canadian Vickers Ltd., Montreal, P.Q., April 1944
Source: Canadian War Museum. <http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/aircraft_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
The Globe and Mail newspaper article discussing Canada’s ship building during WW2 April 29th, 1941
Source: The Canadian War Museum. <http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/shipping_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime Valentine tanks produced in Montreal at the “Angus Shops” - 1942 (remember notes from chapter 2 – Angus shops were originally built to make trains)
Source: Canada at War. <http://www.canadaatwar.ca/content-17/world-war-ii/canadian-war-industry/>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Cartoon depicting Canadian wartime production for the war effort in Europe -WW2 Drawn by John Collins for the Montreal Gazette around 1939
Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/imagedownload.php?accessNumber=M965.199.4061&Lang=1&imageID=216319&format=large>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Wartime production how did Canada pay for it all?
• From 1938 1943 Canada’s military budget went from $35 million to $4.24 billion
• Canada had to borrow from banks which created debt Canada used “Victory Bonds” to help pay for the debt (like in WW1)
• Canada also issues “War Savings Certificates” and “War Savings Stamps” people who could only give small amounts even children were asked to give money by ‘collecting’ War Savings Stamps
• The War Savings Certificates and Stamps were able to give back 25% over 7 ½ years if someone invested $40 they would get $50 back
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Victory Bonds poster, "They Menace Canada on Both Coasts," 1942
Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/posters-broadsides/026023-7200-e.html>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Victory Bonds poster, "Donnez nous les outils et nous finirons la tâche -- Il faut en finir!« - 1941
Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/posters-broadsides/026023-7200-e.html>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
War Savings stamps: • Buy stamps for $0.25 • Fill up the booklet • After $5.00 you get a savings
certificate to keep and build interest
Source: Wyatt Heritage Center.<http://www.wyattheritage.com/homefront/main.asp%3Flevel1=government&level2=money&level3=warsavings.html>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Controlling prices and wages
• The Canadian government made sure the cost of living for Canadians didn’t increase too much during WW2
• The cost of goods increased between 1939 and 1941
• However the federal government put a ‘freeze’ on prices of goods AND the amount workers were paid
• Doing this allowed Canadians to live decent lifestyles during the war AND to make sure the Canadian dollar did not lose it’s value
• Canadians were concerned that companies producing military equipment cared more about profit
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Canadian Propaganda revealing Canadian cost of living during war time compared to other countries
Source: Canadian War Museum.<http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/wageprice_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Political cartoon depicting the potential for greed during wartime Canada
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Rationing during WW2 • In order to produce the equipment needed for the war effort Canadians needed to cut back on goods rationing
• A good example stockings for women made from nylon parachutes made from nylon women could not buy stockings because nylon was needed for parachutes
• Also: Canada needed to feed its soldiers but also wanted to make sure Canadians in Canada had enough food
• The Canadian government controlled how much of certain types of food could be bought
• 1942 sugar was the first rationed item • Eventually tea, coffee, meat, butter and maple syrup • Meat when meat was bought at the butcher, a blue token
was given in order to get the rationed 3 pounds of meat per week
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Store clerk setting up rationing sign in Montreal - 1943
Source: Canadian Legion Magazine. <https://legionmagazine.com/en/2015/02/historic-wwii-photo-rationing-in-montreal/>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Left: Propaganda poster asking Canadians to save food Right: Warning to Residents of Summerside, Prince Edward Island regarding meat rationing
Source: Archives Canada. <https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/posters-broadsides/026023-7200-e.html>
Source: Wyatt Heritage. <http://www.wyattheritage.com/homefront/images.asp%3FImageID=294.html>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Picture of Canadian woman drawing on ‘nylon lines’ to make it look as thought she is wearing nylon stockings
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 179
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Canadian propaganda poster asking Canadians to save materials that could be used/recycled for military equipment
Source: Canadian War Museum.<http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/salvage_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Salvaging during WW2
• Materials were needed to produce equipment for the war effort
• The Department of National War Services
• Canadians were encouraged to recycle/salvage/donate goods that were made out of metal, rubber and nylon
• People were also encouraged to save cooking oils/fats to help make explosives
• Asking Canadians to help by rationing and salvaging made everyone feel as though they were part of the war effort
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Metal pots and pans being collected to be recycled for military equipment – Ottawa, 1941
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 179
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Canadian government propaganda asking Canadians to save rubber that could be used/recycled for military equipment
Source: Canadian War Museum.<http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/salvage_e.shtml>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Canadian government propaganda asking Canadians to save fat and bones from kitchen scraps that could be used/recycled for ammunition/explosives
Source: Wyatt Heritage.<http://www.wyattheritage.com/homefront/images.asp%3FImageID=198.html>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• National Resources and Mobilization act of 1940
• At the start of WW2 Canadian government promised NOT to have conscription
• In 1940 “National Resources and Mobilization Act”
• This act allowed the Canadian government to register men eligible for home defence military service (military work in Canada)
• Young single men were registered first, then married men
• The Act also helped created Canada’s Department of Munitions and Supply a part of the Canadian government that took care of resources for the war effort
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
“Wait for me daddy!”: A famous photograph of a Canadian soldier leaving for deployment in WW2. His son chases him down
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: Library and Archives Canada Flickr account. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/10175697425/in/album-72157636365651084/>
Personnel of the Saskatoon Light Infantry firing a 3-inch mortar, near Ortona, Italy, January 5, 1944
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: Library and Archives Canada Flickr account. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/10175596134/in/album-72157636365651084/>
Personnel of The Royal Edmonton Regiment digging out Lance-Corporal Roy Boyd, a comrade who was buried alive for 3 1/2 days in the wreckage of a demolished building, Ortona, Italy, December 30, 1943
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Infantrymen of the North Nova Scotia Highlanders advancing towards Zutphen, Dorterhoek, Netherlands, April 8, 1945
Source: Library and Archives Canada Flickr account. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/17204307640/in/album-72157651871082281/>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: Library and Archives Canada Flickr account. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/10175763426/in/album-72157636365651084/>
Major Roy C. H. Durnford, Chaplain of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, conducting a burial service, San Leonardo di Ortona, Italy, December 10, 1943
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: Library and Archives Canada Flickr account. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/10175697495/in/album-72157636365651084//>
Graves of personnel of the Edmonton Regiment killed in the Battle of Ortona
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime • Canadian military forces and the Plebiscite of 1942
• Mackenzie King Canada’s Prime Minister promised no conscription at the start of the war
• Just like WW1 there was no conscription at the start of WW2
• Soldiers were taken on a voluntary basis
• By 1942 decline of volunteers and a high number of deaths/injured in combat
• Canada (federal government) had to organize a plebiscite
• Plebiscite = the government asking the population to vote on a political decision the government DOES NOT have to respect what the populations says
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
• Canadian military forces and the Plebiscite of 1942
• The plebiscite asked the Canadian population to release the government from its promise of no conscription (if needed later on in the war)
• The federal government was hoping that the war would be over before conscription was needed
• What were the results of the plebiscite? – All of Canada: 63.7% YES / 36.3% NO
– Quebec only: 28.8% YES / 71.2% NO
• It was clear that French Canadians in Quebec DID NOT want conscription
• By 1944 conscription was implemented but only 2500 conscripted soldiers fought in the war before it ended
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
2 Editorial-opinion cartoons regarding the issue of conscription during WW2 Canada
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
The plebiscite question in April, 1942
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Anti Conscription demonstrations in Montreal – March, 1939
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
• Many FC were opposed to conscription during WW2
• This is evident even before the plebiscite of 1942
• This demonstration took place in 1939
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Anti Conscription flyer in Montreal – 1942
Source: The Montreal Gazette. <http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/50objects/index.html#prettyPhoto>
• Flyer published by the Henri Bourassa council
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: Canadian Primary Sources in the Classroom. <http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/secondworldwar.htm>
WW2: Canada’s effort during wartime
Source: The Evening Citizen. April 30th, 1942
Editorial/ Opinion cartoon from the Evening Citizen Newspaper – April 30th, 1942
Connections to the Precisions of Learning