chapter 1 1896-1945: nationalisms and the autonomy of canada
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the
Autonomy of Canada Section 5: Second Phase of Industrialization & the Union Movement
Pages that correspond to this presentation
Second Phase of Industrialization: Pages 130-139
Union Movement: Pages 140-142
Recap: the First Phase of Industrialization
• Where did industrialization happen in Quebec?
• Who did all the hard work?
• Who owned the factories?
• What is a ‘working class neighborhood’?
• What was the life of a factory work like?
• How did workers start to stand up for themselves?
• Where did investment come from?
• What sectors of industrialization were the most popular?
• What was the main source of energy for factories?
• How were raw materials and good transported?
Classification of Economic Activities • In modern times, we can classify economic activity
into 3 different categories: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY keep these 3 classifications in the back of your mind as we go through the PowerPoint
1. Primary: all activities related to exploitation of Natural resources agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining, hydroelectricity, etc.
2. Secondary: all activities related to the processing of natural resources into goods (in factories usually) food products, textiles, leather products, tobacco products, etc.
3. Tertiary: all activities related to providing services for people teachers, lawyers, doctors, bankers, etc.
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s • We begin to see a new phase of industrialization at start
of the 20th century (1900s) until the 1930s • What factors helped push the 2nd phase of
industrialization? – Wilfred Laurier reinstated protectionist style tariffs on goods
coming from other countries (protect Canadian companies) – More immigrants coming to Canada = a workforce for
factories and natural resource extraction – Immigrants could also be seen as consumers (buying Canadian
products) – Increased wheat cultivation in Western Canada = Canada’s
largest export – Abundance of other types of natural resources: timber,
minerals and precious metals, water, etc. – Intensified trade with England and the USA – WW1 = war industry = Manufacturing goods for soldiers, etc.
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
When did the 2nd phase happen?
• The 2nd phase of industrialization took place from 1896 until 1930
Where in Quebec was the 2nd phase happening?
• The 2nd phase of industrialization took place in: – Urban areas = cities = Montreal (continued from phase 1)
– Periphery regions = outside of large cities = Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Joliette, Levis & Thedford Mines
• Keep in mind: we are focusing mostly of Quebec’s situation during the 2nd phase of industrialization
• Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia benefitted the most from the 2nd phase of industrialization population, transportation networks & access to natural resources
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Map of Industrial Activity in Quebec Around 1910
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 133
***Notice that economic activities were not just focussed in urban areas***
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
What are some of the characteristics of the 2nd phase?
• Factory production in cities continued into the 2nd phase of industrialization
– Textiles, food canning, tobacco products, leather products, timber products, etc.
• Hydroelectricity production took place outside of cities in regions with waterways that could support hydro dams
• Hydroelectricity replaced coal as the main source of energy VERY IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER!!!
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Rideau Shoe Factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910
Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.830.3>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910
Source: McCord Museum Collection Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.816.8>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec. 1917
Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-17248>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s View of the Powerhouse- Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1917
Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/VIEW-17252>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1909
Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/VIEW-4784>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
What are some of the characteristics of the 2nd phase?
• Electrometallurgy became an important part of the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec
– Electrometallurgy is using electric current to produce products made from metals
• Electrochemistry also became an important part of the 2nd phase of industrialization in Quebec
– Electrochemistry is using electric current to produce chemical products
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
What are some of the characteristics of the 2nd phase?
• A MAJOR (and important) change during the 2nd phase of industrialization was the increase in the extraction and use of natural resources found in Quebec: – Water =hydroelectricity (mentioned earlier)
– Mining: copper, gold, silver, zinc, asbestos
– Timber = products made from wood AND PULP & Paper production
– Pulp & Paper = breaking down timber fibers to make paper products
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 132
Mining Production in Quebec 1898-1928
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine named ‘King’s Pit’. Thetford
Mines, Quebec. 1910
Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-4621>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s Asbestos Mining Industry. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. Around 1923
Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=MP-0000.158.22&idImage=150200>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Railway lines close to Thetford Mines. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1930
Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=2&accessnumber=MP-0000.1085.1&isuserimage=0§ion=mylist>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
Asbestos Mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1918
Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.25.587>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s
Left: Inside ‘Mine King’, Thetford Mines, QC, 1933 Right: Conveyor for selecting raw ore, Thetford Mines about 1919
Source: McCord Museum Online Collection
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1918
Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp
Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1908
Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-4517
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s
Worker transporting large roll of paper used for newspaper production. Sault-Ste-Marie, Ontario around 1925
Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?Lang=2&accessnumber=MP-0000.25.872&isuserimage=0§ion=mylist>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930s
Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec. 1930
Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/MP-0000.25.597>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
What/who were the people involved?
• Industrialization attracted more people to the cities (continuation from phase 1) from agricultural/rural areas
• Immigrants chose to stay in cities because of the availability of work in factories
• Working class neighborhoods continued to grow and become overcrowded disease, epidemics, unsanitary conditions, ‘makeshift homes’
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930s
What/who were the people involved?
• Industrialization continued to cause a ‘class divide’ between the working class and the upper/business class (same as before 1896)
• This can be seen in the living conditions of both classes: – Working class: horrible working conditions in
neighborhoods such as St. Henri, Griffintown, Pointe St. Charles
– Upper/Business class: much better working conditions in neighborhoods such as Golden Square Mile, Outremont, Westmount
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘working class home’ in Montreal
(neighborhood unknown)- 1903
Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-146359>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘working class home’ in Montreal, corner of
Barré and Aqueduct Streets - 1903
Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-146722>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Photograph of a ‘Garden party’ at Mr. Meighen's
residence, Golden Square Mile-Montreal-1908
Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-8764>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Mr. Meighen's house, Drummond Street, Montreal- 1900
Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-135035>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Mr. Meighen's house/ Mount Stephen Club-
Drummond Street, Montreal- 2016
Source: Montreal Gazette Online. < http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/culture-officials-opposed-hotel-tower-for-mount-stephen-club-documents>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 W.R. Miller's house and garden, Stanley Street,
Montreal-1896
Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/II-116161>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Who were the other ‘players’ involved n the 2nd phase? • The QUEBEC provincial government • The Quebec provincial government was run by the
Liberal Party from 1897-1936 • They were focused on job creation, industrialization
and the extraction of natural resources • The provincial government in the early 20th century
also favored economic liberalism willingness to do business with other countries if the price was right
• As part of the responsibilities of the provinces after confederation Quebec owned natural resources found within it’s own territory they could use them however they wanted
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Quebec Liberal Party in 1897 lead by Felix Marchand
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 134
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase?
• The Quebec provincial government
• The Quebec Liberal Party took advantage of having full control over natural resources
• They allowed private companies to either lease land and exploit the natural resources OR pay the government royalties based on the resources exploited
• The government made lots of ‘dolla dolla bills’ by receiving money from leases or royalties from private companies
• Royalties = money given based on certain actions = private companies will give more money in royalties if they exploit more resources
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase?
• The Quebec provincial government
• By allowing private companies to exploit natural resources within Quebec, the government would profit… – Through leases and royalties
– The attraction of immigrant to live and work within Quebec
– To increase it’s consumer and eventually its taxpayer base when new people work and live in Quebec
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase? • Investors • Investors are people who have a lot of ‘bling’
(money) • They choose to lend money to companies to help
expand the business (bigger factory, more workers, etc.)
• The goal is to see the companies they invest in do well make profit for the investors
• During the first phase of industrialization up until 1920 most of the capital in the industrial sectors of Canada came from British investors
• Capital = money invested in a company
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Who were the other ‘players’ involved in the 2nd phase?
• Investors
• After 1920 American investors begin to give more capital to the industrialization sectors in Quebec
• Industries such as pulp & paper and hydroelectricity were sectors that Americans invested in heavily
• Pulp & paper newspapers in the USA were a VERY BIG business (bigger than before 1896) there was a need for paper to produce all of the newspapers and magazines being printed in the USA
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 135
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 • How did investment change during the 2nd phase?
– Investment was still coming from British investors at the start of the 2nd phase of industrialization
–However into the 1920s/1930s American investment takes over
–American companies are ‘setting up shop’ in Quebec
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
How did Quebec/Canada profit during the 2nd phase?
• Foreign trade
• Canada saw a lot of industrial diversification during the 2nd phase of industrialization
• Industrial diversification = focusing on many types of industries instead of only a few
• Canada was able to do this because of the abundance of natural resources
• Many foreign countries needed these resources in addition to the products made in Canada
• This need resulted in lots of trade with foreign countries
• Examples include pulp & paper from Quebec AND wheat from Western Canada
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
• In the early 1900s Canada usually exported more goods and resources than it took in from other countries
• However, there were some years that Canada took in more than it exported
• This is called ‘trade balance’ the difference between the amount exported compared to imported
Example of Canada’s Foreign Trade in 1921
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 136
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase? • Development of INFRASTRUCTURE • Infrastructure = things developed/built by governments
to help businesses and the general public • Examples in 2018: roads, highways, sewage systems,
telephone poles, cell phone towers, etc. • The federal government understood with increased
trade there needed to be an increase in the development of infrastructure
• In the Federal and provincial governments worked together to continue to develop transportation infrastructure:
• An increase in railway lines, expanding ports for ships, the enlargement of railway bridges and the development of roadways for cars and trucks
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: McCord Museum online collections. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.587.29>
‘Gotfredson’ trucks- Canadian National, Montreal-about 1930
N.B.: • The 1920s into the
1930s – The development of motor vehicles allowed companies to transport raw materials and goods in smaller quantities
• There wasn’t as much of a reliance on railways and water transportation
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. <http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2470403?docsearchtext=port%20de%20montreal>
Photograph of the Port of Montreal – between 1915-1925
N.B.: • Railway lines were
important during industrialization as they has the potential to connect regions that COULD NOT be connected by waterways
• For example: Western Canada could connect to Montreal by railways to transport grain
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.25.1003>
Inside 1 of the manufacturing buildings of the Angus shops/yards in Montreal- 1930
• The Angus shops/Yards consisted of a large area of Montreal dedicated to the manufacturing and maintenance of trains used by CP Railway
• The Angus shops served as a ‘home base’ for CP Railway trains
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: Rolly Martin Country. <http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/ang.html>
Depiction of the Angus Shops/Yards in Montreal
Notice the connection to the port of Montreal
Map of Montreal – ‘Zoom in’ of the angus Shops/Yards
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Source: : BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. < http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/1956533?docsearchtext=canadian%20pacific%20railway%20bridge >
LEFT: Artistic depiction of the Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge- 1892-1893 Right: St. Lawrence Railway Bridge (Same bridge) expansion-1913
Source: Wikipedia. <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_ferroviaire_Saint-Laurent#/media/File:St._Lawrence_Bridge,_C.P.R._Lachine_P.Q.jpg>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase?
• Montreal and the expansion of the Port of Montreal
• Montreal was/is an important port city
• Montreal was connected to many cities within North American either through water ways OR railway lines
• Montreal also saw many ships leave to Europe or arrive from Europe for trade purposes
• Natural resources would pass through Montreal on it’s way out or way in timber, grain, minerals, etc.
• As foreign trade grew, Montreal needed to keep up with an increasing number of ships Montreal had to expand the port
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
How did government help businesses during the 2nd phase?
• The expansion of the Port of Montreal in the late 1800s – 1930s
• The port of Montreal grew in size and some projects included:
– 1898: stone walls were built along the port along the river/more piers were added
– 1902: Modern grain elevators under construction in the port
– 1910: a project to deepen the river near the port so larger boats could access the port
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Construction of additional quays in the Port of Montreal - 1910
Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time. <http://lehublot.port-montreal.com/en/montreal-throughout-time-an-exclusive-peek-into-the-history-of-montreal-and-its-port/>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Construction of ‘Grain Elevator No. 1’- Port of Montreal- around 1915
Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time Facebook Page. <https://www.facebook.com/PortMontreal/photos/a.1368266796566918.1073741858.561973407196265/1401678379892426/?type=3&theater>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
‘Grain Elevator No. 5’- Port of Montreal- around 1920
Source: Old Montreal. <http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/plaque/horizon/port/eng/port_3a.htm>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
How could companies increase profits drastically?
• Monopoly Capitalism
• Monopoly = being the only business to offer a good or service
• Capitalism = an economic system/idea where profit is the most important
• Certain companies would ‘overtake’ or buyout competitors until only 1 company was left in the market
• In addition, certain companies would buy all the ‘sub companies’ associated with a product or service
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
• Monopoly Capitalism • Examples of monopoly
capitalism in the early 20th century: – Banks certain banks would
‘acquire’ competitors – Power, light and heating: The
‘Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company’ acquired competitors, giving them a monopoly on heating and lighting in Montreal they could charge higher rates because there were no competitors
– Hydroelectric companies – Other industries such as textile
firms
Canadian Banks 1875-1925
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 138
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building – around 1927
Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.2091.5>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930
Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building – around 1927
Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/MP-0000.2091.6>
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1896-1930 Dominion Textile Mill, Sainte-Gregoire-de-Montmorency, Quebec- around 1927
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 138
A textile Monopoly • Dominion Textile
owned all textile mills in Quebec by 1905, except 1 mill
• They employed 7000 at one point one of the most ‘single employers’ in the province
2nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930
• Who did all the work?
–Factories still require cheap labour • Low wages & horrible working conditions
• French Canadiens/immigrants
–Heavy industries required more specialized workers • Technical training
• Higher wages
• Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.
Industrialization & Working Conditions • During the 2nd phase of industrialization working conditions
remained horrible very little changed from 1st phase despite some laws established by government(s)
– 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours
– Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories
• Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation
– Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.)
– Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors
– No sick days
– Minimal compensation if laid-off
– Child labour continued
– Women & children paid less than men for the same work
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
• Unions in the first half of the 20th century in Quebec continued to grow
• 10% of workers were unionized in 1931-1932
• This grew to about 21% in 1941-1942
• Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments
• Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
• American Unions:
– By the start of the 20th century Most unions in Quebec were American run
– ‘Knights of Labour’ ran 40 unions in Quebec in 1900
– ‘The American Federation of Labour’ was another strong union organization from the USA surpassed the ‘Knights of Labour’ in terms of size because of their involvement with craft/trade workers
‘Knights of Labour’ emblem
Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/knights-of-labor/>
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
• Unions became larger more members as the 20th century progressed
• However employers did not always take union demands seriously
• Unions asked the government to help them consider the needs of workers when they establish labour laws
• The Quebec government did implement laws to help workers however laws were not always followed
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
Some Labour Regulations in Quebec 1909-1926
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 141
• Laws implemented to help workers
– By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories
– Laws establishing minimum wages for women
– Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
Source: MELS
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
• How did unions get the message across to employers that workers’ rights needed to be respected?
• Pressure tactics such as strikes and walkouts • Strikes were meant to put pressure on employers
no workers = no production = less profit • Governments did not always favour workers when
they went on strike police sent in to ‘keep an eye’ on the striking workers violence
• Employers used STRIKEBREAKERS/’scabs’ workers that filled in for strikers
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
Horn Mine workers strike (aka ‘the Foreigner's Strike’) – Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec - 1934
Source: Vitual Museum-Community Stories. <http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/community-stories_histoires-de-chez-nous/rouyn-noranda-une-histoire-de-mines_a-mining-story/gallery/several-police-officers-near-the-fences-of-the-horne/>
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
• Discontent among workers was not just an issue in Quebec…
• Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 (Winnipeg, Manitoba) • May 15th-June 25th, 1919 • Metal workers and builders union entered into negotiations
with management • Negotiations broke down • A ‘general strike was called’ • 30, 000 workers went on strike labourers, polices, train
operators, postal workers, department store workers, etc. • Riots! • Many ‘sympathy strikes across the country • Unionization across the country grew after the Winnipeg
General strike
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
Striking workers overturn a streetcar during the Winnipeg General Strike- Winnipeg, Manitoba – June 21st, 1919
Source: Canadian Museum of History Online. <http://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/winnipeg-general-strike//>
The Union Movement in the Early 20th Century
RCMP officers charge in on horseback into a crowd of strikers/rioters – Winnipeg, Manitoba – June 21st,
1919
Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike-feature/>